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Topic: Mercury(I) chloride

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	Mercury and Mercury Compounds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Mercuric chloride was tested for carcinogenicity in two studies in mice, by oral gavage and by administration in the drinking-water; only the study by gavage was adequate for an evaluation of carcinogenicity.
		Methylmercury chloride was tested for carcinogenicity in three studies in mice and two studies in rats by oral administration in the diet.
		In another study in mice given methylmercury chloride, a significant number of renal tumours was found in intact male mice and a few renal tumours were found in gonadectomized male and female mice that also received testosterone propionate; no renal tumour was found in male or female gonadectomized mice that did not receive testosterone propionate.
	monographs.iarc.fr /htdocs/monographs/vol58/mono58-3.htm (1958 words)

	NTP: Abstract for TR-408 - Mercuric Chloride
		Mercuric chloride was evaluated in toxicity and carcinogenicity studies because of its extensive use and its occurrence as an environmental pollutant, and because of the lack of adequate long-term rodent studies.
		There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of mercuric chloride in female F344 rats based on two squamous cell papillomas of the forestomach.
		Synonyms: Abavit B, calochlor, corrosive sublimate, dichloromercury, mercuric bichloride, mercury chloride, mercury (II) chloride, mercury bichloride, mercury perchloride, sublimate, sulem, bichloride of mercury, corrosive mercury chloride, perchloride of mercury, mercury dichloride
	ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov /index.cfm?objectid=070985B6-9C9D-8C67-4E459578E228B376 (1838 words)

	Mercury (UK PID)
		): corrosive sublimate, mercury bichloride, quecksilber chlorid (German), Sublimat (Czech), mercuric bichloride, mercuric dichloride, mercury bichloride, mercury dichloride, mercury (II) chloride, bichlorure de mercure (French), bichloride of mercury, chloride rtutnaty (Czech), chlorure di mercurique (French), cloruro di mercurio (Italian), cloruro mercurio (Spanish), dichloromercury, mercury perchloride.
		Mercuric chloride: 69g/L in water, 476g/L in boiling water, soluble in ethanol, benzene, ether, glycerol, acetic acid, methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, slightly soluble in carbon disulphide and pyridine.
		Mercuric chloride was used as a laxative and applied topically as an antibacterial agent.
	www.intox.org /databank/documents/chemical/mercury/ukpid27.htm (12258 words)

	Mercury Exposure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Synonyms: Bichloride of Mercury; dichloromercury; Corrosive mercury chloride; Corrosive Sublimate; mercury bichloride; Mercury chloride; Mercury chloride (2); Mercuric bichloride; mercuric chloride; Mercury (II) Chloride; Mercuric chloride ; Mercury perchloride; perchloride of mercury; sublimate; TL 898;
		Uses: Mercuric chloride is sometimes used in dilute solution as an antiseptic for inanimate objects and as a fungicide used to control root maggots on cabbage and onions in agriculture.
		Synonym: aminomercuric chloride, mercury amide chloride, mercury ammonium chloride, mercuric ammonium chloride.
	www.mercuryexposure.org /index.php?page_id=62 (1298 words)

	Mercury - environmental aspects (EHC 86, 1989)
		Khayrallah (1985) found that the accumulation of ethylmercuric chloride was almost twice as rapid as that of mercuric chloride in the amphipod Bathyporeia pilosa, although death occurred at similar levels of mercury.
		Mercuric chloride was detected in the muscle at half of the concentration of organic mercury.
		It was also found that photosynthesis had to occur for the effect to develop, since exposure to mercuric chloride for 2 h in the light had the same effect as exposure to the same concentration of mercury for 2 h in the dark followed by 2 h in the light.
	www.inchem.org /documents/ehc/ehc/ehc086.htm (15755 words)

	Inorganic Mercury (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Among mecuric iodide, mercuric chloride, and HGNH2Cl, the acute toxic concn to monolayer cell cultures (Hep-2, Vero and amnion) was the lowest for mercuric iodide (cell degeneration), followed by that of mercuric chloride.
		Mercuric chloride concn of greater than or equal to 60 mg/l were lethal to the spores as they failed to germinate.
		The lethal toxicity of inorg (mercuric chloride) and org (methyl mercury chloride) mercury was compared for Coturnix coturnix japonica of different ages from hatch through adulthood by single-dose acute and intramuscularly injection and by a 5 day dietary trial.
	www.altcorp.com /DentalInformation/mercuric.htm (11221 words)

