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Topic: Mental functions

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	[No title]
		On a more broad scale, the development of human mental functions is viewed by Vygotsky as their transition from their original lower mental functions form into higher mental functions form, with differences between the two being drawn along four major criteria: origins, structure, the way of functioning and the relation to other mental functions.
		By origins, most lower mental functions are genetically inherited, by structure they are unmediated, by functioning they are involuntary, and with regard to their relation to other mental functions they are isolated individual mental units.
		In contrast, a higher mental function is socially acquired, mediated by social meanings, voluntarily controlled and exists as a link in a broad system of functions rather than as an individual unit.
	psych.hanover.edu /vygotsky/subbot.html (1359 words)

	Key Initiatives - Mental Health Focus Area
		Mental health is a state of emotional well being which includes the successful performance of mental functions, and results in productive activities, fulfilling relationships, and the ability to adapt to change and cope with adversity.
		Mental disorders are health conditions characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, or behavior, and are associated with distress and/or impaired ability to function in multiple roles and/or environments.
		Mental disorders were the sixth leading cause of death for Wood County residents (the age adjusted rate being higher than that of both the Northern region and the state as a whole).
	www.co.wood.wi.us /health/healthyPeople/mental.asp (549 words)

	Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General - Chapter 1
		Stigmatization of mental illness is an excuse for inaction and discrimination that is inexcusably outmoded in 1999.
		Mental illness emerged from the Global Burden of Disease study as a surprisingly significant contributor to the burden of disease.
		By the late 19th century, mental illness was thought to grow“out of a violation of those physical, mental and moral laws which, properly understood and obeyed, result not only in the highest development of the race, but the highest type of civilization” (cited in Grob, 1983).
	www.surgeongeneral.gov /library/mentalhealth/chapter1/sec1.html (4246 words)

	The Mental Factor in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Functional Diseases
		There is hesitation, doubt, the inability to perform a function dependent on the belief of such incapacity and on the thought firm1y fixed in the patient's mind that such activity is impossible, or that a given derangement of function is the make up of his life and organization.
		The definition, then, of functional psychosis or of psychopathic diseases is a disturbance of functions, ideational, volitional, sensory, motor and visceral due to abnormal mental states.
		Functional psychosis in its last analysis is a veiled form of the instinct of self-preservation, of the fear of death, of fear of loss of what is essential to life, of fear of some impending evil.
	www.sidis.net /mentalfactor.htm (2461 words)

	The Community Giving Resource: Mental health
		Mental illness is on a par with heart disease and cancer as a cause of disability.
		Mental health is vital to overall good health, fulfilling relationships, and the ability to adapt to change and cope with stress and adversity.
		Mental health problems can range in severity from, for example, feeling angry most of the time and being unable to control impulses to diagnosable mental illnesses, such as depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorders, among many others.
	www.communitygivingresource.org /health/health_list.htm?cat_id=842 (784 words)

	Psychology Today: How the mind ages
		Asserts that mental function with age is largely determined by mental lifestyle, the impact of chronic disease and flexibility of the mind.
		Mental function with age is largely determined bythree factors--mental lifestyle, the impact of chronic disease, and flexibility of the mind.
		After 50, mental function is largely determined by three factors--the mental lifestyle, the impact of chronic disease, and the flexibility of the mind.
	www.psychologytoday.com /articles/pto-19931101-000029.html (4722 words)

	from Ideas on Liberty
		The equation of the mind with the brain and of mental disease with brain disease, supported by the authority of a large body of neuroscience literature, is used to render rational the drug treatment of mental illness and justify the demand for parity in insurance coverage for medical and mental disorders.
		His alleged illness is identified by psychiatrists, who diagnose his behavior as schizophrenia; other psychiatrists verify its presence by committing him to a mental hospital, where he acquires the right to refuse treatment, which he exercises; and a judge confirms the diagnosis by declaring him mentally incompetent to refuse treatment.
		This "diagnosis" functions as a prescription--for example, to hospitalize the patient involuntarily (lest he kill his wife) or, after he has killed her, to acquit him as not guilty by reason of insanity and again hospitalize him against his will.
	www.szasz.com /usatoday.html (1870 words)

	Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General - Chapter 2
		Mental illness is a term rooted in history that refers collectively to all of the diagnosable mental disorders.
		The diagnosis of mental disorders is often believed to be more difficult than diagnosis of somatic, or general medical, disorders, since there is no definitive lesion, laboratory test, or abnormality in brain tissue that can identify the illness.
		The term “serious emotional disturbance” is used in a variety of Federal statutes in reference to children under the age of 18 with a diagnosable mental health problem that severely disrupts their ability to function socially, academically, and emotionally.
	www.surgeongeneral.gov /library/mentalhealth/chapter2/sec2.html (3267 words)

