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Topic: Menelik II of Ethiopia

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	Menelik II Part II: The Post Adowa Era
		Menelik II, took one look at the Duke d'Oleans and asked "Who is this man who does not know how to dress when appearing before a king?" The Duke was careful to be more appropriatly dressed when he returned later that day for dinner with the Imperial couple.
		Menelik was grateful, and decreed that Abba Jiffar II was to remain the fully empowered Sultan of Jimma, and that the only concession that Menelik expected was payment of an annual tribute to the Crown.
		The Tomb of Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia
	www.angelfire.com /ny/ethiocrown/menelikII.html (5305 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Tewodros II of Ethiopia
		Menelik II (August 17, 1844 - December 12, 1913), Conquering Lion of Judah, Elect of God, King of Kings of Ethiopia was negus negust (emperor) of Ethiopia from 1889 to his death.
		Tekle Giyorgis II (born Wagshum Gobeze; died 1873) was negus negust of Ethiopia (1868 - 1872).
		Bordering Ethiopia is Sudan to the west, Djibouti and Eritrea to the north, Somalia to the east, and Kenya to the south.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Tewodros-II-of-Ethiopia (3528 words)

	Menelik II: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		Nicholas--Ii--Emperor Of Russia--1868-1918--Family, Russia--History--Nicholas Ii, 1894-1917, Russia--Kings And Rulers
		MENELIK II men lik, 1844 1913, emperor of Ethiopia...After the death (1868) of Emperor Tewodros II, Menelik, with Italian support, gained strength...after Emperor Johannes IV died.
		The region was conquered by Menelik II of Ethiopia in 1891.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/101258327 (1378 words)

	Menelik II of Ethiopia
		Menelik II (August 17, 1844 - December 12, 1913) was negus negust (emperor) of Ethiopia from 1889 to his death.
		Menelik II's French sympathies were shown in a reported official offer of treasure towards payment of the indemnity at the close of the Franco-Prussian War, and in February 1897 he concluded a commercial treaty with France on very favorable terms.
		Menelik had in 1898 crushed a rebellion by Ras Mangasha (who died in 1906) and he directed his efforts henceforth to the consolidation of his authority, and in a certain degree, to the opening up of his country to western civilization.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/m/me/menelik_ii_of_ethiopia.html (1168 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Menelek II of Ethiopia
		Emperor Menelik II (Ge'ez ምኒልክ) baptized as Sahle Maryam (August 17, 1844 – December 12, 1913), was of Ethiopia from 1889 to his death.
		The succession now lay between the late emperor’s natural son, Ras Mengesha, and Menelik of Shewa, but the latter was able to obtain the allegiance of a large majority of the nobility on November 4, and consecrated and crowned as Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia shortly afterwards.
		On December 12, 1913 Emperor Menelek II died of a stroke and was buried at the Baeta Le Mariam Monastery Church of Addis Ababa.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Menelik_II (1584 words)

	LION OF ETHIOPIA
		When Menelik II became emperor in 1889 his first act in foreign affairs was to make a treaty with Italy.
		Emperor Menelik II objected and said Ethiopia is free to do as she wishes in foreign affairs.’’Ras Makonnen visits aid, Rome where he was given some 28 cannons and 38,000 rifles by the Italian government.
		Menelik was sick, and the two men who might have become the next emperor-Ras Makonnen of Harar and Ras Mangasha of Tigre-died.
	groups.msn.com /LIONOFETHIOPIA/emperormenelikii18891913.msnw (1801 words)

	Ethiopia From Tewodros II to Menelik II, 1855-89 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Despite the acquisition of European firearms, in 1878 Menelik was compelled to submit to Yohannis and to pay tribute; in return, Yohannis recognized Menelik as negus and gave him a free hand in territories to the south of Shewa.
		The Shewan ruler became the dominant personality in Ethiopia and was recognized as Emperor Menelik II by all but Yohannis's son and Ras Alula.
		From 1889 until after World War II, Ethiopia was deprived of its maritime frontier and was forced to accept the presence of an ambitious European power on its borders.
	www.workmall.com /wfb2001/ethiopia/ethiopia_history_from_tewodros_ii_to_menelik_ii_1855_89.html (1187 words)

	Emperor Menelik of Ethiopia :: by Nazret.com.
		Menelik II The son of King Haile Melekot of Shoa (1847 - 1855), was born in 1844 in Ankober, Shoa and heir to the Shewan branch of the Solomonic Dynasty which claimed descent from King Solomon of ancient Israel, and the Queen of Sheba.
		Menelik II's French sympathies were shown in a reported official offer of treasure towards payment of the indemnity at the close of the Franco-Prussian War, and in February 1897 he concluded a commercial treaty with France on very favorable terms.
		Menelik had in 1898 crushed a rebellion by Ras Mangasha (who died in 1906) and he directed his efforts henceforth to the consolidation of his authority, and in a certain degree, to the opening up of his country to western civilization.
	nazret.com /history/menelik.php (1183 words)

	tecolahagos.com - ethiopian related issues and commentary
		Later, in 1896, Emperor Menelik II signed a treaty with Italy in which article 2 simply states that the Wuchale treaty is annulled (null and void).
		Negus Menelik had incorporated Hararghe, and Ras Kassa was working to incorporate Arussi, so that Menelik's soldiers were engaged over a wide area in the south, when he received a note from Yohannes IV about the achievement of Ras Alula at Dogali.
		Meanwhile, a mere show of force by Menelik II and his entourage at Azezo was sufficient to cause the Dervish to flee to their country, the Sudan.
	www.tecolahagos.com /challenge.htm (4159 words)

