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	Catholic Encyclopedia: Friar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Later, with the rise and growth of the monastic orders, the appellation began gradually to have a more restricted meaning; for obviously the bonds of brotherhood were drawn more closely between those who lived under the rule and guidance of one spiritual father, their abbot.
		The word was also loosely applied to members of monastic and military orders, and at times to the convent of a particular order, and hence to the part of a town in which such a convent had been located.
		Concerning the four greater orders, the council concludes: "Be it understood, however, that we do not conceive of the extension of this constitution to the Orders of Friars Preachers and of Friars Minor, whose evident service to the universal Church is sufficient approval.
	www.op.org /domcentral/trad/ce/friar.htm (1044 words)

	Friars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Dominican theologian Thomas Aquinas and the Franciscan theologian Bonaventure defended the mendicant orders when their existence was challenged in the thirteenth century.
		Mendicant Friars (Latin mendicare,"to beg") are members of religious orders in the Roman Catholic church, who take a vow of poverty by which they renounce all personal and communal property.
		The order was split between the "Conventuals" and the "Observants", with the latter demanding reform and stricter observance of the rule.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /WestCivI/friars.htm (2474 words)

	Religious Orders in Shanidar
		Brothers of the Rising Sun - An order not truly contemplative nor mendicant, the Brothers of the Rising Sun are the administrative order of the Church.
		The Albertan Brethren - The Albertan brethren are a contemplative order devoted to Baseo.
		The three orders devoted to Iedrahnc are the only religious orders that dare to manipulate the Essence and are collectively known as the "Dark Brothers".
	www.boomcoach.com /rolepbem/orders.html (955 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Friar
		The word occurs at an early date in English literature with the signification of brother, and from the end of the thirteenth century it is in frequent use referring to the members of the mendicant orders, e.g.
		It may, however, be pertinently remarked here that the Jesuits, though mendicants in the strict sense of the word, as is evident from the very explicit declaration of St.
		The importance of the orders thus singled out and exempted was afterwards still further emphasized by the insertion of this canon into the "Corpus Juri" in the "Liber Sixtus" of Boniface VIII.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06280b.htm (1052 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Order of Servites
		The Order of Servites is the fifth mendicant order, the objects of which are the sanctification of its members, preaching the Gospel, and the propagation of devotion to the Mother of God, with special reference to her sorrows.
		The particular object of the order is to sanctify first its own members, and then all men through devotion to the Mother of God, especially in her desolation during the Passion of her Divine Son.
		All offices in the order are elective and continue for three years, except that of general and assistant- generals which are for six years.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13736a.htm (1586 words)

	Mendicant Orders - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The mendicant orders are religious orders which depend directly on begging, or the charity of the people for their livelihood.
		Christian mendicant orders spend their time preaching the Gospel and serving the poor.
		In the Middle Ages, the original mendicant orders of friars in the Church were the
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mendicant_order (451 words)

	Regular Orders
		The Humiliati are a mendicant monastic order drawn from the nobility of Lombardy and Italy.
		The word occurs at an early date in English literature with the signification of brother, and from the end of the thirteenth century it is in frequent use referring to the members of the mendicant orders.
		From the time of the Mendicant Orders, founded specially for preaching and missionary work, there was a great difference between the orders of men and women, arising from the strict enclosure to which women were subjected.
	www.durenmar.de /articles/regularorders.html (5148 words)

	The Augustinian Order
		The Order of St. Augustine, commonly known as the Augustinians, or Austin Friars, is one of the five great mendicant religious orders founded inthe Middle Ages.
		In his 1994 letter to the Friars of the Order commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the Order, Father Miguel Angel Orcasitas, the Prior General of the Order at that time, indicated that from the beginning, St. Augustine was considered the father of the Order.
		The Augustinians of the Assumption are a French order.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/1534/osa.html (915 words)

	Franciscan Summary
		The character of the order as a mendicant order, pledged to an ideal of the strictest poverty, is retained and the prescriptions on poverty strengthened as the support of the lay Franciscan penitents allowed the brothers to dispense with reliance on money in any form.
		and Pope Alexander IV, the influence of the order was notably increased, especially by the provisions of the latter pope in regard to the academic activity of the brothers.
		The Order came to be a force in the medieval legal system, since one of its tenets forbade the use of arms, and thus the male members of the order could not be drafted into the constant and frequent battles cities and regions waged against one another in that era.
	www.bookrags.com /Franciscan (6571 words)

