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Topic: Merchant capitalism

	Mercantilism
		Merchants would eventually come to see that taking over or being more involved in the means of production would enhance their profits by giving them control over the productivity of labor.
		While the merchant class was far from cohesive, disagreements about policy within the merchant class were subservient to the aims of the common goal of expanding the trade surplus.
		Merchants as a class were thus compelled to become full-fledged capitalists or fade into the newly emerging working class.
	www.referenceforbusiness.com /encyclopedia/Man-Mix/Mercantilism.html (2233 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are mostly privately owned, and capital is invested in the production, distribution and other trade of goods and services, for profit in a competitive free market.
		Karl Marx understood capitalism as a historically specific mode of production (the way in which the productive property is owned and controlled, combined with the corresponding social relations between individuals based on their connection with the process of production) in which capital has become the dominant means of production (Burnham).
		Capital, according to Marx, is created with the purchase of commodities for the purpose of creating new commodities with a higher exchange value higher than the sum of the original purchases.
	www.gamecheatz.net /games.php?title=Capitalism (5896 words)

	Merchant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Merchants function as professionals who deal with trade, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves, in order to produce profit.
		"Merchant," under the Uniform Commercial Code, is defined as any person while engaged in a business or profession or a seller who deals regularly in the type of goods sold.
		For example, when a merchant sells something, he or she is deemed to give an implied warranty of merchantability, guaranteeing that the product is fit to be sold, even if there is nothing in writing to this effect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Merchant (268 words)

	The story of merchant capitalists
		The emergence of merchant capitalism is located at this historical juncture, not as a bypro duct of European commerce but because of the merchants acting as the interface between the European and local economy and state, as chief merchants of the European companies.
		As dominant merchants and intermediaries between the European companies and local economy and political authorities, these merchants are said to have been the ultimate survivors in the face of many hazards in a situation of political and economic fragmen tation and rivalry.
		To call these merchants "political merchants" (Arasaratnam) or "portfolio-capitalists" (Sanjay Subrahmanyam) who were able to straddle the worlds of commerce and political participation is not acceptable to the author as she considers this view to be bas ed on an artificial dichotomy between the two which are integral parts of a composite system.
	www.hindu.com /fline/fl1703/17030780.htm (2115 words)

	Merchant of Venice - The Princely Leader of Financial Capitalism - Boje
		Antonio's capitalism is to make investments in two types of ventures (1) he is among the Renaissance merchant capitalists who finances trading ships that head for Africa and the Americas in search of slaves and gold; (2) Antonio bankrolls Bassanio in a risk-taking adventure to win the fortune of the beautiful Portia.
		The Merchant of Venice play is the story of the rise of modern bourgeoisie capitalism (Shylock's banker capitalism and Antonio's investment entrepreneurship) over the feudal condition of accumulation (becoming Renaissance); but the final act has yet to be staged on the stage of global capitalism.
		The point of Portia's character is the transition from feudal capitalism to merchant capitalism, from nobles and lords to bourgeois merchants and commercial investors in the adventures of fortune.
	cbae.nmsu.edu /~dboje/pages/orderform.html (4814 words)

	JWSR - Volume IV, Number 2, Fall 1998
		Industrial capitalism could thus be viewed as the latest in a series of local "modes of production" anchored in material infrastructures of different kinds, whereas supra-local strategies of merchant capitalism have always integrated such local production processes in larger reproductive totalities.
		Still today, industrial capitalism is very far from the universal condition of mankind, but rather a privileged activity, the existence of which would be unthinkable without various other modes of transferring surpluses of labour and resources from peripheral sectors to centers of accumulation at different spatial scales.
		Such a general understanding of capital accumulation would be as applicable to the agricultural terraces of the Inca emperor in ancient Peru as to the textile factories of eighteenth century England.
	jwsr.ucr.edu /archive/vol4/v4n2a5.php (4129 words)

