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Topic: Merchant vessels

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	The US Statement on the Status of Armed Merchant Vessels, 1914 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The presence of an armament and ammunition on board a merchant vessel creates a presumption that the armament is for offensive purposes, but the owners or agents may overcome this presumption by evidence showing that the vessel carries armament solely for defense.
		That the vessel intends to and actually does clear for a port lying in its usual trade route, or a port indicating its purpose to continue in the same trade in which it was engaged before war was declared.
		The conversion of a merchant vessel into a ship of war is a question of fact which is to be established by direct or circumstantial evidence of intention to use the vessel as a ship of war.
	www.lib.byu.edu /~rdh/wwi/1914/armship.html (433 words)

	Allied Merchant Navy Memorial
		Crews from torpedoed ships of the Allied Merchant Navies were landed here and found a haven of rest until they returned to their home ports or shipped out as crew on other ships.
		In 1939, merchant vessels from the allied nations, were brought together to form the Allied Merchant Navy.
		Most merchant crews were made up of older men, and young boys, some as young as 15 years of age.
	www.cdli.ca /monuments/nf/merchant.htm (600 words)

	Maritime Industry: Cargo Preference Laws--Estimated Costs and Effects (Chapter Report, 11/30/94, ...
		They maintain that a strong merchant marine industry is vital to the nation's economic and military security and that cargo preference laws help to counter the subsidies that many foreign countries provide to their merchant fleets.
		Vessels built with CDS payments may not reflag for 25 years (20 years for tankers), may not enter into domestic trade (voyages with stops exclusively at U.S. ports), and must pay back a portion of the CDS if they carry cargo between U.S. ports as part of a voyage involving foreign ports.
		The stated purpose of the Merchant Marine Act of 1936 is to ensure a U.S. merchant fleet sufficient to provide a naval auxiliary during times of war or national emergency and to participate substantially in the carriage of foreign and domestic commerce.
	www.fas.org /man/gao/gao95034.htm (11033 words)

	World War Two Ships: Ship Types (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		This document attempts to detail the main types of vessel that were in existence in World War Two, explaining the difference between ships such as: a corvette and a frigate; a battle cruiser and a pocket battleship; a merchant aircraft carrier and an escort carrier; an armed merchant cruiser and a merchant raider.
		Merchant raiders (also known as ‘commerce raiders’) are auxiliary cruisers operated by the Axis powers (predominately by Germany, although Japan is also known to have used them) and intended to sink merchant vessels.
		Importantly, vessels must carry with them proof of their authorisation to raid commerce (such as a ‘letter of marque’) otherwise they would be considered to be pirates (and subject to execution on capture).
	www.ww2ships.com /documents/doc0002-ship_types.shtml (10198 words)

	Report of the Expert Consultation on Fishing Vessels Operating under Open Registries and their Impact on Illegal, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		What most of the vessels did was to constantly change their flags; some of the vessels had two flags and the majority of them had a Panamanian flag.
		Both the international service fishing vessels and the merchant vessels are subject to inspections relating to life and security at sea, cargo, prevention of contamination of the marine environment, minimal crew numbers.
		Moreover, support vessels or freighters that tranship at high sea, must have a VMS system compatible with the General Division of Marine and Coastal Resources, and they must also inform date and place of transhipping, species, vessel from which the transhipping is being done and the port of landing.
	www.fao.org /docrep/006/y5244e/y5244e0n.htm (6157 words)

	Merchant vessels and maritime commerce in Roman times (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		One example of this range can be admired in the remarkable ensemble of vessels conserved at the Museum of the Roman Ships of Fiumicino where the Fiumicino 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 vessels are exhibited, and at Aquileia where the Monfalcone shipwreck is on display.
		The diverse commercial vessels often bore different names, such as corbita, gaulus, ponto, cladivata, etc., which varied according to their geographical origin and hull shape.
		The hulls of these vessels were abandoned in a marginal area of the port of Rome, constructed by the emperor Claudius in A.D. 42 and whose archaeological remains are still visible behind the Museum of the Roman Ships of Fiumicino.
	www2.rgzm.de /navis/Themes/Commercio/CommerceEnglish.htm (1954 words)

