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	AbeBooks: Merchant Ships of the World
		Merchant ships were key in Britain's colonization of the New World, and for centuries since, they have transported everything from people to automobiles to coffee across the world's oceans.
		Some of the more famous merchant ships have included the HMS Bounty, the Cutty Sark, and the Titanic, but there are countless others still in use today around the world.
		Empire Ships of World War II is the story of British merchant shipping during the 1939-45 war years, providing a complete record of ships built in the United Kingdom or acquired for the British flag during this period - the Empire Ships - with their details and subsequent histories.
	www.abebooks.co.uk /docs/Community/Featured/merchantShips.shtml (751 words)

	The Avalon Project - Laws of War : Conversion of Merchant Ships into War Ships (Hague VII); October 18, 1907
		Whereas it is desirable, in view of the incorporation in time of war of merchant ships in the fighting fleet, to define the conditions subject to which this operation may be effected;
		A merchant ship converted into a war-ship cannot have the rights and duties accruing to such vessels unless it is placed under the direct authority, immediate control, and responsibility of the Power whose flag it flies.
		Merchant ships converted into war-ships must bear the external marks which distinguish the war-ships of their nationality.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague07.htm (699 words)

	Ship - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One can measure ships in terms of overall length, length of the waterline, beam (breadth), depth (distance between the crown of the weather deck and the top of the keelson), draft (distance between the highest waterline and the bottom of the ship) and tonnage.
		Before mechanisation, merchant ships always used sail, but as long as naval warfare depended on ships closing to ram or to fight hand-to-hand, galleys dominated in marine conflicts because of their maneuverability and speed.
		A few ships have used nuclear reactors (like Arktika class icebreaker with 75,000 hp power), but this is not a separate form of propulsion; the reactor heats steam to drive the turbines.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ship (3793 words)

	United States Merchant Marine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The United States Merchant Marine is a fleet of ships that is used to transport both imports and exports during peace time and serves as an auxiliary to the United States Navy during times of war, delivering both troops and supplies.
		A merchant mariner is a seafarer or mariner in the United States Merchant Marine.
		The Continental Congress and the various colonies issued Letters of Marque to privately owned, armed merchant ships known as privateers, which were outfitted as warships to prey on enemy merchant ships.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine (1354 words)

	United States Merchant Marine Academy
		The stark lessons of twentieth century conflict prove that a strong merchant marine is an essential part of American seapower.
		This industry includes companies which own and manage the vessels; ports and terminals where cargo is handled; yards for ship repair; services like marine insurance underwriters, ship chartering firms, admiralty lawyers, engineering and research companies; and increasingly today, intermodal systems of trucks and railroads to distribute goods around the country.
		The purpose of the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy is to ensure that such people are available to the nation as shipboard officers and as leaders in the transportation field who will meet the challenges of the present and the future.
	www.usmma.edu /about/default.htm (412 words)

	American Merchant Marine Men and Ships in World War II
		American Merchant Marine Men and Ships in World War II American Merchant Marine Heroes and their Gallant Ships in World War II Merchant mariners were on the front lines the moment their ships left U.S. ports, and were subject to attack by bombers, kamikaze, battleships, submarines, mines, and land-based artillery.
		The next 34 Victory ships were named for each of the Allied nations; the subsequent 218 were named after American cities, the next 150 were named after educational institutions, and the rest received miscellaneous names.
		Hundreds of ships were sunk or badly damaged from mines planted by planes, minelayers, and submarines in the North Sea, English Channel, and Mediterranean Sea.
	www.usmm.org /men_ships.html (2893 words)

	AbeBooks: Suchergebnisse - Tom Gorman und Working Scale Model Merchant Ships
		Covering the spectrum of merchant ship types, each stage of construction is detailed, from the building of the hull to painting and finishing, and not least the propulsion, ballasting and sailing of the finished model.
		The emphasis is on practical advice and details are given on the choice and use of all the tools and adhesives for working with a wide range of materials such as plywood, styrene sheet and white metal.
		Covering the great spectrum of ship types - from tankers to trawlers to paddle-steamers - every stage of construction is covered in full detail, from the building of the hull to painting and finishing, and not least the propulsion, ballasting and sailing of the completed model.
	www.abebooks.de /search/sortby/3/an/Tom+Gorman+/tn/+Working+Scale+Model+Merchant+Ships (1135 words)