	[No title]
		It is a definition of the nature and functions of commercial capital that presupposes the circuit of industrial capital or the dominance of large-scale industry, a sit uation that was only finally realised as late as the 19}{\super th}{ century.
		For this to be possible, we have to see Marx\rquote s definition of commercial capital as specific to the framework of his analysis of industrial capital, and construct a circuit of commercial capital that would explain the movement of the kinds of capital exemplified by the Dutch and English East India C ompanies, for example.
		It was }{\i merchant}{ capitalism which innovated the unlimited partnership and the whole spectrum of forms of association that flowed from it.
	www.iisg.nl /research/banaji.rtf (3928 words)

	Israel: Between Colonialism and Imperialism (1984)
		Merchant capitalism gave rise, most importantly, to settler colonies in South Africa and the Americas: the Cape Colony, the United States, the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata, etc. The imperialism of finance capitalism repartitioned the colonial world among the capitalist "great powers" toward the close of the nineteenth century.
		The relationship between merchant capital "mother country" and its colonies, by contrast, never presented its inequality in racist guise insofar as metropolitans and settlers were concerned.
		Capital is not exported there because of higher rates of profit; indeed some of the foreign investment in Israel, for instance from U.S. pension plans, is made in contravention of "prudent investor" clauses of trust funds.
	www.wright.edu /~gordon.welty/Antioch_84.htm (5762 words)

	Capitalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Probably a majority of historians have seen capitalism as reaching its fullest development in the course of the Industrial Revolution and have treated the earlier period as part of a long transition between feudalism and capitalism.
		Marxist historians have identified a series of stages in the evolution of capitalism for example, merchant capitalism, agrarian capitalism, industrial capitalism and state capitalism and much of the debate on origins and progress has hinged on differing views of the significance, timing and characteristics of each stage.
		Given this perspective, it is primarily the emergence of a dominant class of entrepreneurs supplying the capital necessary to activate a substantial body of workers, which marks the birth of capitalism.
	pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th /~ckieatvi/Fathom_Capitalism.htm (849 words)

	3: The appropriation of peasant surplus labour
		If capitalism in general is preoccupied by the quest for profit, merchant capitalism was here concerned with the maximum appropriation of the surplus labour of African manpower.
		All that is reminiscent of the primitive accumulation of capital described by Marx in Capital and which relates to the period in the West in which capitalism was being consolidated on the ruins of feudalism.
		The birth of this bourgeoisie is linked to changes in capitalism which, in order to modernize these forms of exploitation of the colonies, needed class allies on the spot to launch the process of emancipating the colonies that was rendered necessary with the internationalization of capital.
	www.unu.edu /unupress/unupbooks/uu30ce/uu30ce0a.htm (2919 words)

	Capitalism as a world economy - Review Of The Month - Interview Monthly Review - Find Articles
		In this way the age of discovery, which was also an age of conquest, began in the fifteenth century and marked the rise of merchant capitalism on a world-economic basis.
		A key feature of this merchant stage of capitalism is that it provided not only the markets but also the wealth that fed the industrial revolution that began in the mid-1700s.
		Overcoming the ills of capitalism calls for the creation of a sharply different society, based on a transfer of power devoted primarily to meeting the basic needs of all the people.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1132/is_4_55/ai_108196808 (910 words)

	the development of core capitalism in the U.S.
		The political side of capitalism is the institution of unequal and competing nation-states which political scientists call the "international system." The capitalist world-economy has expanded and deepened since its emergence in Europe in the long sixteenth century, but its basic nature has not changed (Chase-Dunn and Rubinson, 1977).
		The interests of Northern merchants and Southern planters were harmonious, but they came into conflict with the core capitalist manufacturers who were spawned by the dearth of imports during the Embargo and the War of 1812.
		Southern peripheral capitalism was expansionist because of its extensive nature and the quick exhaustion of the soil, but this was not the main reason why the South desired the extension of slavery to the West.
	www.irows.ucr.edu /cd/papers/ustariffpol.htm (13655 words)

	finalessay2
		In the same period, merchant capitalism became more prevalent, since the sons of the middle class were being forced to look for their accustomed lifestyle.
		Overseas expansion was being desired as merchant capitalism was growing past the England markets.
		Since England encouraged the idea of merchant capitalism, it was the duty of the colonist to pay their dues.
	www.msu.edu /user/jarmaniv/finalessay2.html (1806 words)

