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Topic: Mere exposure effect

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	++Mere Exposure Effect(I)Attitude Change++
		ajonc's primary concern is the effect of merely repeated exposure to attitude objects themselves.
		In the monograph, Zajonc (1968) examines this hypothesis : "mere repeated exposure of the individual to a stimulus is a sufficient condition for the enhancement of his attitude toward it" (p.1).
		Two experiments of Saegart, Swamp and Zajon(1973) produce the evidence that mere exposure increases liking under either pleasant or unpleasant circumstances, defending the theory from criticism like mere exposure is limited to pleasant situations.
	www.ciadvertising.org /student_account/spring_02/adv382j/jeong/Peffect1.htm (568 words)

	The BEAST
		Their data showed a statistically reliable main effect on their implicit memory test, in which subjects showed more priming for words when they were in the same font in test as they had been in the initial presentation.
		The main effect for exposure goes in the opposite direction from the mere-exposure effect, and the means differ by nearly half a point (m = 4.4 for the outlines and m = 4.0 for the solids).
		The "counter" mere-exposure effect that was seen may be due to implicit memories for the novel characters, possibly from exposure early in the test.
	www.uberware.net /robin/thesis/The_BEAST.html (9524 words)

	OhioLINK ETD: Handley, Ian
		Recent research on the “mere exposure effect” has demonstrated that repeated exposure to a stimulus induces diffuse positive affect—the source or target of which individuals are unaware—capable of positively influencing individuals’ preferences for that stimulus, similar stimuli, and quite novel stimuli.
		In this dissertation, four studies have tested the notion that repeated exposure to the source (communicator) of a persuasive communication similarly induces diffuse positive affect that, ultimately, favorably influences individuals’ attitudes toward that communication.
		However, the effect was eliminated under conditions in which, after the initial source exposure, participants encountered a negative experience description that likely preempted the inducement of diffuse positive affect.
	www.ohiolink.edu /etd/view.cgi?ohiou1070460213 (378 words)

	The Mere Exposure Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Boredom as a limiting condition on the mere exposure effect.
		Bornstein, R. Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968-1987.
		Bornstein, R. F., Leone, D. R., & Galley, D. The generalizability of subliminal mere exposure effects: Influence of stimuli perceived without awareness on social behavior.
	www.gettysburg.edu /~bbornste/exposure.html (118 words)

	Effects of Mere Exposure: A Comment by Leon James
		Zajonc presents two main lines of evidence in support of his hypothesis: one relates to the observation of an empirical correlation between the frequency of words in language and their positive affect; the other consists of data on the effect upon positive or negative affect of experimental manipulation of stimulus exposure.
		If the two sets of ratings are essentially independent, then Zajonc's hypothesis is incomplete, since mere exposure causes both a decrease in negative evaluation as well as an increase in positive evaluation (as attested by his data).
		The set of studies on aesthetic appreciation cited in support of the hypothesis involve conditions of exposure too complex to be of conclusive value to a mere exposure" hypothesis-as minted out by Zajonc himself.
	www.soc.hawaii.edu /leonj/499s99/yamauchi/mere.htm (1408 words)

	Subliminal Perception Manual (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Merely exposing a person to a stimulus is a sufficient condition to increase one's liking of that stimulus, whether it be a person, a song, or a shoe.
		In addition to showing the mere exposure effect, we also need to show that the stimuli cannot be consciously perceived.
		A subliminal mere exposure effect would yield a significant difference on the preference measures but not the awareness measures -- they prefer the polygon presented subliminally, but can't identify it consciously.
	www.csic.cornell.edu /201/subliminal (12031 words)

	Social Behavior and Personality: positive correlation between personal need for structure and the mere exposure effect, ...
		As predicted by the mere exposure effect, the greater the participants' exposure, the more pleasant the words were rated.
		Zajonc (1968) said this "mere exposure" to a stimulus is a sufficient condition to enhance an individual's evaluation of it.
		Given the wide applicability and robustness of the mere exposure effect, it is important to determine when the mere exposure effect will, or will not, be present.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3852/is_200101/ai_n8938584 (1097 words)

	Stop met Roken
		Their results tended to support the mere exposure effect, showing that stimuli perceived without awareness can produce substantially stronger exposure effects than stimuli presented in a manner where full awareness processes the information.
		The problem with previous research regarding the effects subliminal stimulation has on buying behaviour, may be due to the researchers focusing on the wrong areas of subliminal perception or making unreasonable demands on subliminal perception.
		Vaughn Kaser conducted this study in order to investigate the effect that an auditory subliminal message, produced by speeding up the rate at which it was recorded, would have on the imagery and dreams of a group of normal subjects.
	www.stop-nu-met-roken.nl /literatuur.html (3670 words)