	C4I.org - Russian merchant ships used in spying
		Russian merchant ships are spying on U.S. nuclear submarines in the Pacific Northwest and reporting the information to Moscow's military intelligence service, according to classified U.S. intelligence reports.
		According to the CIA report, stamped "secret," the cargo ship Kapitan Konev informed intelligence officials in Vladivostok about a "visual contact" with a U.S. submarine while transiting the Strait of Juan de Fuca on its way to Seattle.
		The CIA report stated, "Ships operating under the control of the Far Eastern Shipping Co. (FESCO), such as the Kapitan Konev, have been involved in numerous incidents in the vicinity of U.S. submarines since 1992, when Seattle and Tacoma ports were opened to Russian merchant ships," the report said.
	www.c4i.org /rmss.html (1033 words)

	Liberty Ships and Victory Ships --Reading 1
		Each Liberty ship carried a crew of between 38 and 62 civilian merchant sailors, and 21 to 40 naval personnel to operate defensive guns and communications equipment.
		The Liberty ship was considered a "five-year vessel" (an expendable, if necessary, material of war) because it was not able to compete with non-emergency vessels in speed, equipment and general serviceability.
		Other Liberties were sold off to shipping companies, where they formed the backbone of postwar merchant fleets whose commerce generated income to build the new ships of the 1950s and 1960s.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/116liberty_victory_ships/116facts1.htm (894 words)

	Brief History - Veterans Affairs Canada
		The ship was sunk by a German submarine west of Ireland on September 3, 1939 as it headed to Montréal.
		Merchant crews were given training at special schools such as the Marine Engineering Instructional School in Prescott, Ontario and St. Margaret's Sea Training School in Hubbards, Nova Scotia.
		Early in the war, many merchant ships were lost because the aircraft escorting them reached the limits of their flight capacity and had to turn back before the ships reached their destinations.
	www.vac-acc.gc.ca /general/sub.cfm?source=history/other/merchant/hist (687 words)

	Isle of Man Ship Registry: Merchant Ships - Isle of Man Government DTI
		Ships of virtually all types are accepted for registry, the Manx fleet including bulk carriers, tankers, gas and chemical carriers, offshore support vessels, FPSOs, container ships, cargo ships and Ro-Ro ferries.
		Ships engaged in the carriage of irradiated nuclear fuel
		An owner or manager seeking to register a ship in the Isle of Man should initially make contact with the registrar (registry@shipping.dti.gov.im) to ensure that there are no impediments to registry and with one of the Principal Surveyors (survey@shipping.dti.gov.im) to arrange a suitable date and place for the initial inspection.
	www.gov.im /dti/marineadmin/merchantships.xml (903 words)

	Merchant Ships
		Merchant ships are used to transport people, raw materials, and manufactured goods.
		H.M.S. Bounty - A coal-carrying merchant ship operating on the coast of England, The Bounty was purchased by the admiralty and recommissioned in 1787.
		The Morgan was a full-rigged ship of 351 tons, measured 111 feet from stem to stern, and carried a full suit of light sails in addition to her working canvas.
	www.poolmerchants.com /page163.html (887 words)

	2nd Pearl harbor (Site not responding. Last check: )
		He, and everyone else connected with the Merchant Marine, were acutely aware of the urgent need to transport troops and carry materiel and supplies timely to every part of the world where the war was being fought, and be there for the invasions, too.
		The ships lost and the mariner deaths suffered in that eight months' fighting were highly disproportionate to the other 36 months the war.
		Those 285 ships were more than 34% of the 833 merchant ships recorded as being sunk during all of WW II.
	www.merchant-marine.com /2nd_pearl_harbor.htm (1996 words)