	Overview of Mental Illness Mental illness is a term rooted in history that refers collectively to all of the ...
		Overview of Mental Illness Mental illness is a term rooted in history that refers collectively to all of the diagnosable mental disorders.
		Mental disorders are characterized by abnormalities in cognition, emotion or mood, or the highest integrative aspects of behavior, such as social interactions or planning of future activities.
		The diagnosis of mental disorders must rest with the patients’ reports of the intensity and duration of symptoms, signs from their mental status examination, and clinician observation of their behavior including functional impairment.
	www.criminalprofiling.com /Overview-of-Mental-Illness_s196.html (3314 words)

	WHO \| Mental and neurological disorders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Mental retardation is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind characterized by impairment of skills and overall intelligence in areas such as cognition, language, and motor and social abilities.
		In addition to genetic factors, injuries at birth and brain infections, a common cause of mental retardation is iodine deficiency, which is the single largest cause of preventable brain damage and severe mental retardation.
		Mental and behavioural disorders are common during childhood and adolescence.
	www.who.int /entity/mediacentre/factsheets/fs265/en/index.html (1490 words)

	Vygotsky Review
		For Vygotsky, although the evolutionary factors that shape the biological organism are a necessary and important precursor to the development of higher mental functioning, the development of higher mental functioning (or ontogenesis) itself was nevetheless the product of a range of historical, cultural and institutional factors in the environment in which the organism lived.
		The process of moving from elementary to higher mental functions is called semiotic mediation and an important mechanism in this transition is the use of tools and symbols.
		Unfortunately, Vygotsky was unable to specify the exact criteria necessary to move from the lower to the higher mental functions.
	www.geocities.com /lorigranth (2806 words)

	Mental Olympics
		In general, in trying to determine the function that something performs, a good starting point or heuristic is to assume that there is a relation between its structure and its function.
		Now in the case of thinking about the mind/brain dependence, one of the simplest interpretations of the dependence between mind and brain is to assume that there are basic physical components of the brain that are composed or 'wired together' in a simple manner to yield cognitive performance.
		The relation between physical functions that electronic components could be designed to carry out on electrical signals and "information processing functions" required to manipulate information was becoming well-understood.
	www.rci.rutgers.edu /~cfs/305_html/MentalChron/MOlympics.html (2149 words)

	Harvey Carr: The Nature of Mental Process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This paper proposes the somewhat unorthodox view that the mental functions with which psychology concerns itself are in reality psychophysical, and at times neural, activities and that psychology shall study and attempt to comprehend these functions in their entirety.
		The author adopted this conception of the nature of mental process several years ago and is convinced from his teaching experience that such a mode of treatment possesses certain distinct advantages.
		The subjective conception of mental process as something immaterial constitutes an inadequate tool for the physician in his attempt to comprehend the nature of the mental, or functional disorders.
	spartan.ac.brocku.ca /~lward/sup/Carr_1917.html (2346 words)

	MIND: The Mind/Body Connection - HOOAH4HEALTH.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In another but related context, everyday language tends to encourage a misperception that "mental health" or "mental illness" is unrelated to "physical health" or "physical illness." In fact, the two are inseparable.
		People continue to see mental and physical as separate functions when, in fact, mental functions (e.g., memory) are physical as well (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).
		Mental health refers to the successful performance of mental functions in terms of thought, mood, and behavior.
	www.hooah4health.com /mind/mindbody.htm (640 words)

	nerve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Although Descartes would never have agreed with the idea that mental functions are located in different parts of the brain, his dualistic thinking laid the basis for the idea of localization of mental functions in the brain.
		The basic mistake in any locating of mental functions to the parts of the brain is very simple: some part of the complicated system is equated with the whole result of the system.
		If it is thought that mental functions are located in parts of the brain, this does not make brain research easier, but more difficult, because such a theory, in fact, mystifies both neural and mental activity.
	cogprints.org /365/00/nerve.htm (4586 words)

	The Dynamic Basis for Type - CAPT.org
		Knowing how the four functions relate to each other, and in what order you prefer them, can tell you a great deal about yourself: for example, how you prefer to communicate, what you consider to be important, and the kinds of activities and careers you find motivating or stressful.
		For extraverts the auxiliary function is introverted, and for introverts it is extraverted.
		Though you use all four mental functions, your third and fourth-preferred functions tend to be less interesting and less well-developed than your dominant and auxiliary functions.
	www.capt.org /mbti-assessment/type-dynamics.htm (1357 words)

	Neuropsychology & Behavioral Neuroscience (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Mental functions are commonly disturbed by neurologic disorders.
		Mental functions reflect the state of the entire.organism.
		Many functions may be disturbed by involvement anywhere in the brain, however, there are "essential areas" which are of greatest sensitivity to loss.
	neuro.psyc.memphis.edu /NeuroPsyc/np-m-stat.htm (1731 words)