	Merchant raider - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Merchant raiders are ships which disguise themselves as noncombatant merchant vessels, whilst actually being armed and intending to attack enemy commerce.
		These vessels were faster than regular merchant vessels - important for a warship.
		British Armed Merchant Cruisers were generally adapted from passenger liners, and were larger than the German vessels.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Merchant_raider (285 words)

	The Main Causes of Merchant Vessels' Sinkings
		The causes for the losses of merchant ships during the conflict were multifold.
		Particularly severe was the December 1943 attack unleashed on Bari by the Luftwaffe, which succeeded in destroying almost twenty Italian and Allied merchant ships.
		The attack had grave consequences, with hundreds of deaths among seamen and harbor workers, also because a US ship was loaded with mustard gas bombs which exploded, wreaking havoc.
	www.regiamarina.net /merchant/losses/losses_us.htm (300 words)

	Transportation Institute National Defense Role
		These armed merchant vessels were responsible for three-quarters of the 800 British vessels, valued at $24 million as prizes of war that were captured during the first two years of the conflict.
		Thirteen vessels comprise the Combat Prepositioning Force and are deployed in the Arabian Gulf, the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific.
		The vessels are outported on the East, West and Gulf coasts, and are maintained in a high state of readiness, capable of being activated in 4 to 30 days.
	www.trans-inst.org /2.html (10177 words)

	Merchant marine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In most seafaring countries, the merchant marine (or Merchant Navy) is a fleet of ships used for commerce that sometimes complements the navy.
		Some countries have large merchant marine fleets disproportionate to their size, such as Liberia and Panama.
		Panama has by far the largest number of merchant marine ships registered to its country [1] although many of the vessels are owned by nationals of other nations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Merchant_marine (372 words)

	United States Merchant Marine Academy
		The stark lessons of twentieth century conflict prove that a strong merchant marine is an essential part of American seapower.
		This industry includes companies which own and manage the vessels; ports and terminals where cargo is handled; yards for ship repair; services like marine insurance underwriters, ship chartering firms, admiralty lawyers, engineering and research companies; and increasingly today, intermodal systems of trucks and railroads to distribute goods around the country.
		The purpose of the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy is to ensure that such people are available to the nation as shipboard officers and as leaders in the transportation field who will meet the challenges of the present and the future.
	www.usmma.edu /about/default.htm (412 words)

	Coutts An Investigation of High Risk Areas on The Hulls of Merchant Vessels for the Translocation of Exotic Fouling ...
		Coutts (1999) concluded that while such improvements may have reduced the degree of fouling upon merchant vessels, there are still regions upon hulls that remain high-risk areas for the transportation of exotic marine organisms.
		This study investigates the importance of protected areas on the hulls of merchant vessels as a mechanism for transferring exotic marine species, and compares these areas with other regions of the hull with respect to the level and diversity of fouling organisms.
		In July 1999 a request was made to two commercial diving companies to view their archives of videos of underwater hull inspections of merchant vessels visiting New Zealand.
	www.sgnis.org /publicat/2mb_25.htm (986 words)

	Q-ships during World War II
		Then, provided the disguised merchant vessel had been given sufficient buoyancy, so that one or two torpedoes would be unable to sink her, the disguise was to be thrown off, the guns brought to bear, the U-boat sunk.
		The fifth vessel to be converted as a Q-ship was the three-masted schooner USS Irene Forsyte mentioned at the beginning of this chapter.
		Furthermore, the failure to ascertain, prior to or during conversion, that the vessel was unseaworthy is an indication of professional incompetence on the part of the officers concerned.
	www.history.navy.mil /docs/wwii/Q-ships.htm (6602 words)

	Merchant Marine mariners gun duties and training aboard ship
		The Navy Department originally intended that the nucleus gun crews supplied by them were to be supplemented by merchant seaman for the purpose of loading ammunition supply under actual hostilities, thus reducing the numbers of Naval personnel placed on board merchant vessels for armed guard duty....
		It is the desire of the Navy Department to instruct and train the officers and men of the merchant crew in all matters pertaining to gunnery and defense of their vessels.
		This recommendation is concurred in, and it is requested that the Maritime Commission request the operators of merchant vessels to issue instructions to their Masters to have appropriate members of the merchant crews take advantage of this training while ships are in British or Dominion ports.
	www.usmm.net /gunduty.html (987 words)