	EPA - Air Toxics Website - Mercury Compounds
		The RfD for inorganic mercury (mercuric chloride) is 0.0003 milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (mg/kg/d) based on autoimmune effects in rats.
		A chronic study on mercuric chloride in rats and mice reported an increased incidence of forestomach and thyroid tumors in rats, and an increased incidence of renal tumors in mice.
		EPA has classified an inorganic mercury compound, mercuric chloride, as a Group C, possible human carcinogen, based on the absence of data in humans and limited evidence of carcinogenicity in rats and mice.
	www.epa.gov /ttnatw01/hlthef/mercury.html (2225 words)

	RAIS: Mercury (7439-97-6) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A hypersensitivity reaction to mercurous compounds such as mercurous chloride (calomel) is characterized by vasodilation, hyperkeratosis, and hypersecretion of the sweat glands.
		COMMENTS: The RfD for mercuric chloride is based upon a consensus that the most sensitive mercuric chloride-induced adverse effect is autoimmune glomerulonephritis, the Brown Norway rat is a an appropriate test species, and oral absorption of divalent mercury is 7% and absorption from subcutaneous exposure is 100%.
		In an NTP study (1993), F344 rats (60/sex/group) were administered mercuric chloride by gavage at doses of 0, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg (equivalent to 0, 1.9, and 3.7 mg/kg/day), 5 days/week for 104 weeks.
	risk.lsd.ornl.gov /tox/profiles/mercury_f_V1.shtml (7319 words)

	ATSDR - Public Health Statement: Mercury
		Mercuric chloride is a topical antiseptic or disinfectant agent.
		Inorganic mercury compounds like mercurous chloride and mercuric chloride are white powders and do not generally vaporize at room temperatures like elemental mercury will.
		Other symptoms of poisonings in children who were treated with mercurous chloride for constipation, worms, or teething discomfort included swollen red gums, excessive salivation, weight loss, diarrhea and/or abdominal pain, and muscle twitching or cramping in the legs and/or arms.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /toxprofiles/phs46.html (9917 words)

	Reference Electrodes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The electrode is a silver wire that is coated with a thin layer of silver chloride either by electroplating or by dipping the wire in molten silver chloride.
		The silver-silver chloride reference electrode develops a potential proportional to the chloride concentration, whether it is sodium chloride, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride or some other chloride salt.
		Potassium chloride is the most widely used electrolyte because it does not generally interfere with pH measurements and the mobilities of the potassium and chloride ions are nearly equal.
	chem.ch.huji.ac.il /~eugeniik/refelectrodes.htm (2100 words)

	WHO & Hg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Lesions in the proximal tubular cells were detected after a single intraperitoneal injection of 1 µmol of mercury(II) chloride per kg of body weight (0.2 mg/kg of body weight as mercury) in male rats.
		When rats were exposed to mercury(II) chloride (1 mg/kg of body weight per day) by incubation or subcutaneous injection for up to 11 weeks, the rate of body weight gain decreased after 20 days, and actual weight loss occurred after 65—70 days.
		Ovulation was inhibited in female hamsters injected with mercury(II) chloride at high doses (6.4 or 12.8 mg of mercury per kg of body weight) during day 1 of the estrous cycle (16).
	www.altcorp.com /DentalInformation/whohgtox.htm (4277 words)

	Electrochemistry Dictionary
		An example is the diffusion layer at the cathode surface during electroplating of copper from a solution containing a small amount of copper chloride and a large concentration of sulfuric acid.
		All the current is carried by the ions of the sulfuric acid (hydrogen cations and sulfate anions) but the only possible electrode reaction is the reduction of the copper ions since the reduction of hydrogen ions cannot occur at the prevailing electrode potential (copper is lower in the electromotive series than hydrogen).
		The purpose of this arrangement is the avoidance of chloride ion contamination of the test solution (many electrode reactions are strongly catalyzed by chloride ions) at the price of increased liquid-junction potential.
	electrochem.cwru.edu /ed/dict.htm (11213 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Mercury is used in measuring devices (barometers, thermometers, hydrometers, and pyrometers), the manufacture of dry cell batteries, fluorescent light bulbs, mercury salts, mirrors, agricultural poisons, antifouling paint, electrical apparatus, mercury vapor and arc lamps, and dental amalgams.
		Mercuric chloride is used in the manufacture of calomel, disinfectants, chemical reagents, metallurgy, tanning, as a catalyst for vinyl chloride, in embalming, as an intensifier in photography, in electroplating, and to free gold from lead.
		A chronic study on mercuric chloride in rats and mice reported an increased incidence of forestomach and thyroid tumors in rats, and an increased incidence of renal tumors in mice (U.S. EPA, 1994a).
	www.scorecard.org /chemical-profiles/html/mercury.html (1878 words)