	Imperial Ethiopia - The Ethiopian Dynasty
		Ethiopia's earliest dynasties reigned when the pharoahs ruled Egypt, but few of these early kings and queens are known to us by name today.
		The royal families of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia have dynastic laws very similar to those of the Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia (though certain of their principles are based on medieval practices influenced to some extent by Koranic law).
		This is actually a newer order, founded in 1996 in the tradition of the Order of Menelik II, which was often referred to as the "Order of the Lion." The decoration of the Order of the Ethiopian Lion is a circular medallion bearing, in its centre, the lion of Ethiopia.
	www.imperialethiopia.org /dynasty.htm (1104 words)

	Ethiopian history, the history leading to Ethiopia's famine
		The first of these emperors, Theodore II, was a strong warrior who reassembled the army and used canons and roads to bring many of the regions under his control.
		Menelik II was crowned Emperor in 1889 after uniting all of the provinces, including some of them that had been cut off for centuries.
		Belaynesh, was born in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in December of 1957.
	www.fhi.net /fhius/ethiopiafamine/history.html (1120 words)

	Ethiopia the Reign of Menelik Ii, 1889-1913
		By 1900 Menelik had succeeded in establishing control over much of present-day Ethiopia and had, in part at least, gained recognition from the European colonial powers of the boundaries of his empire.
		Apparently recognizing that his political strength was ebbing, Menelik established a Council of Ministers in late 1907 to assist in the management of state affairs.
		Empress Taytu, who had borne no children, was heavily involved in court politics on behalf of her kin and friends, most of whom lived in the northern provinces and included persons who either had claims of their own to the throne or were resentful of Shewan hegemony.
	www.country-studies.com /ethiopia/the-reign-of-menelik-ii,-1889-1913.html (1109 words)

	Menelik II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		enelik II was the Ethiopian emperor (1889-1909) during the frantic race for African protectorates by European countries.
		Menelik II's reaction, as Emperor of Ethiopia, to Italy's invasion helped to establish Ethiopia's independence, and enouraged future interaction with European powers.
		Menelik II's defeat over the Italian forces helped Ethiopia to gain their independence, and established Ethiopia's reputation as a competent military force in Africa.
	www.pvhs.chico.k12.ca.us /~bsilva/projects/scramble/menelik_ii.htm (441 words)

	Ethiopian Treasures - Emperor Menelik II, Battle of Adwa - Addis Ababa
		Menelik expanded his rule to the south and east of the country but he faced a threat from the Italians who still occupied Massawa, Saati and the Red Sea Coast.
		Menelik was helpless to defend the country from the Italian occupation and he attempted to negotiate with Italians.
		Menelik's nightmare did not end there, the Italians attempted to court the Tigrayans Princes into the alliance with Eritrea and the Italians invaded north part of Tigray leading to the Battle of Adwa.
	www.ethiopiantreasures.toucansurf.com /pages/menelik.htm (467 words)

	Welcome to African Echo - The voice of africa
		In fact, many people don’t think of Ethiopia as really a part of Africa at all; for she is in part, Arabic, Semitic and a strong mixture of Negroes.
		Menelik II was originally the ras (ruler) of Shoa (central Ethiopia).
		Menelik had also become adept at using the greed of the developed nations to bolster his own needs, and his country’s advantage.
	www.africanecho.co.uk /africanechonews8-oct13.html (1549 words)

	History of Ethiopian Urbanization
		The massive urbanization and primacy of Addis Ababa in the last 50 years is a new phenomenon in Ethiopia, historically a nation of small villages and homesteads (Tarver 184).
		Emperor Negus Menelik II moved Ethiopia's capital to Addis Ababa in the south-central highlands (1886) to gain control of southern Ethiopia (Zewde, Bahru.
		As Menelik¹s fame and fortune grew, foreigners flocked to Addis Ababa to trade and conduct business in the capital of the 'Champion of Adwa.' Menelik II, Ethiopia and hence Addis Ababa, had gained credibility and the respect of the world (Zewde 71).
	www.macalester.edu /courses/geog61/kshively/development.html (1236 words)

	Ethiopia by net - ET Directory, Overview
		Ethiopia's poverty-stricken economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for half of GDP, 60% of exports, and 80% of total employment.
		Under Ethiopia's land tenure system, the government owns all land and provides long-term leases to the tenants; the system continues to hamper growth in the industrial sector as entrepreneurs are unable to use land as collateral for loans.
		The True Light Church - We preach the Gospel of Christ which is the True Light to the nation of Ethiopia in the horn of Africa and to te Arabian Peninusla.
	etby.net (647 words)