	Merchant Mariner Document Appllication Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		These letters must contain the name and official number of the vessel, the particulars of the vessel (length, gross tonnage, etc.), the capacity in which you worked, the route on which the vessel transited, and the dates and number of days you were underway on each vessel.
		Experience and service acquired on military/foreign vessels is creditable for establishing eligibility for an original MMD, subject to evaluation by the Coast Guard to determine that it is a fair and reasonable equivalent to service acquired on merchant vessels of the United States, with respect to grade, tonnage, waters, and operating conditions.
		All applicants for a Merchant Mariner's Document (MMD) endorsed with a qualified rating of AB, QMED or Tankerman are required to submit an original physical examination report (form CG 719K, pages 1-2) completed by a U.S. Licensed physician, physicians assistant or nurse practitioner within one year of the application.
	www.uscg.mil /d8/mso/memphis/recfiles/mmd_info.htm (3499 words)

	Acquisition of Domestic or Foreign Merchant Vessels
		Use of such vessel at any time since September 3, 1939, in commercial trade shall be presumptively deemed to show that said vessel is not owned, used and operated by a sovereign nation for its sovereign purposes.
		The provisions of sections 225 and 226 (a) to (e), inclusive, of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936, as amended, shall be applicable in the administration of this subsection.
		No vessel shall cease to enjoy the benefits and privileges of a vessel of the United States by reason of the employment of any person in accordance with the provisions of this subsection.
	www.usmm.org /requistion.html (806 words)

	Ancient Ships in art history: Merchant Vessels and Pleasure Craft of the Greek Islands as depicted in ancient Greek Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Merchant Vessels and Pleasure Craft of the 2nd and 1st Millennia BCE as shown in ancient art.
		It is evident from art history that the Iconography and its varied sources that the general design of these merchant vessels remained consistent and changed little over an extended period of time.
		The configuration of merchant vessels changed little in form and function over time the bucket boat was the norm throughout the Mediterranean
	www.artsales.com /ARTistory/Ancient_Ships/07_merchant_ships.html (887 words)

	Roman Merchant Vessels (1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		This line drawing of a Roman merchant vessel of the second or third century AD is an adaptation from an ancient relief which depicts two ships in the Roman port of Ostia.
		All warships and many merchant ships had a beak at the front of the hull.
		In merchant vessels, this was of wood and served as a cutwater.
	www.unc.edu /courses/rometech/public/content/transport/ships/merch_02.html (428 words)

	Navy League of the United States - Citizens in Support of the Sea Services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Navy and other U.S. government agencies intend to identify and track the world’s 121,000 merchant vessels with the same persistence and precision that characterized the Navy’s location, identification and tracking of Soviet submarines during the Cold War era.
		Sestak said the current effort to identify and track merchant vessels would make use of SOSUS, the Sound Surveillance System that for more than 40 years was a key element of the Navy’s sub tracking successes during the Cold War.
		Much of the operational responsibility for monitoring merchant vessels lies with the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI), whose Civil Maritime Analysis Department reports and analyzes merchant ship activity linked to maritime aspects of weaponry and technology proliferation.
	www.navyleague.org /sea_power/jul_05_10.php (1486 words)

	Ancient Egypt: Seagoing vessels - warships and merchant men
		Keelless seagoing vessels like this one from the time of King Sahure (2500 BCE) traded with the Phoenician cities, importing cedar wood and other merchandise, and were sent as the first Egyptian trade expedition to the Land of Punt.
		When winds were strong it was mostly useless and the seamen were forced to seek shelter in the lee of some land or even beach the vessel.
		I went down on the sea in a ship of one hundred and fifty cubits long and forty cubits wide, with one hundred and fifty sailors of the best of Egypt who had seen heaven and earth, and whose hearts were stronger than lions.
	www.reshafim.org.il /ad/egypt/timelines/topics/seagoingvessels.htm (638 words)