	Propinquity effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The propinquity effect is the tendency for people to form friendships or romantic relationships with those whom they encounter often.
		In other words, relationships tend to be formed between those who have a high propinquity.
		The propinquity effect is usually explained by the mere exposure effect, which holds that the more exposure a stimulus gets, the more likeable it becomes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Propinquity_effect (142 words)

	AMLaP-99 Abstract
		The literature which developed from this research supports the conclusion that artificial grammar learning is an implicit effect, and that the evaluation of syntactic acceptability in artificial grammar is influenced by the frequency and recency of stimulus exposure (Reber, 1993).
		The Mere Exposure effect is a behavioral measure demonstrating that unreinforced exposure to a stimulus often results in an increased preference for that stimulus (Zajonc, 1968; Bornstein, 1989).
		Experiment 2 investigates whether the effects of implicit memory found in Experiment 1 can be generalized to implicit learning contexts, where the priming sentences have the same syntactic structure as the test sentences, but contain different content words.
	www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk /~amlap99/abs/990701-2.html (759 words)

	++Mere Exposure Effect(II)Affect Without Cognition++
		He rejects the necessity of mediation by demonstrating that the effect of repeated exposure on liking occurs even in the absence of conscious processing of the attitude toward object.
		Moreland and Zajonc (1977, 1979) conclude that the stimulus recognition is a sufficient but not necessary condition for the mere exposure effect to occur after reporting that repeated mere exposure to the Japanese ideographs increases attitudes and subject recognitions.
		Performing a listening task, they propose that the more one is exposed to the melodies - without the participants' remembering their previous exposure to the music - creates the greater liking.
	www.ciadvertising.org /student_account/spring_02/adv382j/jeong/Peffect2.htm (406 words)

	Psi Chi Program at 2003 MPA - Psi Chi
		The effect of refutational teaching on participants' endorsement of a rape myth was investigated.
		Effects of Exposure Frequency, Duration, and Stimulus Complexity on the Mere Exposure Effect.
		Exposure frequency, duration, and stimulus complexity were manipulated in the mere exposure effect.
	www.psichi.org /conventions/article_1015.asp (1259 words)

	Learning
		The subliminal mere exposure effect does not generalize to structurally related stimuli.
		R.F. Bornstein (1994) questioned whether subliminal mere exposure effects might generalize to structurally related stimuli, thereby providing evidence for the existence of implicit learning.
		Effects of orthographic transparency on reading and phoneme awareness in children learning to read in Wales.
	www.accelerated-learning-online.com /research/CTG-Learning-23.asp (659 words)

	220 Research ideas Fall 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		What other variables might modify this effect (e.g., does the essay take a popular or unpopular position, is the writer listed as a male vs. female, an A vs. D student, etc.)?
		But these scenarios were presented on audiotape, where subjects could not see the lingering effect of the blunder (i.e., a stain).
		The "mere exposure" effect is simple: All other things being equal, the more you see (or hear, or smell) something, the more you like it.
	employees.oneonta.edu /gilbersj/220topicsfall04.htm (768 words)

	Chapter 13
		The mere-exposure effect refers to the tendency of women to be secretly attracted to exhibitionists.
		We tend to be more attracted to people with whom we have had contact with several times rather than we are to people with whom we have had little contact.
		Mere-exposure effect – The tendency to like a person more if we have been exposed to him or her repeatedly.
	www.utdallas.edu /~msweet/hs13.html (636 words)

	Subliminal Priming Works
		Simply defined, mere exposure is repeated exposure to a stimulus that affects attitudes of a person.
		Subliminal mere exposure is the same effect, but occurs without us explicitly noticing the exposure.
		Bornstein and his colleagues performed several experiments attempting to show, "That subliminal mere exposure could be expanded from just geometric shapes to something that could theoritically occur in every day life." They began by recreating experiments by Zanjoc and Seamon.
	members.aol.com /psychneuro/subliminal/Priming.html (620 words)

	References
		Bornstein, R. F., Kale, A. R., and Cornell, K. Boredom as a limiting condition on the mere exposure effect.
		Harrison, A. A., and Crandall, R. Heterogeneity-homogeneity of exposure sequence and the attitudinal effects of exposure.
		Seamon, J. G., Brody, N., and Kauff, D. Affective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized: Effects of shadowing, masking, and cerebral laterality.
	www.uberware.net /robin/thesis/refs.html (717 words)

	The Future is Now (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		If you now randomly select and repeatedly display one of those faces to naive subjects, and then show that face along with the other equally preferable face, and ask which they prefer, most people will choose the face they've already been exposed to.
		After the selection, the computer would randomly select one of the images and then repeatedly display it, that is, a mere exposure effect after the decision had already been made.
		If we are influenced by our future, as precognition implies, then when the subject decides which picture he or she prefers, that decision should be slightly biased by the future mere exposure effect.
	www.clearselfcare.com /TheFutureisNow.htm (979 words)

