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Topic: Mental institutions

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Mental hospital

Lou Gehrig

Emo

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	Mental Illness - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		The mentally ill are often blamed for bringing on their own illnesses, and others may see them as victims of bad fate, religious and moral transgression, or witchcraft.
		Thus, the diagnosis of mental illness is always a judgment or an interpretation by an observer based on the speech, ideas, behaviors, and experiences of the patient.
		Mental hospitals or psychiatric wards in general hospitals are used to treat patients in acute phases of their illnesses and when the severity of their symptoms requires constant supervision.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761566888___0/Mental_Illness.html (8655 words)

	Mental Illness - Search View - MSN Encarta
		Mental health professionals in many other parts of the world use a different classification system, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), published by the World Health Organization.
		This approach recognizes that people are not only products of the genes inherited from their parents, but products of the families and social worlds into which they are born.
		The risk of misdiagnosis is even greater when the mental health professional and the patient come from different cultural groups.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761566888__1/Mental_Illness.html (8722 words)

	Mental Health, United States, 2000: Chapter 2
		It is frequently supposed that the depressing state of mental hospitals was as much a function of the nature of their patients as it was the result of parsimonious or callous policies.
		Mental hospitals— institutions that had been the cornerstone of public policy for nearly a century and a half— slowly began to lose their social and medical legitimacy.
		The emergence of mental health law advocates tended to weaken the authority of both psychiatrists and mental hospitals, and conferred added legitimacy to the belief that protracted hospitalization was somehow counterproductive and that community care and treatment represented a more desirable policy choice (Grob, 1994a).
	www.mentalhealth.samhsa.gov /publications/allpubs/sma01-3537/chapter2.asp (7776 words)

	Overview of Mental Health in New York and the Nation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Institutions housing criminals, the poor, orphans, and the handicapped were also placed under control of these boards.
		Both contained provisions for mental health treatment, but care furnished in state hospitals was explicitly not covered and mentally ill people under the age of sixty-five were ineligible for Medicaid benefits.
		Late 1960's-1970's: State and federal courts ruled that the mentally ill had the legal right to refuse treatment and could be involuntarily committed to mental institutions unless they posed a clear and present danger to themselves or others.
	www.archives.nysed.gov /a/researchroom/rr_health_mh_timeline.shtml (2665 words)

	Assisted Living Success 09/2001--The Cruelest Disease
		Beginning in the Middle Ages, people with mental disorders were thrown into mental institutions, which were basically prisons.
		The public viewed mental disease as something a patient should be able to control and simply take care of by himself.
		One of the most significant breakthroughs for mental awareness came with the passing of the Mental Health Act of 1946 and the Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963.
	www.alsuccess.com /articles/191mental.html (1083 words)

	Remarks by A. Kathryn Power, M.Ed., January 23, 2006, National Mental Health Information Center
		A person with a mental illness has a real promise of a better life when he or she re-enters the community with a job, a home, and the continuity of behavioral health care that can sustain recovery.
		Criminalization of mental illnesses is a public health issue because the punitive incarceration of individuals with mental illnesses fails to address their mental health needs.
		Drug and mental health treatment is the Vitamin C necessary to help these offenders remain free of further criminal behavior and contribute again to their communities.
	www.mentalhealth.samhsa.gov /newsroom/speeches/012306a.asp (3061 words)

	Government Performance Project 2004: Mental health
		Diagnosis: Changes in mental health care over the past four decades have failed to live up to their promise, creating a fragmented and disorganized system that is scarcely more effective than the one it replaced.
		Many of the approximately 50,000 people still residing in institutions are stuck in a bottleneck: They want to leave the hospital but have nowhere to go because community care facilities are overburdened, and their continued confinement takes up scarce inpatient beds needed by others in crisis.
		To a large extent, mental health program data continue to be reported as outputs, detailing the number of patients treated in a given month but not the number judged to have made significant progress.
	www.governing.com /gpp/2004/mental.htm (4364 words)