	With the Armies of Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia
		During the war with Italy, when Menelik was in Tigre with his armies, the Gurage carried out a series of attacks on neighboring Galla, and among others, on the inhabitants of Adale.
		When the slave trade was suppressed by Menelik under pain of death, Jimma was one of the main centers of this business, and its properity was dealt a considerable blow.
		Having utterly defeated the king of Gojjam in a battle at Embabo, Menelik took in his hands all the land to the south of the Abbay River, despite the fact that they were at that time independent.
	www.samizdat.com /armies.html (23415 words)

	Menelik II and Vaska.
		Unique and detailed first-hand account of Ethiopia in 1896-98 -- at the change of an era -- by a Russian officer with remarkable understanding for the many varied people who lived there and keen insight into their destiny.
		At the end of the war 1941 the Ethiopians wanted him as a legitimate Emperor to be their leader(as great grand son of Menelik II).
		Haile Sellasie who went back to Ethiopia with the help of the British forces was so powerful to put my father in prison until he was freed by the Military Junta in 1974 and died three years later.
	www.samizdat.com /menelik.html (1802 words)

	Menelik II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Menelik II was born as Sahle Miriam, the son of the king of Shoa, a part of Ethiopia.
		Menelik I had been the son of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba who.
		Menelik, however, signed a treaty with Italy that gave the Italians the kingdom his rival ruled.
	home.comcast.net /~glennwatson550/worksheets/menlik.html (716 words)

	Emperor Menelik of Ethiopia :: by Nazret.com.
		On the death of his father in 1855 he was taken prisoner by Emperor Tewodros II (Theodore II), a former minor noble originally named Kassa of Kwara, who had usurped the Imperial throne from the last Emperor of the elder Gondar branch of the Solomonic dynasty, Emperor Johannis III (John III).
		Menelik was imprisoned on Tewodros' mountain stronghold of Magdala, but was treated well by the Emperor, even marrying Tewodros's daughter Alitash.
		A British mission under Sir Rennell Rodd in May 1897, however, was cordially received, and Menelik agreed to a settlement of the Somali boundaries, to keep open to British commerce the caravan route between Zaila and Harrar, and to prevent the transit of munitions of war to the Mahdists, whom he proclaimed enemies of Ethiopia.
	www.nazret.com /history/menelik.php (1183 words)

	Djibouti (05/07)
		The Franco-Ethiopian railway, linking Djibouti to the heart of Ethiopia, was begun in 1897 and reached Addis Ababa in June 1917, further facilitating the increase of trade.
		During the Italian invasion and occupation of Ethiopia in the 1930s and during World War II, constant border skirmishes occurred between French and Italian forces.
		Djibouti continues to cultivate cordial relations with Ethiopia, reflecting the fundamental economic ties between the two countries and a long tradition of interchanges.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/5482.htm (3960 words)

	Emperors of Ethiopia
		Ethiopia was finally only conquered, briefly, between 1936 and 1941, by Italy, not, significantly, in the 19th century "scramble for Africa," but in the age of totalitarian conquest in the 1930's.
		While Ethiopia had preserved its independence and Christian religion for centuries against Islâm, constantly enduring the depredations of Arab slavers, many, or most, of whose male victims were castrated, many foreign fls now blame and reject Christianity for the Atlantic slave trade which took their ancestors to the New World.
		Ethiopia and her religion thus receive some respect from a source that, in general, one might have expected to be relatively unaware of the country and relatively hostile to the religion.
	www.friesian.com /ethiopia.htm (1942 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The son of Negus Haile Melekot of Shewa, prince Sahle Maryam was born in Ankober, Shewa.
		When the chairs arrived, Menelik learned they would not work, as Ethiopia did not yet have an electrical power industry.
		Rather than waste his investment, Menelik used one of the chairs as his throne, sending another to Lique Mequas Abate.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Menelik_II (1551 words)

	Ethiopia - The Reign of Menelik II, 1889-1913
		Menelik embarked on a program of military conquest that more than doubled the size of his domain.
		At the same time that Menelik was extending his empire, European colonial powers were showing an interest in the territories surrounding Ethiopia.
		Menelik considered the Italians a formidable challenge and negotiated the Treaty of Wuchale with them in 1889.
	countrystudies.us /ethiopia/15.htm (1117 words)

	Emperor Menelik, by Dr. Zewde Gabre-Sellassie
		At the outset I wish to comment briefly on the general characteristic of the period we are about to discuss and the countries with which Menelik would be dealing during the period from 1865 to 1896.
		We may add to this list of neighboring states, the Mahdist State of the Sudan which existed during the period extending from the fall of Khartoum to the Mahdi in January 26, 1885, up to the fall of Khartoum to the Anglo-Egyptian forces in September 22,1898, when it was absorbed in the Anglo-Egyptian condominium.
		During the first and second phase, starting from his assumption the control of the government of Shoa, after his escape from Magdalla in 1865, up to his accession to the throne of Ethiopia in 1889, the dommant factor in his foreign relation was his aspiration to gain the imperial crown.
	sellassie.ourfamily.com /academics/menelik.html (928 words)

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