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Topic: Mendicant friars

	MENDICANT MOVEMENT AND ORDERS - LoveToKnow Article on MENDICANT MOVEMENT AND ORDERS
		So, when the friars came and established themselves in the poorest localities of the towns, and brought religion to the destitute and the outcasts of society, assimilating themselves to the conditions of life of those among whom they worked, they supplied a need with which the parochial clergy were unable to cope.
		But as tile friars soon came nearly all to be priests devoted to spiritual ministrations, and the communities grew larger, it became increasingly difficult for them to support themselves by personal work; and so the begging came to play a greater role than had been contemplated by St Francis.
		But his idea certainly was that his friars should not only practise the utmost personal poverty and simplicity in their life, but that they should have the minimum of possessionsno lands, no funded property, no fixed sources of income.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /M/ME/MENDICANT_MOVEMENT_AND_ORDERS.htm (1005 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Mendicant Friars
		Mendicant Friars are members of those religious orders which, originally, by vow of poverty renounced all proprietorship not only individually but also (and in this differing from the monks) in common, relying for support on their own work and on the charity of the faithful.
		The opposition to the mendicants was particularly strong at the University of Paris, and in France generally, less violent at the University of Oxford and in England.
		Boniface VIII revised the legislation regarding the privileges of the mendicants in favour of the clergy.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10183c.htm (2750 words)

	Friars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Friar (Latin frater,"brother") is a term applied to members of certain religious orders who practice the principles of monastic life and devote themselves to the service of humanity in the secular world.
		Mendicant Friars (Latin mendicare,"to beg") are members of religious orders in the Roman Catholic church, who take a vow of poverty by which they renounce all personal and communal property.
		The friars played an important role in town life: preaching in public settings, providing spiritual services, their cemeteries offered sites for burial of townspeople, and they assisted in the improvement of living conditions through (for example) the creation of conduits for bringing in fresh water.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /WestCivI/friars.htm (2474 words)

	Franciscans
		Originally, their regulations forbade the holding either of community or personal property, and the resulting dependence of friars on voluntary contributions in order to live caused them to be known as mendicant orders.
		Friars differed from monks in that the monk was attached to a specific community within which he led a cloistered life, having no direct contact with the secular world.
		The friar, on the other hand, belonged to no particular monastic house but to a general order, and worked as an individual in the secular world.
	www.franciscanfriarstor.com /friars/stf_franciscans.htm (798 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Mendicant Friars
		Mendicant Friars (Latin mendicare,”to beg”), members of religious orders in the Roman Catholic church, who take a vow of poverty by which they...
		Monk (quotations): Monks And Nuns: A mendicant monk objected to something I'd…
		A mendicant monk objected to something I'd said.
	encarta.msn.com /Mendicant_Friars.html (107 words)

	Hinnebusch: 2 Growth 1221-1303
		As the number of friars and priories increased, the provinces began to find administration cumbersome, but until the end of the century the inherent unwillingness of organizations to fragment their own strength nullified the attempts of the general chapters to divide them.
		As bishops and priests realized that the friars exercised a ministry that was beyond their control, many of them severely hampered the work of the mendicant Orders (a name referring to the strict poverty of the friars).
		Though the ministry of the friars was under attack, the pope safeguarded it by granting them a complexus of rights and privileges that exempted them from episcopal control and guaranteed them an efficiency, mobility, and flexibility they did not have when they were founded.
	www.op.org /domcentral/trad/shorthistory/short02.htm (8529 words)

	Churchmen and Orders
		The Benedictine and Cistercian monks and the Parish clergy were jealous of the friars.
		This order of mendicant friars and nuns was formed in Toulouse in the year 1215.
		The Augustinians were mendicant friars (or hermits) and nuns formed in 1265.
	www.geocities.com /fairauthor/Faith.html (1487 words)

	Franciscan Friars T.O.R. - The Mendicant Orders
		The Black and Gray Friars, as the Dominicans and Franciscans were called from the colors of their dress, threw themselves into the currents of the busy world.
		Compliance with this bull was exceedingly distasteful, for the friars acknowledged the supreme authority of a foreign body.
		The pretensions of the mendicant friars soon became unbearable to the church at large.
	www.franciscanfriarstor.com /stfrancis/stf_mendicant_orders.htm (2651 words)

