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Topic: Mere addition paradox

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Repugnant Conclusion

Paradox

Hypocritical paradox

Derek Parfit

Paradox of hedonism

Nihilist paradox

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	Paradox - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Paradoxes which are not based on a hidden error generally happen at the fringes of context or language, and require extending the context (or language) to lose their paradox quality.
		Elevator paradox: Elevators can seem to be mostly going in one direction, as if they were being manufactured in the middle of the building and being disassembled on the roof and basement.
		Supplee's paradox: the buoyancy of a relativistic object (such as a bullet) appears to change when the reference frame is changed from one in which the bullet is at rest to one in which the fluid is at rest.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paradox (2343 words)

	Paradoks - Wikipedia
		Thus, the paradox of Frederic's birthday in The Pirates of Penzance establishes the surprising fact that a person may be more than N years old on his Nth birthday.
		Abilene paradox: People can make decisions based not on what they actually want to do, but on what they think that other people want to do, with the result that everybody decides to do something that nobody really wants to do, but only what they thought that everybody else wanted to do.
		Paradox of hedonism: When one pursues happiness itself, one is miserable; but, when one pursues something else, one achieves happiness.
	id.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paradoks (2208 words)

	Mere addition paradox - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The mere addition paradox is a problem in ethics, due to Derek Parfit, and first appearing in his book, Reasons and Persons.
		The paradox appears to show that it is better to have a large population, where everyone has a life that is just barely worth living, than a small population where everyone is very happy.
		One might say that, actually, the addition of people with a very low level of happiness can be bad in itself, even if their lives are worth living.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mere_addition_paradox (448 words)

	Paradox
		A paradox is an apparently true statement or group of statements that seems to lead to a contradiction or to a situation that defies intuition.
		Elevator paradox: Elevators can seem to be mostly going in one direction, as if they were being manufactured on the roof, and disassembled in the basement.
		Epicurean paradox: The existence of evil is incompatible with the existence of an omnipotent and caring God.
	pedia.newsfilter.co.uk /wikipedia/p/pa/paradox.html (1748 words)

	CD Baby: PARADOX: The Sacred EP
		PARADOX constantly remain in the media's eye, by means of International airplay, Radio interviews, Newspaper coverage, Internet coverage and Independent television broadcasts, with their debut video for the single 'Infinite', to their latest single 'Lame and Languid', from their latest release 'Sacred'.
		PARADOX have now progressed, both musically and personally to a new level of expression, veering away from their previous punk rock/grunge sound of 'Circle of Growth', to a more melodic Alternative sound, that the band have been thriving to achieve since their creation.
		PARADOX continue to work on a full time professional level, in a bid to ensure they reach their full potential, and considering their blend of Unique Fresh Alternative Rock, these guys are sure to be a commanding force in the New Music Arena.
	www.cdbaby.com /paradoxrock3 (703 words)

	Talk:Mere addition paradox - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It seems that, for the purpose of this paradox, amounts of happiness can be compared and averaged, and that they are measured in reference to some "zero".
		The article suggests "Some say that this paradox can be defeated by simply denying its first axiom: that adding people of less-than-average happiness into the world doesn't make the overall situation worse." and points out that that implies it would be bad for people with less than average happiness to be born.
		Well it's up to the critics to specify when and why mere addition can be bad, or when and why increasing the average happiness (at the cost of the highest level of happiness attained) is bad...
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Mere_addition_paradox (1894 words)

	Paradox (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A professional organization once found that economists with a Ph.D. actually had a lower average salary than those with a BS — but this was found to be due to the fact that those with a Ph.D. worked in academia, where salaries are generally lower.
		Two-envelope paradox: Given two envelopes, one of which contains twice as much money as the other, the benefit seems always to lie in switching from one to the other.
		Given the human brain can describe a paradox it must be able to contain it, and the state where any given paradox ceases to display its inherent conflicting characteristics is decribed as a Locudox.
	www.freecaviar.com /search.php?title=Paradox (2279 words)

	Paradox - TheBestLinks.com - Ambiguity, Axiom, Antinomy, Borland, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Paradox, Ambiguity, Axiom, Antinomy, Borland, Berry paradox, Definition...
		Paradox is also a product from Borland and Faction Paradox is a fictional group.
		Thus a paradox is (theoretically) solvable given more information, while a contradiction (literally, "speak contrary") is (theoretically) insolvable on the basis of the information that has already been received.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Paradox.html (1942 words)

	Liar Paradox [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Most logical paradoxes are based on circular definitions or self-referential statements, and the liar paradox is no exception.
		Most logicians want systematic removal of the paradox, but Wittgenstein is content to say that we may need to live with this paradox and to agree never to utter the Liar sentence, especially if it seems that removal of the contradiction could have worse consequences.
		However, for those who believe the Paradox is not a minor problem but one deserving of immediate attention, there can be no waiting around until the other problems of language are solved.
	www.iep.utm.edu /p/par-liar.htm (3589 words)

	paradox information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A paradox is an apparently true statement or group of statements thatseems to lead to a contradiction or to a situation that defies intuition.The recognition of ambiguities, equivocations, and unstated assumptions underlying known paradoxes has often led to significant advances in science, philosophy and mathematics.
		Paradoxes which are not based on a hidden error generally happen atthe fringes of context or language, andrequire extending the context (or language) to lose their paradox quality.
		Paradox of hedonism : When one pursues happiness itself,one is miserable; but, when one pursues something else, one achieves happiness.
	www.vsearchmedia.com /paradox.html (1836 words)