	[No title]
		Merchant Capital and East India trade, 1660-1689 If East Indian merchants traded in dramatically different ways after 1689, they operated just as distinctly before 1660.
		Merchant capitalists throve in the days of Charles and James II because these monarchs provided their Company with an exclusive right to sell alluring India foods, textiles, drinks, and drugs in England.
		Al- though Company insiders argued back that those who risked their capital earliest deserved these privileges, they did not persuade the growing community of eager outsiders with capital to invest.27 The opposition tried to bring its case before Parlia- ment, but the Crown stifled legislative discussion of its rights to grant charters.
	www.afn.org /~afn31294/marvin/chapter8.txt (6717 words)

	WHAT ANARCHO-SYNDICALISTS BELIEVE: BREAKING IMPERIALISM'S CHAINS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Merchant capitalism overlapped with a second imperialist phase, "colonialism", in which Western states established direct rule over Third World areas like Africa.
		The State is a hierarchical, bureaucratic structure of coercion that always defends capitalism and concentrates power in the hands of a small ruling class.
		Since imperialism is rooted in capitalism and the State, we argue that the anti-imperialist struggle can only be successful if it is also a struggle against these structures.
	www.struggle.ws /africa/wsfws/3_1chain.html (1364 words)

	Wikinfo \| Merchant
		Merchants function as professional traders, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves.
		Its status can range from high (even achieving titles like that of merchant prince or nabob) to low (note the soiling capabilities of "mere" trade).
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Merchant (157 words)

	Comparative Economic Systems: capitalism
		Rapid capital formation and growth, becoming self sustaining.
		Capitalism regarded a necessary evil for eventual adoption of socialism.
		Problem of capitalism was desire for accumulation of wealth.
	business.baylor.edu /steve_gardner/LECOUT03.html (537 words)

	Monthly Review September 2003 Huck Gutman
		The first big change was the rise and spread of industrial capitalism in the western part of Europe, in the areas settled by people from western Europe such as the United States and Australia, and in Japan.
		Occupation of foreign territories as colonies was a central part of merchant capitalism and the early stages of industrial capitalism, but in the early stages there were still large sections of globe that were not colonized.
		Imperialism was capitalism’s way of life: the rivalry between the leading capitalist countries would continue, the exploitation of the periphery would continue whether or not colonies achieved political independence.
	www.monthlyreview.org /0903gutman.htm (5320 words)

	The Weber-Tawney Thesis: Protestantism & the 'Rise of Capitalism'
		To those who find capitalism and the modern world morally distasteful, linking capitalism's rise to religious beliefs places an unfortunate and unfair burden upon the religion, which can lead to a denial of any relationship between the two.
		The decline of capitalism was anticipated because of the development of rigid institutions and the rise of a bureaucratic state, posing a threat to political freedom as well as causing economic stagnation.
		And while Weber did not describe the same scenario for capitalism's demise as that later presented by Schumpeter, it was similarly based upon the impact of increasing bureaucracy and rationalism on the belief system in society.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~munro5/ProtCap2.htm (6638 words)

	Midterm Exam
		The sustainability debates are essentially about whether or not capitalism is by its nature environmentally sustainable or not.
		It may be that capitalism does not lead to overpopulation (the DTM suggests this), leading to sustainability
		The surpluses produced from this extraction were brought to Europe provided the seed capital for the birth of merchant capitalism in Europe
	courses.washington.edu /g100s03/key.htm (842 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The State is a hierarchical,bureaucratic structure of coercion that always defends capitalism and concentrates power in the hands of a small ruling class.
		If capitalism is global, the workers struggle must become global as well.
		The way to defeat MNC manipulation of different national wage rates in order to attack workers is not protectionism against cheap imports or surrender to the demands of capital, it is international unity in support of basic worker and consumer living standards across the world.
	www.cat.org.au /aprop/empire.txt (1748 words)