	Merchant Marine; the "silent service"
		Merchant seamen generally signed on to a merchant ship, rather than being posted to one.
		Merchant ships in this area often sailed unescorted unless they were carrying troops or could accompany a troop convoy, and so they proved to be easy prey.
		Several merchant ships were sunk by Japanese submarines or mines, mostly off Australia's east coast, or attacked by enemy aircraft in operational areas, but generally shipping losses were light.
	www.diggerhistory.info /pages-navy/merchant_marine.htm (1029 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Merchant Marine (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In most seafaring countries, the merchant marine (or merchant navy) is a fleet of ships used for commerce that sometimes complements the navy.
		Freighters, or cargo ships, which today are mainly container ships.
		Cruise ships, which travel to beautiful parts of the world and are effectively floating holiday hotels.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Merchant_Marine (203 words)

	The Australian Merchant Navy \| Introduction
		They were expected to serve, or continue to serve without question on merchant ships engaged in all manner of war activities, carrying all types of cargoes, frequently highly dangerous, evacuating civilians from threatened areas and transporting Service personnel to, within and from the areas of conflict.
		Merchant shipping has been vital to these commitments, but it was in the "Battle for Australia" period of the Second World War that the nation's merchant mariners collectively served their most extensive and dramatic role.
		The map discloses thirty-two ships torpedoed, one shelled and four mined. In addition to these, twenty-four ships of various nationalities experienced attacks from Japanese submarines, either by torpedo or gunfire, in Australian and South West Pacific waters: seventeen in 1942 and seven in 1943. Of these fourteen were sunk.
	www.merchant-navy-ships.com /index.php?id=66,0,0,1,0,0 (1474 words)

	M.Navy Ships
		Merchant shipping was essential to the wartime effort; ships were needed to carry food, raw materials, troops, and equipment from North America to Britain.
		In 1939, the British Ministry of Shipping adopted a standard naming system whereby all merchant ships ordered to be built in Britain to Government account, except very small ship types, would be given the prefix 'Empire' to their name.
		Merchant ships also had heavier guns, such as oerlikons, that were manned by army or naval gunners referred to as DEMS (Defensively Equipped Merchant Ship) gunners.
	www.gordonmumford.com /m-navy4.htm (1296 words)

	Phoenicia, Phoenician Ships, Navigation and Commerce
		Ships of this kind, which the Greeks called "biremes," are represented in Sennacherib's sculptures as employed by the inhabitants of a Phoenician city, who fly in them at the moment when their town is captured, and so escape their enemy.
		Merchant ships had, commonly, small boats attached to them, which afforded a chance of safety if the ship foundered, and were useful when cargoes had to be landed on a shelving shore.
		With the tin it was usual for the merchants to combine a certain amount of lead and a certain quantity of skins or hides; while they gave in exchange pottery, salt, and articles in bronze, such as arms, implements, and utensils for cooking and for the table.
	phoenicia.org /ships.html (8583 words)

	The U.S. Flag-Merchant Marine: A Century in Review
		Although 1,409 oceangoing merchant ships were constructed as a result of the 1916 Act, only a few were operational in time to be of use in "The Great War." They were, however, instrumental in the recovery of England and wartorn Europe.
		Should these ships be activated, the maintenance crewmembers--who have the on-board familiarity essential for rapid transition from inactive to active status--would sail with the ships on their first voyage.
		Ships of these types could be built in series, as were the Mariner-class ships of the 1950s, in U.S. shipyards at a cost estimated to be approximately $115 million for a feeder ship and $140 million for a heavy RO/RO.
	www.navyleague.org /seapower/us_flag_merchant_marine_a_century_in_review.htm (4581 words)

	Abebooks: Merchant Ships
		Merchant ships were key in Britain's colonization of the New World, and for centuries since, they have transported everything from people to automobiles to coffee across the world's oceans.
		His first edition was largely applicable to merchant shipping, here it is "more extensively applicable to ships of war", much more including obsolete terms have been defined and a supplement of French terms added.
		Empire Ships of World War II is the story of British merchant shipping during the 1939-45 war years, providing a complete record of ships built in the United Kingdom or acquired for the British flag during this period - the Empire Ships - with their details and subsequent histories.
	www.abebooks.com /sm-featured--merchantShips.html (822 words)