	Mercuric Chloride Safety Sheet
		Mercuric Chloride is a white crystalline (sugar or sand-like)
		Chloride and at the end of the workshift.
		Chloride, whether or not known skin contact has occurred.
	brookshistorian.org /bbrooks/pca/guide/merchlor.html (1768 words)

	Reference Electrodes
		Silver chloride is slightly soluble in strong potassium chloride solutions, so it is sometimes recommended the potassium chloride be saturated with silver chloride to avoid stripping the silver chloride off the silver wire.
		In early times this reference was widely used where chloride leaching from conventional flowing silver/silver chloride or calomel references was incompatible with the sample e.g.
		The IJ reference is a double junction sleeve type silver/silver chloride reference Instead of a permanent sleeve the system employs a slightly flexible polypropylene sleeve which fits over a spear membrane.
	www.ionode.com.au /Techref.htm (870 words)

	cars - Mercury (element)
		Mercury(I) chloride and mercury(II) chloride were popular compounds.
		It was a teething powder for infants and some vaccines have contained the preservative Thimerosal (partly ethyl mercury) since the 1930s ( FDA report).
		Mercury(II) chloride was a disinfectant for doctors, patients and instruments.
	www.carluvers.com /cars/Mercury_(element) (1808 words)

	Mercury
		Thyrotoxicity of the chlorides of cadmium and mercury in rabbit.
		Radioactive mercuric chloride was nonvolatile regardless of the presence or absence of the tissues.
		Differential effects of methylmercuric chloride and mercuric chloride on the histochemistry of rat thyroid peroxidase and the thyroid peroxidase activity of isolated pig thyroid cells.
	www.ithyroid.com /mercury.htm (12229 words)

	A hundred and fifty years of misuse of mercury and dental amalgam
		Acrodynia is probably the best studied form of mercury poisoning, or "idiosyncrasy", and the very long time from its first recognition (1828) to the establishment of its mercury etiology (1945), indicates the devious nature of mercury intoxications (more on acrodynia further on).
		Inhalation or swallowing of mercuric chloride or methyl mercury in doses relevant to industrial exposures or intake in food produces the same systemic autoimmune reactions which have been demonstrated after subcutaneous administration in susceptible rat strains (Bernaudin et al 1981).
		It is likely that some of the mercuric chloride was converted to the mercurous form by enzymes or sulfhydryls and then reoxidized with a concomitant formation of radicals.
	art-bin.com /art/hanson_en.html (9413 words)

	Environmental Protection Agency
		Mercury (II) Chloride; Abavit B; Bichloride of Mercury; Calochlor; Corrosive Mercury Chloride; Corrosive Sublimate; Dichloromercury; Fungchex; MC; Mercuric Bichloride; Mercury Bichloride; Mercury Dichloride; Mercury Perchloride; NCI-C60173; Perchloride of Mercury; Sublimate; Sulem; TL 898; Mercuric Chloride, Solid (DOT); Mercury Chloride
		Mercuric chloride is one of the most toxic salts of mercury (*Gosselin 1976).
		Upon decomposition highly toxic chloride and mercury fumes are emitted (*Sax 1975).
	yosemite.epa.gov /oswer/CeppoEHS.nsf/Profiles/7487-94-7?OpenDocument (570 words)

	sodium iodide and mercury(II) chloride
		The mixing of solutions of mercury(II) chloride and sodium iodide results in the formation of a mixture composed of a solution of sodium choride and a mercury(II) iodide precipitate.
		The red balls are mercury(II) ions and the green balls are chloride ions.
		Slide 3: This represents a mixture of mercury(II) ions, chloride ions, sodium ions and iodide ions as they might appear before reaction.
	jchemed.chem.wisc.edu /JCESoft/CCA/CCA1/R1MAIN/CD1R2360.HTM (343 words)

	Mercury (element) - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The metal is extracted by heating cinnabar in a current of air and condensing the vapor.
		Mercury (I) chloride (AKA calomel and is sometimes still used in medicine)
		Mercury (II) chloride (which is very corrosive, sublimates and is a violent poison)
	www.free-definition.com /Mercury-(element).html (1028 words)