	Mental Health Law
		First mental hospital opened in the American colonies in 1752 as response to homeless mentally ill.
		Mentally ill confined if had "need for treatment" -- triumph of medical model of mental illness.
		By 1960's large numbers of people confined in mental institutions (e.g., 1963: 679,000 in mental institutions, 250,000 in prisons).
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~mauro/psy420/mental.htm (455 words)

	Mental Illness Research: Chapter 2: Expanding Knowledge and Treatment \| Overviews Research Topic
		THE SOCIAL REFORM efforts of the 1800s resulted in more mental hospitals, a push toward more humane treatment, and some laws to protect the rights of the mentally ill. During these years, researchers intensified their study of mental illnesses and developed new approaches to treatment.
		As more mental institutions opened, the people who worked with patients sought to learn more about mental illnesses, and then shared their insights.
		This interpretation disputed the idea that mentally ill people were somehow to blame for their strange behavior.
	www.bookrags.com /researchtopics/mental-illness-os/03.html (605 words)

	Abuse in Mental Institutions
		Most of the abuse that occurs in mental institutions involve seclusion and restraints, or restraining a patient who is deemed "violent".
		One would think that mental health workers would receive higher pay and more training, given the fact that they are taking people's lives into their hands each time they go to work.
		Unfortunately, the burnout rate for mental health workers is high, so a lot of hospitals do not want to invest a lot of time or money in the workers they hire.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/mental_health_advocacy/35970 (532 words)

	JAILS BECOME MENTAL INSTITUTIONS
		What experts call the criminalization of the mentally ill has grown as an issue as the nation's inmate population has exploded and as corrections officials and families of the emotionally disturbed have become alarmed by the problems posed by having the mentally ill behind bars.
		Jails and prisons often find themselves unprepared to deal with the mentally ill. Guards may not know, for example, how to respond to disturbed inmates who simply are not capable of standing in an orderly line for meals; a common result is that the inmates are put in solitary confinement.
		Mental hospitals, or asylums, grew out of a crusade in the 1840s by Dorothea Dix, the Boston reformer, who warned that "insane persons" were being confined in "cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens: chained, naked, beaten with rods and lashed into obedience." "Criminalization," said Dr. E.
	www.prisonactivist.org /pipermail/prisonact-list/1998-March/001363.html (2980 words)

	Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice System
		The shift in residency of the mentally ill from hospitals to the criminal justice system is the result of deinstitutionalization, which occurred in the early 1990’s.
		Even if a mentally ill inmate is correctly recognized as in need of further observation or treatment, on-sight mental health professionals are scarce; there may not be anyone on duty at odd hours.
		In effect, today’s prisons and jails are shouldering the responsibility for the mentally ill which used to reside with community based hospitals and institutions.
	www.geocities.com /stargazers_here/mental_illness.html (1379 words)

	Bring back the mental hospitals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The current mental health professionals will violently disagree that anyone who needs help is not getting it, and I have a great respect for the tremendous programs we have in place in institutions such as Bridgeway and St. Mary's Square.
		After the closing of the mental institutions, it is guessed that many of our mentally ill now live in our Illinois prisons, to the tune of 30 percent of the prison population.
		Then there are mentally ill who are placed inappropriately in nursing homes and residential facilities, where they are simply given a bed, with no proper treatment and no hope of returning to the community.
	www.thezephyr.com /porter/mentals.htm (705 words)

	Human Rights Abuses in Mental Institutions Common Worldwide, Perlin Says
		Perlin is the director of the Mental Disability Law Program and leads the International Mental Disability Law Reform Project at the Justice Action Center at New York Law School.
		The gray areas of mental disability law have allowed for the abuse of the most vulnerable, he noted.
		By 1989 conditions had begun to improve in the Soviet Union, according to Perlin, but tools of coercive psychiatry still were used in what some call the “criminalization of dissent.” And this practice was not limited to Russia; the expression of political opinions was perceived as delusional throughout the Soviet block.
	www.law.virginia.edu /html/news/2006_spr/perlin.htm (1314 words)