	Ransoming Captives -- Chapter 3
		For the Order of Merced, the tradition among its historians has been to number it, up until the clericalization of the mastership in 1317, among the military orders; with the demise of lay leadership, it has then been included among the mendicant orders.
		He concludes that it was only with the clericalization of the Order in the early fourteenth century and the departure of the lay knights for the newly formed Order of Montesa that Merced lost its military character and acquired that of the mendicant orders.
		As was typical of Augustinian orders, the Order of Merced had to codify a set of constitutions appropriate to its own particular activities; these Constitutions were promulgated in 1272, at the beginning of the mastership of Brother Pere d'Amer.
	libro.uca.edu /rc/rc3.htm (10169 words)

	Franciscans
		The Second Order of St. Francis, commonly known as Poor Clares, was founded in 1212 in Assisi when St. Francis received Clare Offreduccio as a follower of his way of life.
		The origins of the Third Order may be found in the movement known as the Penitents, going back to the sixth century.
		The Third Order Regular, on the other hand, is an international community of priests and brothers who emphasize works of mercy and on-going conversion to the Gospel.
	www.franciscanfriarstor.com /friars/stf_franciscans.htm (798 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Rule of Franciscan Order
		The mendicants took up the challenge with gusto, and by the end of the thirteenth century most of the lead the scholars in the major universities were either Dominicans or Franciscans.
		The brothers are always bound to have a brother of the order as general minister and servant of the entire brotherhood, and they are strictly bound to obey him.
		Thus I strictly order them to obey their ministers in all those things which they have promised the Lord to observe and which are not contrary to the soul and to our rule.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/stfran-rule.html (1914 words)

	St. Francis of Assisi
		The Order of Poor Ladies or "Poor Clares" was founded by a female admirer of Francis to provide a secondary order for female followers of the Franciscan rule.
		The Brothers and Sisters of Penance was a tertiary order for those who could not leave their homes, families, or vocations to enter the Friars Minor or the Order of Poor Ladies.
		By giving its blessing to the Franciscans and to later, similar orders, the church was able to strengthen the bonds between itself and the general population.
	www.labelle.org /bio_S_Francis.html (1065 words)

	Franciscan Friars Third Order Regular - What is a Friar?
		A fifth order, the Servites, founded in 1233, was acknowledged as a mendicant order in 1424.
		Originally, their regulations forbade the holding either of community or personal property, and the resulting dependence of friars on voluntary contributions in order to live caused them to be known as mendicant orders.
		The founders of the orders used the term friar to designate members; Saint Francis of Assisi called his followers Friars Minor, and Saint Dominic used the name Friars Preachers.
	www.franciscanfriarstor.com /theorder/stf_what_is_a_friar.htm (475 words)

	European Voyages of Exploration - St. Francis
		These three orders -- the Friars Minor, the Poor Ladies or Clares, and the Brothers and Sisters of Penance -- are generally referred to as the First, Second, and Third Orders of St. Francis.
		This third order was devised by St. Francis as a sort of middle state between the cloister and the world for those who, wishing to follow in the saint's footsteps, were debarred by marriage or other ties from entering either the first or second order.
		This mendicant order grew out of the movement inspired by the life and preaching of St. Francis of Assisi (1181-1226).
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/fransican.html (3181 words)

	Dominicans, Black Friars
		With 16 disciples he founded the order at Toulouse, France, for the purpose of counteracting, by means of preaching, teaching, and the example of austerity, the heresies prevalent at the time.
		The necessity for such an order had become apparent to Dominic during his early attempts, about 1205, to convert the Albigenses; it was at that time that he resolved to devote his life to the evangelization of the heretical and the uneducated.
		In the later Middle Ages the order was equaled in influence only by the Franciscans, the two orders sharing much power in the church and often in the Roman Catholic states and arousing frequent hostility on the part of the parochial clergy, whose rights often seemed to be invaded by the friars.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txh/dominic.htm (1323 words)

	About Mary
		As it moved into the cities, the Order began to follow the patterns of the major mendicant orders.
		This evolution from an eremitical community with strict mendicant poverty to a more active religious order with less emphasis on the contemplative and penitential dimensions as well as the legal aspects of poverty was complete by the 1260s or 1270s, but certainly before the Second Council of Lyons in 1274.
		This made it necessary for the Servants of Mary to ignore a previous papal approval, as a mendicant order, in 1251/1252, and to gradually seek a new papal approval, which was eventually given in 1304 by Pope Benedict XI.
	www.udayton.edu /mary/aboutmary.html (434 words)