	Reasons and Persons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Parfit's argument for this position relies on our intuitions regarding thought experiments such as teleportation, the fission and fusion of persons, gradual replacement of the matter in one's brain, gradual alteration of one's psychology, and so on.
		Parfit's conclusion is similar to David Hume's view, and also to the view of the self in Buddhism, though it does not restrict itself to a mere reformulation of them.
		Another problem Parfit looks at is the mere addition paradox, which supposedly shows that it is better to have a lot of people who are slightly happy, than a few people who are very happy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reasons_and_Persons (432 words)

	Paradox biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Typically, either the statements in question do not really imply the contradiction; or the puzzling result is not really a contradiction; or the premisses themselves are not all really true (or, cannot all be true together).
		The word paradox is often used indifferently with contradiction; but where a contradiction by definition cannot be true, many paradoxes do allow of resolution, though many remain unresolved or only contentiously resolved (such as Curry's paradox)..
		Bertrand paradox (economics): two players reaching a state of Nash equilibrium both find themselves with no profits.
	paradox.biography.ms (1886 words)

	PARADOX FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The word ''paradox'' is often used interchangeably with ''contradiction''; but where a contradiction by definition cannot be true, many paradoxes do allow for resolution, though many remain unresolved or only contentiously resolved (such as Curry's_paradox).
		Still more casually, the term is sometimes used for situations that are merely surprising (albeit in a distinctly "logical" manner) such as the Birthday_Paradox.
		Ellsberg_paradox: A paradoxical result in experimental decision theory.
	www.witwib.com /index.php?s=paradox (2124 words)

	Paradox of the heap -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		More specifically, the paradox is that, while common sense suggests that heaps of sand have the following properties, these properties are actually mutually inconsistent:
		Applying (additional info and facts about mathematical induction) mathematical induction shows that the first property combined with the third imply that a million grains of sand do not make a heap, in contradiction with the second property.
		(This again follows from (additional info and facts about mathematical induction) mathematical induction.) What the paradox shows is that these two ideas are contradictory.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/P/Pa/Paradox_of_the_heap.htm (279 words)

	Mere addition paradox: Encyclopedia II - Mere addition paradox - The paradox
		The paradox appears to show that it is better to have a large population, where everyone has a life that is just barely worth living, than a small population where everyone is very happy.
		Mere addition paradox, Mere addition paradox - The paradox, Mere addition paradox - Objections and resolutions of the paradox
		Thus, the state of affairs in Z is no worse than the state of affairs in A. Parfit calls this the repugnant conclusion, and rejects it, but says he does not have a solution.
	www.experiencefestival.com /a/Mere_addition_paradox_-_The_paradox/id/5416645 (380 words)

	[No title]
		If the modalities of the pathetic - of undergoing, exposure, passivity - are the ways in which things variously matter to us, we may speak generally of human pathos as the ontological dimension that includes them all, a dimension inseparable from the constitution of meaning as that which distinguishes the specifically "human" as being-in-and-of-the-world.
		Because dwelling within a space of meaning, rather than merely inhabiting an environment, is the exclusive prerogative of a pathetic being, we may not neglect that dimension in favor of pure "reason" when we try to understand ourselves as standing, in Aristotle's phrase, between beast and god.
		These things move my delight and are inseparable from it; that is, a "fineness" of the binding or a "clarity" of the typography that would be accessible to mere sight would not be the sort of thing that we express by these terms when describing the affective experience.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~crowell/publications/undergoing.htm (7168 words)

	POPULATION, DEVELOPMENT, AND MORAL THEORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		If that rate of growth were to remain stable, we would expect an additional billion people in about ten years, and would expect the current population to double in size in less than fifty years.
		The Mere-Addition Paradox: One of the most perplexing of Parfit's paradoxes is the "mere addition" paradox.
		It is implausible to suppose that the 'mere addition' of their relatively happy lives constitutes a net loss, or that they make the overall situation worse or less choiceworthy.
	www.phil.uga.edu /faculty/wolf/popart.htm (6474 words)

	mere - definition of mere by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Being nothing more than what is specified: a mere child; a mere 50 cents an hour.
		In point of grazing, plunging, oblique, or enfilading, or point-blank firing, the English, French, and Prussians have nothing to learn; but their cannon, howitzers, and mortars are mere pocket-pistols compared with the formidable engines of the American artillery.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	dict.thefreelibrary.com /Mere (353 words)