	Mental Illness History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The institution grew into a very efficient community housing farms, a dairy barn, greenhouses, a transportation system, graveyards, etc. The patients took part in tasks both indoors and out to benefit their living situation, much like that of a family.
		The reputation of these institutions was significantly impressive leading parents and friends of patients to have increasing confidence in their patient’s care.
		Reflecting the changes in the treatment of the mentally ill brought about by drug therapy, and state and federal public policies in the 1960s’ state institutions changed their procedures resembling the previous moral management revolution. There was an emphasis on protecting the human rights of the mental patients that had historically been overlooked.
	www.ohiou.edu /~ridges/history.html (2029 words)

	Special Report -- Michigan's mentally ill: Crisis in care7/22/03 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The mentally ill in Michigan are in the hands of a vast, inefficient bureaucracy of community-based institutions that squanders resources and regularly fails to deliver adequate care.
		When John Engler was elected governor in 1990, the state's care of people with mental illnesses had been causing political problems for governors for 45 years.
		For nearly 50 years, officials have sought to move people who are mentally ill from state institutions into the community.
	www.detnews.com /specialreports/2003/mentalhealth (716 words)

	Prisons: The nation's new mental institutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		What experts call the criminalization of the mentally ill has grown as the nation's inmate population has exploded and as corrections officials and families of the emotionally disturbed have become alarmed by the problems posed by having the mentally ill behind bars.
		Jails and prisons often find themselves unprepared to deal with the mentally ill. Guards may not know how to respond to disturbed inmates who simply are not capable of standing in an orderly line for meals; a common result is that the inmates are put in solitary confinement.
		Advocates for the mentally ill say the clock is being turned back to the 19th century when it was common in the U.S. to confine people with mental illness in jails.
	www.psych-health.com /mental8.htm (1650 words)

	[PRISONACT] Prisons as Mental Institutions
		Prisons as Mental Institutions http://writ.news.findlaw.com/mariner/20031027.html The Mass Incarceration of the Mentally Ill By JOANNE MARINER Monday, Oct. 27, 2003 U.S. prisons and jails, packed with over two million inmates, hold many people that society would be wise to keep elsewhere.
		Rather than receiving continuing mental health treatment, thousands of mentally ill people were released to communities that had made little or no accommodation for their care.
		By reducing the overall number of mentally ill prisoners, such programs would also free up prison resources that could be used to remedy the generally low quality of prison mental health care.
	www.prisonactivist.org /pipermail/prisonact-list/2003-October/008142.html (968 words)

	Jailing the Mentally Ill
		In the early 19th Century, America's jails and prisons housed many of the nation's mentally ill. At the start of the 21st Century, that state of affairs has returned.
		That was the practice in the US for the next century: mentally ill people who couldn't cope on their own were confined in mental hospitals.
		Last year the U.S. Justice Department said 280,000 people with serious mental illnesses were in jail or prison—more than four times the number in state mental hospitals.
	americanradioworks.publicradio.org /features/mentally_ill/stories/jails1.html (219 words)

	Mental Institutions
		We’ve all heard the horror stories of people being terribly violated while receiving treatment at a mental hospital.
		mental health • mental illness • psychiatry • psychology • seclusion
		When Frances Farmer died in 1970, few people could remember anything about her except that she was committed to a mental institution for five years.
	www.suite101.com /reference/mental_institutions (169 words)

	Announcement by China Mental Health Watch: Investigating Mental Torture and Misuse of Mental Institutions in the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Before her arrest, Wu Xiaohua was a mentally and physically healthy woman, but after being detained in the mental hospital, she could barely get up from the bed.
		Whereas China's psychiatric abuse in the persecution of mentally healthy Falun Gong practitioners is unprecedented in terms of the number of victims, hospitals involved, the brutality of methods used and the severity of the consequences;
		In late October 2000, she was again detained and the doctors at the mental hospital approached her and tried to forcibly take off her clothes without asking any questions about her condition.
	www.clearharmony.net /articles/200404/18796.html (4438 words)