	Mini-Mental Related Articles - used to detect: cognitive deficits, alzheimer's disease, dementia, cognitive screen
		It is "mini" because it concentrates only on the cognitive aspects of mental functions, and excludes questions concerning mood, abnormal mental experiences and the form of thinking.
		As with any other quantified assessment of cognitive function such as the WAIS with which it correlates so well, the MMS permits comparisons to be drawn between intellectual changes and other aspects of mental functioning.
		A short, standardized form was devised for the serial testing of the cognitive mental state in patients on a neurogeriatric ward, as well as for consecutive admission to a hospital.
	www.minimental.com /article.html (2208 words)

	Aging and Mental Functions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Seniors who are mentally active score significantly higher on tests of cognitive abilities than those who are cerebral coach potatoes.
		For instance, a study of University of California, Berkeley, professors, published in Psychological Science (September 1995) found that older professors (mean age 65) were equal to young and middle aged professors in short term memory and in the acquisition, organization and recall of conceptual knowledge.
		On the other hand, the older professors were not immune to age-related changes in mental reaction or response time and in association tasks such as matching names to faces.
	www.hhp.ufl.edu /faculty/pbird/keepingfit/ARTICLE/AGING.HTM (245 words)

	The Frontal Lobes & Higher Mental Functions
		The act of lying is initiated by the mental activities in the frontal lobes, and its instructions are then carried out by the speech organs during the act of lying.
		Although we have some understanding of the function of the frontal lobes of the brain at the present time, this knowledge was obscure even to the imagination in early times.
		It is only after a thorough study of the physiology and functions of the lobes of the cerebral hemisphere and their locations in man and animals, that the function of the forehead (including the brain) has been recognized by modern comparative anatomy.
	etori.tripod.com /forebrain1.html (1224 words)

	Elementary & Higher Mental Functions
		Elementary functions are natural, and therefore unlearned capacities.
		The central feature of these types of functions is that they involveself-generated stimulation.
		Self -generated stimulation is "the creationand use of artificial stimuli which becomes the immediate causes of behavior."(Lefrancois, 1994).
	www.metu.edu.tr /~e118949/project/index_files/Page836.htm (49 words)

	SELF, MIND AND INTENTIONALITY
		Aim:I would like to discuss here the relationship between cognitive (or mental) functions of the mind and the self:It is obvious that our notion of the self and our notion of the world make use of cognitive functions and at the same time influence their functioning, and the functioning of intelligence.
		I refer all the contents of my mental life, my thoughts, experiences, relationships, and the world in general to my “self.”The second is what I shall call “self-image:”This is what we think we are, and of course changes from time to time.
		Self-consciousness is a mental function which makes our thought processes explicit, clear and so forth, but as far as the self and its world go, it is always a consciousness of some mental content from the point of view of another mental content.
	home.pacbell.net /moorty/self.htm (2662 words)

	Survey MBTI Personality Type Preferences
		Your third most preferred mental function is one of the two mental function letters that is NOT in your type code.
		For example, if your middle two letters are NT, then your third mental function would be either S or F. Many interpret the Myers-Jung model as indicating that this third function is in the same extraverted/introverted attitude as one's Dominant function.
		In the case of the third and fourth mental functions, the reading of Jung and Myers is less clear.
	www.personalitypathways.com /typefit-mbti.html (1417 words)

	MINDFULNESS IN MENTAL HEALTH
		The mind gets glued to these mental objects (which are just memories in this instance) which keep stirring up the feelings of hurt, anger etc. Even if someone else may be nice to us, we might not notice this because the mind is too busy with the other (hurtful) mental object.
		It is because of poor mindfulness that a mental object is not appreciated as only a mental object (ideation, memory, image etc.) and is responded to as if it is a real object.
		The Western mental health professionals have also begun to use mindfulness as a tool for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation as regards mental disorders.
	www.priory.com /psych/mindfulness.htm (2347 words)

	Relieving post-stroke depression also restores lost mental function in many patients
		In the first double-blind treatment trial aimed at establishing a firm link between post-stroke depression and the impairment of certain mental abilities, researchers in the U.S. and Japan found that nearly three-fourths of patients who received anti-depressant drug treatment recovered some mental function that was lost after having a stroke.
		Researchers measured mental functions such as orientation, memory, language, and hand-eye coordination.
		Over a period of six to 12 weeks, the anti-depressant group showed significantly greater improvement in both mood and mental function.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2000-07/AHA-Rpda-0507100.php (580 words)

	[No title]
		Sensorium: Roughly approximates consciousness. Includes the special sensory perceptive powers and their central correlation and integration in the brain. A clear sensorium conveys the presence of a reasonably accurate memory together with a correct orientation for time, place, and person.
		NOTE: if the patient is easily distractible during the interview, whether he gets off the subject and whether he comes back to it or not spontaneously. Ask him if he has difficulty concentrating or making decisions.
		Sensorium and Mental Capacity: Orientation: Determine how well the patient is oriented in the realm of time, place, persons present and in the present situation. In every record, all four points must be specifically mentioned.
	www.siumed.edu /psych/Mental_Status_Examination.doc (1487 words)

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