	Offshore Technology - ABAS Cranes - Deck Cranes for Offshore, Fishing and Merchant Vessels
		ABAS Crane AS is situated on the island Gossen, outside the Molde town, on the north-west coast of Norway.
		A wide range of merchant vessels are fitted with both ABAS deck cranes and rescue cranes.
		ABAS cranes can be found on-board all kinds of offshore vessels, such as seismic and FPSOs, platform supply vessels, anchor handling vessels and stand-by vessels, etc. As a successful supplier in this segment, our ABAS cranes meet the requirements of all national and international authorities and classifications.
	www.offshore-technology.com /contractors/lifting/abas-cranes (557 words)

	NFPA 301: Code for Safety to Life from Fire on Merchant Vessels
		Fundamental requirements applicable to all vessels are found in Chapters 1 through 8.
		It also recognizes the unique operating environment of merchant vessels and the relationships among life safety, property protection, and environmental protection and deals with these accordingly.
		1.1.4* Where permanently moored and occupied as buildings, merchant vessels shall be permitted to be treated as buildings and shall be permitted to be subject to the provisions of appropriate building codes and standards as specified by the local authority having jurisdiction.
	www.nfpa.org /aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=301 (407 words)

	Merchant Vessels - Aker Yards ASA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Our merchant vessel shipyards are streamlined for effective project execution.
		Container vessels 900 – 9,000 TEU, product, chemical, juice, gas and shuttle tankers, icebreaking tonnage, dry cargo and multi-purpose vessels are the main merchant marine vessel types delivered by Aker Yards.
		Ample and flexible yard capacities, ability to quickly and flexibly react to demands in the market, are key elements of our deliveries.
	www.akeryards.fi /businessareas/merchantvessels (199 words)

	MERCHANT VESSELS - MARITIME INFORMATION SYSTEM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		tates is a data file of merchant and recreational vessels documented under the laws of the United States by the U.S. Coast Guard.
		A Merchant Vessel Database data file consists of vessel particulars and managing owner identification information.
		For vessels, the file contains the vessel name, official number, hull identification number, builder, managing owner name, particulars such as tonnage and length, port of documentation (homeport), and authorized trade endorsements.
	www.boatman.com /forms/mv.html (157 words)

	BRITISH MERCHANT VESSELS LOST 1917 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Mayola, sailing vessel, 146grt, 16 February 1917, 50 miles SE by E from Cape St Vincent, captured by submarine, sunk by bombs
		Conoid, sailing vessel, 165grt, 29 March 1917, 3 miles N from C Barfleur, captured by submarine, sunk by gunfire
		Coral Leaf, sailing vessel, 428grt, 7 July 1917, 18 miles NW by N from Tearaght Is, captured by submarine, sunk by gunfire
	www.naval-history.net /WW1oMSLosses1917.htm (19463 words)

	ESHOP101.COM:Historic wood model ships perfect gift or trophy for all of those boating enthusiasts
		These vessels are about 32 inches in length
		These sailing vessels are about 40 inches in length
		Coming to this hobby shop is a fun place to discover our outstanding craftsmanship on the models.
	www.usa-shops.com /shop/tamh (248 words)

	Merchant Vessels - Isle of Man Government DTI
		Merchant Vessels - Isle of Man Government DTI
		Application Forms and other downloadable documents relevant to Merchant Vessels are listed below.
		Merchant Vessel Official Log Book (Loose Leaf) Format Acrobat PDF File (265kb)
	www.gov.im /dti/marineadmin/merchantvessels.xml (348 words)

	Roman Merchant Vessels (1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		We can tell you that this is pretty characteristic of such pictures, so it's safe for you to make generalizations from this depiction.
		Look carefully at the picture and think about what you CANNOT know about ancient vessels from the picture.
		(We'll learn later that many merchant vessels were sheathed in lead to protect against sea borers and the like.)
	www.unc.edu /courses/rometech/public/content/transport/ships/merch_03.html (667 words)

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