	GILLEEDS
		The mendicants themselves, and the Franciscans in particular, were quick to realise that they needed papal support, since the pope was the only authority that could legitimate their radical program, and could provide protection against the attempts of local and regional religious authorities to contain them.
		Moreover, mendicant writings could present secular and religious authority many different ways, and friars did not always see a need to defend innovative centralist positions, either papalist of imperialist, even when sources were used which did allow for a non-compromising stance towards royal and/or papal sovereignty.
		Friar Thomas of York formulated this as follows: `Sed totum, quod habetur autoritatis aut potestatis, ex uno pendet et ab uno descendit, et ideo in potestate illius est vel auffere vel permittere in aliquo potestatem vel mutare.
	users.bart.nl /~roestb/franciscan/GILLEEDS.html (5981 words)

	mendicant -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The 13th century saw the rise of the mendicant friars (Franciscans, Dominicans, Carmelites, Augustinians).
		The friary was like a monastery, with common life and the divine office in choir; but the friars made excursions, sometimes at great length both in time and distance, for apostolic works, mostly preaching.
		Formerly, friar was the title given to individual members of these orders, as Friar Laurence (in Romeo and Juliet), but this is no longer common.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9051992?tocId=9051992 (628 words)

	Aalborg Franciscan Friary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The friars preached that life should be lived as Jesus had lived, in faith and poverty.
		In about 1300, the friars demolished this church because it stood on subsoil that was too soft and a new, larger church was built.
		At the same time as the new church was built, the friars were able to commence the building of the east wing of the friary.
	www.aalborg-tourist.dk /page232.aspx?layout=1 (523 words)

	Dominican Order - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Founded by Saint Dominic in the early 13th century, it is one of the great orders of mendicant friars that revolutionized religious life in Europe during the high middle ages.
		Like his contemporary Francis of Assisi, Dominic saw the need for a new type of organization to address the needs of his time, and the quick growth of the Dominicans and Franciscans during their first century confirms that the orders of mendicant friars met a felt need.
		Dominic sought to establish a new kind of order, one that would bring the dedication and systematic education of the older monastic orders like the Benedictines to bear on the religious problems of the burgeoning population of cities, but with more organizational flexibility than either monastic orders or the secular clergy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dominicans (541 words)

	CARMELITES - LoveToKnow Article on CARMELITES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The polity and government were also organized on the same lines, and the Carmelites were turned into mendicants and became one of the four great orders of Mendicant Friars, in England distinguished as the White Friars from the white mantle worn.
		During the 15th and 16th centuries various attempts at reform arose, as among other orders, and resulted in the formation of semiindependent congregations owing a titular obedience to the general of the order.
		The Carmelite friars seem to have flourished especially in England, where at the dissolution of the monasteries there were some 40 friaries.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CA/CARMELITES.htm (1105 words)

	Regular Orders
		Later, with the rise and growth of the monastic orders, the appellation began gradually to have a more restricted meaning; for obviously the bonds of brotherhood were drawn more closely between those who lived under the rule and guidance of one spiritual father, their abbot.
		In the life of the friar, on the contrary, the exercise of the sacred ministry is an essential feature, for which the life of the cloister is considered as but an immediate preparation.
		From the time of the Mendicant Orders, founded specially for preaching and missionary work, there was a great difference between the orders of men and women, arising from the strict enclosure to which women were subjected.
	www.durenmar.de /articles/regularorders.html (5148 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In the long run, however, it was an admission of moral failure and buttressed the Church's position by instilling fear rather than promoting faith.
		The rise of the mendicant friars provided the positive answer to the challenge presented by the popular heresies.
		The movement gained force rapidly, and was recognized in 1217 in the Fourth Lateran Council as the Friars Minor, "little brothers," or "lesser brothers," perhaps to distinguish them from the Dominicans.
	the-orb.net /textbooks/nelson/mendicant_friars.html (2469 words)

	[this is aaronland] Tuesday, April 17 2001
		This is the lecture from which the essay about a world of honorary Canadians that I pointed to a couple weeks ago was excerpted.
		{Mendicant orders} (R. Ch.), certain monastic orders which are forbidden to acquire landed property and are required to be supported by alms, esp. the Franciscans, the Dominicans, the Carmelites, and the Augustinians.
		mendicant adj : practicing beggary; "mendicant friars" n 1: a male religious of an order of mendicant preachers of the gospel [syn: {friar}] 2: a pauper who lives by begging [syn: {beggar}]
	aaronland.info /weblog/2001/04/17 (144 words)

	Memoirs of John Wickliff
		The mendicant friars established at Oxford in 1230, had been extremely troublesome to the university, and occasioned considerable inquietude, both to the chancellor and scholars, by encroaching on their privileges, and setting up an exempt jurisdiction.
		These preaching friars laid hold on every opportunity to entice the students from the colleges, and into their convents, which greatly deterred the people from sending their children to the university.
		This mendicant trade was first opposed by Richard Kilmyngton, dean of St. Paul's, then by the archbishop of Armagh, and afterwards by Wickliff, Thorsby, Bolton, Hereford, Bryts, and Norris, who openly opposed: the system at Oxford, and made the friars ashamed of their ignorance and audacity.
	www.apuritansmind.com /Reformation/MemoirsReformers/MemoirsJohnWickliffe.htm (4363 words)