	FindLaw's Writ - Mariner: Prisons as Mental Institutions
		Not only is the experience of imprisonment counter-therapeutic for such prisoners, many mental health experts believe that it dramatically increases their chances of psychiatric breakdown.
		Somewhere between two and four hundred thousand mentally ill people are incarcerated, several times more than the number of people living in mental institutions.
		Rather than receiving continuing mental health treatment, thousands of mentally ill people were released to communities that had made little or no accommodation for their care.
	writ.news.findlaw.com /mariner/20031027.html (1093 words)

	con_edu.htm section heading265 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In addition there are several local and county mental institutions and a great number of private hospitals." "Mental illness, like physical illness, can often be cured by rest and treatment.
		These patients on parole may continue living at home for a year or more and if it is not necessary to return them to an institution they are automatically discharged to take their place in society.
		Some mental defectives, however, may continue on parole for years." For the year ending May 31, 1936, in the eight State Hospitals, there were 17,137 patients on the register at the beginning of the year, with 2,362 of them on parole; 485 recovered; 1,163 improved and 104 unimproved.
	www.dep.state.pa.us /dep/PA_Env-Her/conservation_education/con_ed78.htm (413 words)

	Austen Riggs--one of the leading mental institutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		With an emphasis on this open setting, the Austen Riggs mental institutions work individually with patients in a therapeutic community to achieve the best results.
		Referral to mental institutions can be the first step toward relief for a patient suffering from a personality disorder or major trauma, often complicated by mood disorders, anorexia/bulimia, substance abuse or psychosis.
		The Austen Riggs Center, as one of the leading mental institutions, distinguishes itself from other mental institutions by offering treatment in a completely open setting in a therapeutic community, intensive psychotherapy with a doctor, active psychopharmacologic treatment and continuity of care throughout a range of step-down programs.
	www.austenriggs.org /mental-institutions.htm (174 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Mental Institutions in America, by Gerald Grob (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		...Although he too be- lieves that mental care in America has been a failure, he offers no simple explanation: Indeed, the most impressive fact is the relative absence of malev- olence or for that matter con- sistency of behavior...
		...Gerald Grob's Mental Institutions in America, the first of two volumes encompassing all public and private efforts to rehabilitate the insane, is a herald of things to come along this new line of historical interpretation...
		...Beginning his analysis with the colonial period, Grob traces the abandonment of familial for institutional care of the mentally ill, and the emergence of a fledgling psychiatric profession in the middle of the 19th century...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V57I4P82-1.htm (1493 words)

	Boston.com / News / Boston Globe / Obituaries / Opal Petty, 86; won lawsuit after 51 years in institutions
		LOS ANGELES -- Opal Marie Petty, who spent 51 years wrongly locked away in mental institutions and ultimately won a six-figure verdict for her suffering, died March 10 at a hospital in San Angelo, Texas.
		Because the state's Supreme Court declined to resolve several issues over mental health-treatment records, the ruling was not considered a legal precedent.
		The Texas Supreme Court noted that Miss Petty was variously diagnosed during her confinement as being schizophrenic or retarded and at other times as neither mentally ill nor retarded.
	www.boston.com /news/globe/obituaries/articles/2005/03/20/opal_petty_86_won_lawsuit_after_51_years_in_institutions (460 words)

	Civil Commitment for Sexual Predators (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		But before he is released the state files a petition to have him committed to a mental institution.
		There is a procedure, an evaluation, various steps in a process in which psychologists, psychiatrists, prosecutors, judges, and juries decide whether to label the offender a sexual predator with a mental abnormality that makes him likely to commit a sex offense in the future.
		If the offender is so labeled, off he goes to an institution where he can be confined for life unless he demonstrates that he has changed to such an extent that he will be no danger to the community.
	www.cjjohns.com /c_law/civil_sexual.html (824 words)

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