	Laboratory Manual on Subliminal Perception
		Mischel, 1973) have long assumed that consciousness is critically important in a variety of domains, and have argued against those (such as B.F. Skinner) who suggest that it isn't.
		Kunst-Wilson and Zajonc (1980) to investigate the influence of mere exposure on people's ratings of abstract polygons.
		mere exposure effects have utilized expensive equipment that allows for extremely rapid presentation times -- often less than 3 milliseconds.
	www.subliminal-message.info /subliminal_perception_manual.htm (11870 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		"Boredom as a limiting condition on the mere exposure effect," with A. Kale, presented at the 60th annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Boston, Massachusetts (1989).
		"Effects of situationally-induced jealousy on cognitive performance," with G. Gonzaga, paper presented at the 64th annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Arlington, VA (1993).
		"Effects of family structure and intrafamilial conflict on the parental representations of normal college students," with A.E. Fleischhauer and B.S. Line", presented at the 65th annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association.
	www.gettysburg.edu /faculty_vita/0074120.html (3260 words)

	Department of Psychology
		Seamon, J.G., Luo, C.R., Shulman, E.P. Toner, S.K., and Caglar, S. False memories are hard to inhibit: Differential effects of directed forgetting on accurate and false recall in the DRM procedure.
		Seamon, J.G., McKenna, P., and Binder, N. The mere exposure effect is differentially sensitive to different judgement tasks.
		Seamon, J.G., Williams, P.C., Crowley, M.J., Kim, I.J., Langer, S.A., Orne, P.J., and Wishengrad, D.L. The mere exposure effect is a form of implicit memory: Effects of stimulus type, encoding conditions, and number of exposures on recognition and affect judgments.
	www.wesleyan.edu /psyc/jseamon_pubs.htt (493 words)

	Lab Activity 32: The Cause-and-Effect Pattern
		For example, after seeing the numerous TV commercials that show the Engergizer battery outperforming another brand, a viewer may change his or her attitude toward the product from neutral to positive.
		Similarly, a name that is often heard is more likely to be viewed positively than in one heard infrequently; this is called the mere exposure effect.
		This effect was seen with the Gore-Bush recount: regional variations predicted voters' attitudes—Southern voters, being more conservative, tended to believe that the Florida vote count was accurate and no recount was needed.
	wps.ablongman.com /long_henry_er_1/0,7989,1832754-,00.html (1325 words)

	Mere Exposure Theory
		The more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more we will tend to like it.
		If the exposures continue, we will get irritated and ‘take revenge’ by assuming negative responses to the message.
		The exposure effect is linked to the disgraced world of subliminal messages and subliminal (<50ms) exposure has increased liking.
	www.changingminds.org /explanations/theories/mere_exposure.htm (316 words)

	Expose Yourself - using the Mere Exposure Effect to attract women
		In psychology there's a phenomenon known as the Mere Exposure Effect.
		If you two have a class together, if she sits near you at work, if you often see her at the gym, all these exposures are working to your advantage.
		The first time she ever sees you, she might have thought you were a 5 on a 10 point scale.
	www.sosuave.com /quick/tip29.htm (160 words)

	Gettysburg College-Musselman Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This article examines the effects of proportional representation electoral laws on the party systems and governments in the devolved assemblies of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
		It is argued that effecting long-term change in the "helpless" self-concept that underlies problematic dependency requires a multimodal treatment model combining elements of several existing frameworks.
		The results of the study suggest that load placement is an important factor in physiological and perceptual responses to load carriage, and that packing heavy items high in the backpack may be the most energy efficient method of carrying a load on the back.
	www.gettysburg.edu /library/services/faculty/citationNEW.html (5722 words)

	Neural Response during Preference and Memory Judgments for Subliminally Presented Stimuli: A Functional Neuroimaging ...
		as the "mere exposure effect," is a form of unconscious memory.
		study is a necessary substrate for this effect.
		Bornstein RF, d'Agostino PR (1992) Stimulus recognition and the mere exposure effect.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/18/12/4697 (4353 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		mere exposure effect: The more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it
		Zajonc (ZY-onz): We don't have to be aware of exposure for it to have an effect
		Halo effect - tendency to attribute other positive qualities to someone with one salient positive quality.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~sdhodges/202/notes20.htm (142 words)

	Cognitive Daily » Some insight into how we develop preferences
		What’s less certain is what causes the mere exposure effect: two competing explanations have been proposed.
		Where I may not have made myself clear enough in the post is that Wang and Chang’s goal was not to determine if mere exposure led to preference, but instead, to explain the dozens of studies which show that mere exposure does indeed lead to preference.
		However, in the context of many other studies which show that exposure does indeed lead to preference, it offers additional insight as to what the mechanism for this effect is.
	cognitivedaily.com /?p=71 (1971 words)

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