	Conference on Ernest Mandel's historical analysis of world capitalism
		The Free University of Brussels, the International Institute for Social History and the Ernest Mandel Foundation are organizing a conference on Mandel's contribution to a 'satisfactory history of capitalism as a function of the inner laws of capital'.
		The quantity of money capital accumulated in Moghul India for instance was probably no less than in Europe during the same period (Mandel 1971).
		The question can also be raised whether 'merchant capitalism' might be considered a fourth (earliest) phase.
	www.iisg.nl /research/mandel.php (1190 words)

	Amazon.ca: Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade,1730-1830: Books: Joseph C. Miller (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The title (and headings such as "Floating Tombs" and "Merchants of Death") make the book sound like popularization, though they actually are more a reflection of Miller's penchant for metaphor, which gives the book an almost Tolstoyan quality.
		Indeed, the division of the book into discrete sections that view the Angolan slaving economy as it affected those involved (native African individuals and polities, mixed-race "Luso-African" traders, Brazilian ship and plantation owners, Lisbon-based merchants, Portuguese governors) lets you see his subject with a depth and complexity reminiscent of good fiction.
		The chronic undercapitalization of Angolan slaving and the dependence of both the Angolan and Brazilian side on credit extended by Portuguese and (indirectly) British merchants is a major theme of the book.
	www.amazon.ca /Way-Death-Merchant-Capitalism-1730-1830/dp/029911564X (704 words)

	Lecture notes and ideas to Chapter I:
		The strong would naturally rise to the top of the system so the harsh factory system was promoting better class of people overall.
		However, in the long run, as Hodson and Sullivan point out, industrial capitalism elevated the conditions of working class people as they could demand higher wages for their skills (through unionization) and as the manufacturing system produced affordable goods.
		Merchant capitalism displaced artisanal production in the fourteenth century.
	www.people.vcu.edu /~jmahoney/Hodson01.htm (1397 words)

	Spindler's World - Chapter Six Tutorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Which of the following systems is not considered part of the evolutionary history of capitalism?
		As an ideology, capitalism is designed to reward...
		What happens to the demand line when there is a change in the factors that affect demand (such as income, preferences or tastes)
	www.auburn.edu /academic/classes/univ/0102/spindler/Class/chap6tut.htm (2318 words)

	BOL \| Bücher: Money and Finance in the Age of Merchant Capitalism von John Day
		This book examines the monetary and financial structures of pre-industrial capitalism from the thirteenth to the eighteenth centuries.
		Themes addressed include the diverse economies operating in Europe during this time contrasting, for example, the advanced exchange economy of Renaissance Venice with the economic dependency of Sardinia.
		The perennial 'problem of the standard', a key to our understanding of monetary mechanisms in any age, is treated on a country by country basis covering the entire five centuries of merchant capitalism.
	www.bol.de /shop/detail/artikeldetails/ID8096086.html (254 words)

	The Familial State: Ruling Families And Merchant Capitalism In Early Modern Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Familial State: Ruling Families And Merchant Capitalism In Early Modern Europe
		She charts how family patriarchs—who were at the time both state-builders and merchant capitalists—shaped the first great wave of European colonialism, which in turn influenced European political development in innovative ways.
		On the basis of massive archival work, Adams arrives at a profoundly gendered reading of the family/power structure of the Dutch elite and their companies, in particular the VOC or Dutch East India Company.
	isbn.nu /0801433088 (478 words)

	Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade 1730-1830 - Joseph C. Miller (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade 1730-1830 - Joseph C. Miller
		Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade 1730-1830 by Joseph C. Miller
		Orders take 5-7 days to process and ship.
	www.biblio.com /books/68536604.html (125 words)

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