	Toxicity
		A major use of mercury is as a cathode in the electrolysis of sodium chloride.
		Mercuric chloride was found to induce gene mutations in mouse lymphoma cells and DNA damage in rat and mouse fibroblasts.
		The same was true of a suicidal ingestion of 5.7 g of methoxyethyl mercury chloride, which elicited vomiting and chemical burns of the mouth and throat but little else.
	www.nomercury.org /atsdr.htm (8842 words)

	Chemical Elements: THE ELEMENT GROUPS: Halogen elements: INDIVIDUAL HALOGEN GROUP ELEMENTS: Chlorine.: Analysis.
		The formation of chromyl chloride, a red gas, by heating a solid sample with potassium dichromate and concentrated sulfuric acid.
		When chromyl chloride is passed into water, a yellow chromate solution forms (bromides and iodides do not form analogous compounds).
		In the presence of an alkali hydroxide, chlorine is reduced to the chloride ion by hydrogen peroxide, and the excess alkali hydroxide is back-titrated with acid.
	www.c-f-c.com /supportdocs/cl2data2.htm (264 words)

	RAIS: Methyl Mercury (2269-92-6) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Up to 80% of volatile methyl mercury compounds such as methyl mercury chloride vapor may be absorbed upon inhalation (Berlin, 1983).
		Gavage administration of methylmercuric chloride at a dose of 1 mg/kg (0.8 mg Hg/kg) to rats for up to 11 weeks resulted in neuronal degeneration of the cerebellum and dorsal route ganglia, and clinical signs of neurotoxicity (Chang and Hartmann, 1972).
		Hind leg weakness and degenerative changes in the corpus striatum, cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus were seen in mice receiving methyl mercury by gavage at doses of 1.0 or 4.0 mg/kg/day (0.8 or 3.2 mg Hg/kg/day) for 60 days (Berthoud et al., 1976).
	risk.lsd.ornl.gov /tox/profiles/methyl_mercury_f_V1.shtml (3233 words)

	Earthjustice: Urgent Cases: Cement Kiln Emissions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Bush administration’s refusal to issue these air pollution regulations has resulted in virtually unregulated toxic emissions of mercury, hydrogen chloride and organic hazardous air pollutants (organic HAPs) from the nation’s 137 cement kilns.
		Mercury is a known neurotoxin that can cause adverse reproductive and developmental health effects and is dangerous in extremely small amounts.
		Hydrogen chloride, also known as hydrochloric acid, is a powerful irritant to the eyes, nose and throat.
	www.earthjustice.org /urgent/display.html?ID=227 (260 words)

	METALS AS TOXINS
		Mercury poisonings have been reported from ingestion of mercuric chloride (an inorganic compound which is used as a disinfectant), as well as from contaminated illegal drugs, for example amphetamines.
		Poisoning has also occurred from exposure to fungicides, some of which contain organic mercury compounds, and from industrial accidents in which mercury vapour was inhaled.
		In these tissues and in the kidneys it may be oxidised by catalase and hydrogen peroxide into mercuric chloride, and may be retained by the kidney and brain for years
	www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk /studentwebs/session2/group29/merctox.htm (1394 words)

	Mercury (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Mercury is also used as a catalyst in the production of vinyl chloride monomer, urethane foam, and anthraquinone.
		The organic forms of mercury such as methylmercuric chloride and phenylmercuric acetate have been found to be more toxic than inorganic forms such as mercuric chloride.
		Oral ingestion of single doses of mercuric chloride has led to poisoning and death caused by shock, cardiovascular collapse, acute renal failure, and severe gastrointestinal damage.
	www.nsc.org /library/chemical/Mercury.htm (1447 words)

	[No title]
		Mercuric chloride is a an antiseptic and intensifier in photography.
		It may produce a nonspecific, pustular reaction or an irritant patch-test reaction.
		Kubo, Y., S. Nonaka, and H. Yoshida, False positive reaction to patch testing with aqueous mercuric chloride in an aluminum Finn Chamber [published erratum appears in Contact Dermatitis 1992 Aug;27(2):136].
	www.dermacom.ch /private/alindex/ME009.htm (260 words)

	Chemistry : Periodic Table : mercury : compound data [mercury (I) chloride]
		Chemistry : Periodic Table : mercury : compound data [mercury (I) chloride]
		Chemistry: WebElements Periodic Table : Professional Edition : Mercury : compound data [mercury (I) chloride]
		For each compound, and where possible, a formal oxidation number for each element is given, but the usefulness of this number is limited, especially so for p -block elements in particular.
	www.webelements.com /webelements/compounds/text/Hg/Cl2Hg2-10112911.html (316 words)

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