	Mendicant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term mendicant refers to begging or relying on charitable donations, and is most widely used for religious followers or ascetics who rely exclusively on charity to survive.
		In principle, mendicant orders or followers do not own property, either individually or collectively, and have taken a vow of poverty, in order that all their time and energy could be expended on preaching their religion or way of life and serving the poor.
		Many religious orders adhere to a mendicant way of life, including the Catholic mendicant orders, Hindu ascetics, some dervishes of Sufi Islam, and monastic schools of Buddhism where the mendicant tradition still survives, particularly in many Southeast Asian countries where Theravada Buddhism is practised.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mendicant (157 words)

	mendicant - Definitions from Dictionary.com
		a member of any of several orders of friars that originally forbade ownership of property, subsisting mostly on alms.
		A member of an order of friars forbidden to own property in common, who work or beg for their living.
		mendicant was Word of the Day on April 17, 2001.
	dictionary.reference.com /browse/mendicant (148 words)

	OCDS Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The monastic orders admit such men and women as Oblates, while the mendicant orders, following the example of St. Francis of Assisi, have instituted what are known today as “Secular Orders”.
		The members of these Secular Orders strive to develop their spiritual life by a closer association with the spirituality of the religious order to which they are called.
		The Secular Order of the Discalced Carmelites welcomes those of the faithful who, feeling called by God, undertake to live an evangelical life of fraternal communion imbued with the spirit of contemplative prayer.
	www.stjosephocds.com /index.html (558 words)

	The Augustinians, Province of Saint Thomas of Villanova
		The spirit of the new order was contemplative, a continuation of the eremitical life from before.
		The Mendicant Movement, to which the Augustinians were added by the Holy See, was a revolutionary answer to a revolutionary situation in 13th century Europe.
		Europe’s life had been profoundly altered by a sea change in the economic and social orders, particularly in her cities which were burgeoning and boiling with activity.
	www.augustinian.org /hom_grandunion.htm (1298 words)

	Council of Vienne 1311-1312 A.D. <15ecume5.htm> (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In order to promote divine worship, we decree that every monk, at the command of his abbot, should have himself raised to all the sacred orders, unless there is some lawful excuse.
		In order that the above may be more readily observed, none of these places shall be conferred as benefices on secular clerics, even though this may have been observed as a custom (which we utterly condemn), unless it was otherwise determined at the foundation or unless the post is to be filled by election.
		For these hospices we order those in charge of them, in virtue of holy obedience, to provide in them for the poor in accordance with the institutes and ancient observances of their orders, and to show themselves duly hospitable.
	www.dailycatholic.org /history/15ecume5.htm (3439 words)

	Discalced Carmelites > Friars > Early History
		The Carmelite Order begins to emerge from legend into the daylight of history towards the end of the twelfth century, when groups of hermits living on the slopes of Mount Carmel began to form an organisation that attracted the attention of the ecclesiastical authorities.
		The order now adopted a fully cenobitical pattern of life and an active pastoral role in imitation of the Mendicants, and in the course of the following decade began to establish houses in or on the fringe of cities.
		Following the death of Stock, there was a reaction against the purely contemplative life and the younger recruits pressed for the order to adopt an active roll of study and preaching, after the example of the other mendicant orders.
	www.carmelite.com /friars/history.shtml (3052 words)

	Saint Thomas Aquinas (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		In two stints as a regent master Thomas defended the mendicant orders and, of greater historical importance, countered both the Averroistic interpretations of Aristotle and the Franciscan tendency to reject Greek philosophy.
		In the moral order, it is essential that one uncover the starting point, the latent assumption of any action, clarify it and proceed from there.
		In the practical order there is a first concept analogous to being in the theoretical order and it is the good.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/aquinas (11417 words)

	Term-Papers.us - The Friars
		In a way, the rise of the mendicant orders at this time is an answer to the problems in this situation.
		Mendicant orders are seen by Lawrence as “a revolutionary answer to a potentially revolutionary situation” (page 225) because of the long-term effect to help preserve the church hierarchy.
		In order to be considered revolutionary, they would have had to overthrow the previous church order and perhaps replacing it with a new one.
	www.term-papers.us /ts/ea/hte68.shtml (826 words)

	Chapter 4: The Worlds of Alfonso the Learned and James the Conqueror
		The chronicles also confirm the importance of the Mendicant orders, who sometimes are given the role of forecasting success in battle.
		It was the vision of a Mendicant friar that had forecast James's success in the Reconquest; this is significant in itself, as it stresses the importance of the new orders in the realms of Aragon at the end of the thirteenth century.
		In the thirteenth century it consisted of the conquests of James I, the creation of the Mendicant orders, the rise of the universities, the codification of law, and the general air of progress and optimism.
	libro.uca.edu /worlds/chapter4.htm (9509 words)

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