	Classics in the History of Psychology -- Hull (1934a)
		Next the subject was stimulated repeatedly by an induction shock on the fingers of one hand which, in addition to the sharp retraction of the hand from the electrodes delivering the shock, normally also gives rise to a wink.
		In addition to these rather gross and obvious forms of fractional anticipatory behavior, it is probable that rich variety exists, of which we as yet know little or nothing.
		This paradox, like so many that have arisen in the theory of learning, comes from assuming that only one principle, or at most a very few principles, are operating in the learning process at one time.
	psychclassics.yorku.ca /Hull/Hierarchy/part1.htm (5919 words)

	Paradoxes - curiouser.co.uk
		Below is a list of paradoxes which you might be interest to research, some of which may be featured at curiouser.co.uk in due course.
		Grandfather paradox: You travel back in time and kill your grandfather before he meets your grandmother, resulting in your never being conceived.
		St. Petersburg paradox: Can it be rational to refuse a small finite entry fee for a game with a possible infinite pay off?
	www.curiouser.co.uk /paradoxes (549 words)

	Philosophy, et cetera: The Population Paradox
		The problem is that if we start off with a flourishing population, by #2 we can add a further group of people who are less well-off, and then by #3 we can improve the welfare of the new group at the cost of the former.
		There is an underlying affinity with paradoxes that rely on the sum of an infinite series being a finite number.
		However, you propose that every exercise of rule 2 be followed by rule 3, which imposes a cost on that population.
	pixnaps.blogspot.com /2005/06/population-paradox.html (3716 words)

	CHAPTER 19: THE MERE ADDITION PARADOX
		Iterating the move from New A to New B eventually gets us to New Z where lives are just above the bad level indicated by horizontal line.
		In New Z there is a much larger number of people none of whom has a quality of life much above the bad level.
		The third version of the paradox is the same idea with each block representing 1000 years.
	web.utk.edu /~nolt/courses/646/Parfit19.htm (378 words)

	Classics in the History of Psychology -- James (1904)
		Those who still cling to it are clinging to a mere echo, the faint rumor left behind by the disappearing 'soul' upon the air of philosophy.
		But in addition to this, we are supposed by almost every one to have an immediate consciousness of consciousness itself.
		If we take conceptual manifolds, or memories, or fancies, they also are in their first intention mere bits of pure experience, and, as such, are single thats which act in one context as objects, and in another context figure as mental states.
	psychclassics.yorku.ca /James/consciousness.htm (5324 words)

	The St. Petersburg Paradox (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		The St. Petersburg game as proposed, then, presents no paradox, but it is easy to construct another St. Petersburg game which is paradoxical, merely by altering the dollar prizes.
		This might seem implausible: if one's risk-aversion to a game is finite, and does not increase merely because of increase in payoffs, and if the utility of the prizes can be increased without limit, it would seem that some prize-increase can always compensate for the risk-aversion, however it is reasonably calculated.
		Petersburg paradox "is to grant that the paradox is not an antinomy." He may mean that the difficulty posed by the game is a result of a factual assumption that utility is unbounded (and not merely by its logical features), and can be removed by rejecting that assumption.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/paradox-stpetersburg (6262 words)

	Light Bullet Home Page
		In addition, each simulation has been rendered at both 360 pixel and 180 pixel widths which should help if the network is saturated or you have a slow modem connection.
		In addition to the qualitatively similar Gaussian-like (approximately bell-curve shaped) solitary waves discussed so far, the governing equation also admits so-called "halo states" comprised of a bright central ball surrounded by a number of spherical shells.
		In analogy with the inverted pendulum mentioned earlier, these states are found to be unstable to propagation, the smallest amount of noise tickling the solution and causing it to decay into a number of "normal" light bullets.
	www.sfu.ca /~renns/lbullets.html (2558 words)

	Weimar Essay Contest Submission (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		And never mind that the recipient is, in the present case, an abstraction, a mere temporal modality, rather than a being of flesh and blood.
		The paradox is this: to the extent that the denizens of the future are unlike us, we cannot care about them; but to the extent that we imagine them to resemble us, we force them into the molds of our past.
		If concerned at all with "positive" liberty (meaning, access to effective means, rather than mere freedom from restraint), the thin view of equality allows the state to function as, at most, a guarantor of some "social minimum" or safety net defined by a baseline that does not conceal any redistributive impulse.
	gsulaw.gsu.edu /faculty/lawwae/WEIMAR.htm (7310 words)

	Read about Mere addition paradox at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Mere addition paradox and learn about Mere ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Read about Mere addition paradox at WorldVillage Encyclopedia.
		Research Mere addition paradox and learn about Mere addition paradox here!
		The mere addition paradox is a problem in ethics, due to
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Mere_addition_paradox (352 words)

	Partiality
		This time we have the same population as in A but in addition a quite separate population of 1 million living at utility 30.
		This comparison is very close to the mere addition comparison and Parfit wants us to agree that Alpha is not worse than A+ and is indeed better than A+.
		He then starts a sequence of moves rather like the divided case, where Alpha is compared with Beta, in which several of the low groups in Alpha shift to join the previous high groups at a little lower utility level than in Alpha, the other groups remaining the same.
	www.uwichill.edu.bb /bnccde/_e&ae/ph19b_partiality.htm (3370 words)

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