	Progressive Informal Education Interpreted by the Founders of Kibbutz Education in Eretz Israel
		Mendicant friars, riding the crest of Reconquest and internal reform among religious communities, were needed to civilize and Christianize Spain’s New World colonies.
		It was also stipulated that the sons of Caciques, 13 years of age and under, be educated for four years by mendicant friars and then returned to their homes.
		Primary schools established by mendicant friars within their monasteries or next to their churches were for higher class Native Americans, as were the very few Native American secondary schools established both in Mexico and Peru.
	www.cedu.niu.edu /blackwell/farrell01.htm (3402 words)

	The Augustinian Order
		St. Augustine of Hippo, one of the greatest theologians in the history of Christianity, made a distinct mark on religious life by writing the Rule of St. Augustine, a brief outline of principles governing life in a religious community.
		In his 1994 letter to the Friars of the Order commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the Order, Father Miguel Angel Orcasitas, the Prior General of the Order at that time, indicated that from the beginning, St. Augustine was considered the father of the Order.
		Friars were instrumental in the founding of the University of Mexico.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/1534/osa.html (915 words)

	AMERICAS SOCIETY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Just as the mendicant friars adapted convento plans to overlap with Indian belief systems and worshipping practices, the Indians were also apt at adopting European developments in architectural construction and visual representation.
		To best accomplish the conversion of native Americans, mendicant friars soon realized that they would have to revise the concepts of devotional architecture with which they were already familiar.
		Although the authority of the mendicant friars had been significantly diminished by the order of Philip II, a similar pattern of dialogue, exchange, and performance can be seen in these early seventeenth-century examples.
	www.americas-society.org /as/literature/br63edgerton.html (996 words)

	untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It is a friar who is prohibited from owning property in common.
		Therefore, it is a friar or group of friars that live by begging.
		The mendicant orders emerged in the 13th century, for various reasons, but partly because of the pressures on expanding urban areas.
	pegasus.cc.ucf.edu /~janzb/courses/rel3432/mendicant1.htm (150 words)

	Term-Papers.us - The Friars
		Mendicant orders are seen by Lawrence as “a revolutionary answer to a potentially revolutionary situation” (page 225) because of the long-term effect to help preserve the church hierarchy.
		The Friars were well trained in theology and pastoral skills which is why they were chosen by the papacy to completely destroy the religious beliefs that opposed the orthodox views (page 188).
		The friars are noted to have had some importance in the Inquisition: “suppressing the heresy” (Webster’s New World Dictionary, 249).
	www.term-papers.us /ts/ea/hte68.shtml (826 words)

	Chapter 4: The Worlds of Alfonso the Learned and James the Conqueror
		It was the vision of a Mendicant friar that had forecast James's success in the Reconquest; this is significant in itself, as it stresses the importance of the new orders in the realms of Aragon at the end of the thirteenth century.
		The friars' preaching acquired for them a fame and popularity that was the envy of the parish priests, because it was directly reflected in the bequests made by noble families.
		The friars went as missionaries, scholars, papal emissaries, and royal messengers, and were internationally oriented in much the same way as James himself aspired to greater territories for Aragon.
	libro.uca.edu /worlds/chapter4.htm (9509 words)

	Johan Bergstrom-Allen 'Heremitam et Ordinis Carmelitarum' - 2
		Mendicancy required the Carmelites to abandon their early rural hermitages, in favour of Europe’s urban centres, where the Carmelites could minister to the growing populace, and gain income and recruits.
		The brightest Carmelite friars in England continued their study in one of the province’s studia particularia in London, Oxford, York and Norwich (established in 1281 for the largest cities in the kingdom, one in each ‘distinction’).
		The ambiguities of the text (particularly with regard to mendicant religion) are discussed by Fleming, in Wallace, pp.
	www.carmelite.org /jnbba/thesis2.htm (10859 words)

	[No title]
		Of the two major mendicant orders to emerge in the early thirteenth century, the Ordo Predicatoris, or the Order of Preachers, is much less loved in the popular imagination than its cousin, the Friars Minor, or Franciscans.
		Unl ike the friars, Dominican nuns lived a more traditional monastic lifestyle in cloistered communities (interestingly enough, there had previously been more opportunities for women to live as religious in the community than as cloistered nuns).
		Dominican n unneries were administered under the same constitutions that governed the friars, and while the women did not preach, they were expected to take an interest in the work of the friars, act as their friends, and support their efforts with their prayers.
	www.florilegium.org /files/NICOLAA/Domin-Order-art.rtf (2483 words)

	1225 Arrival of mendicant friars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The arrival of mendicant (begging) friars in Cambridge increased the body of potential students for the University.
		Friars were a source of conflict in many university towns.
		Their energy and popularity, combined with the fact that they were only answerable to their order and the Pope, led many to see them as a threat.
	www.stirbitch.com /cantab/items/1225_friars.html (130 words)

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