	Defensively-Equipped-Merchant-Ships
		Ships were provided with armament as far as the supply situation permitted, but a considerable time elapsed before every ship could be equipped with some sort of weapon.
		Ocean-going ships had the first preference, and many of the smaller coasters and fishing vessels were still entirely devoid of any means of defence when the enemy commenced his aircraft attacks in the North Sea and elsewhere.
		As from 9th March, 1940, merchant ships and fishing vessels at sea between the East Coast and the mine barrage were authorized to engage by day and night any aircraft not recognized as friendly approaching them within gun range (850 yards), and aircraft were warned not to approach within 1,500 yards of ships.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /annemariepurnell/dems.html (2521 words)

	Pirates of the Caribbean --merchant Ships
		Unlike the Man-O-War, the merchant ships (with the exception of the plate fleets) were less heavily armed and often were the property of private or government sanctioned enterprise.
		If the ship struck her colours upon seeing the red flag, then mercy would still be granted but if the engagement began and the red flag was still flying, the pirates would normally keep their word and slaughter the whole crew, or at least the officers.
		Merchant Schooners may have also been called sloops but typically by the late 1600s onwards two and three masted fore and aft rigged vessels (other than war ships) were called schooners in the Americas.
	blindkat.hegewisch.net /pirates/merc.html (915 words)

	A Tribute to the Merchant Seamen of WWII
		Many joined the Merchant Navy because they were not old enough, or too old, or not physically eligible to enlist in the regular armed forces of their countries.
		Their merchant ships were peacetime vessels which even if fitted with guns for defense, were not designed to withstand an enemy attack.
		The merchant seamen contributed enormously to the final victorious outcome of the Battle of the Atlantic, and without their amazing world-wide contribution to the war effort, final victories over the Axis powers would not have been possible.
	members.tripod.com /~merchantships/merchantseamentribute.html (2821 words)

	Facts (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Merchant seamen are insured by the government in amounts up to $5,000 for death, and up to $7,000 for disability from war or marine risks.
		Officers and seamen to man these ships are trained, for the most part, by the Training Organization of War Shipping Administration which has three large stations for training unlicensed personnel and facilities for their upgrading.
		American merchant seamen and officers who lose their vessels, are injured or become sick are repatriated by the Recruitment and Manning Organization of the War Shipping Administration.
	www.marad.dot.gov /Education/history/facts.html (2741 words)

	Ancient Ships in art history: Merchant Vessels and Pleasure Craft of the Greek Islands as depicted in ancient Greek Art (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Merchant Vessels and Pleasure Craft of the 2nd and 1st Millennia BCE as shown in ancient art.
		This is a picture of a typical Greek merchant ship used to transport goods around the Mediterranean.
		Recent oceanographic archeological finds are shedding more light on the actual contents of their cargo’s and the construction techniques used in the merchant ships of antiquity.
	www.artsales.com /ARTistory/Ancient_Ships/07_merchant_ships.html (887 words)

	IMO: Code of safety for nuclear merchant ships -
		Just as the name of the inventor of the wheel is unknown, the names of the builders of the first boat, helm, oar and the first man to raise a sail remain lost in the depth of centuries.
		The enormous amount of experience of the many generations of ship builders, combined with use of advanced scientific and technical ideas, now allows us to build large oil tankers, ice breakers and air-cushioned vessels.
		Between the 15th and 17th centuries, more modern ship designs were developed, first in Portugal and Spain, and later in England, The Netherlands and France.
	www.oceansatlas.org /cds_static/en/imo_code_safety_nuclear_merchant_ships__en_13730_23724.html (490 words)

	Q-ships during World War II
		When the U-boats [German submarines] were at their worst in World War I, the British Admiralty approved and authorized the conversion of merchant vessels to heavily armed raiders which would have her guns disguised or concealed in such a way that the merchant vessels might serve as decoys which would encourage U-boats to attack them.
		Then, provided the disguised merchant vessel had been given sufficient buoyancy, so that one or two torpedoes would be unable to sink her, the disguise was to be thrown off, the guns brought to bear, the U-boat sunk.
		Ships proceeding from Trinidad were convoyed to a designated point from which they fanned out to take various routes to their ultimate destination.
	www.history.navy.mil /docs/wwii/Q-ships.htm (6602 words)

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