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	Merinid dynasty - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Merinid dynasty; a Berber dynasty in Morocco (1244-1465)
		However in 1340 the Merinids suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Castille at the Battle of Salado, and finally had to withdraw from Andalucia.
		Merinid rulers after 1358 came under the control of the Wattasids which exercised the real power in the empire as viziers.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Merinid (511 words)

	Morocco
		The Idrisid dynasty, which he founded, lasted from 788 to 986, coming under increasing threat in its last years from the Umayyad dynasty of Spain and the Fatimids of the eastern Maghreb.
		By the early 12th century, however, the Almoravid dynasty was waning, to be superseded by another religious movement, stemming from the Atlas Mountains.
		The Merinid dynasty that followed was incapable of holding back the Bedouin tribes that swept across North Africa, so that the Arabization of Morocco began from the mid-14th century.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0019825.html (2386 words)

	Marinid dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Marinid, Merinid or Beni Marin ethnic group (Arabic: مرينيون marîniyûn or بنو مرين banû marîn; Spanish Mariní/Mariníes) was a Zenata-Berber tribe of North Africa.
		The tribe formed a dynasty (known as the Marinid/Merinid/Benemerine dynasty) in 1244, largely concentrated in present-day Morocco, which lasted until 1465.
		It overtook the Almohad dynasty in controlling most of the Maghreb from the mid-1300s to the 15th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marinid_Dynasty (1864 words)

	A Taste of Maghribi History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Some of these dynasties were very orthodox while others appreciated wine and poetry and allowed women to go unveiled, especially those of the ruling classes.
		Gradually the disparate Andalusian dynasties of the ta'ifs weakened.
		A thriving state, rich with trade, particularly silk, and the arts it was ruled by the Nasrid dynasty beginning in 1232, The magnificent fortress and palace called al-Hamra was begun in 1248 and completed about one hundred years later.
	home.earthlink.net /~lilinah/Library/HistoryMaroc.html (3236 words)

	Morocco
		Future dynasties, however, abandoned Fez for Marrakech, and it was not until the rise of the Merinid dynasty in the fourteenth century that Fez once again became the heart of the Moroccan empire.
		Unlike preceding dynasties, the Merinids, natives of the frontier region between modern Morocco and Algeria, had no holy blood ties and as a result tried to legitimize their reign and express their piety through the construction of Islamic colleges, or madrassas.
		Intricate surface embellishment became the signature of the Merinid era, reaching its height in the Sahrij and Sbaiyin Madrassa Complex, a chef d’oeuvre of Merinid art.
	www.engr.psu.edu /ae/newsletters/newsletter/Fa02/Research.htm (1107 words)

	Merinids - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Merinids, also known as the Beni Merin, a Berber dynasty that reigned in Morocco from the 13th to 16th centuries.
		The Idrisid was succeeded by other dynasties, both Arab and Berber.
		Not until the 11th century can we speak of an independent kingdom of Morocco...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Merinids.html (62 words)

	New Page 1
		When a dynasty is large and far-flung, with many provinces and subjects, workers are very plentiful and can be brought together from all sides and regions.
		The aspirations of the members of the dynasty are proportionate to (the strength of) their royal authority and their superiority over the people.
		As we have stated before, all the monuments a dynasty (leaves behind it) are proportionate to the original strength (of that dynasty).
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter3/Ch_3_16.htm (2815 words)

	History
		Some of them are assigned to high-ranking positions, with some highs and lows, as in the 11th century, under the Almoravid dynasty.
		In the middle of the 12th century, a new dynasty, the Almohads, settle by force in Morocco.
		From the 13th to the 14th century, under the Merinid dynasty, the jewish condition will be much better.
	www.dafina.net /history.htm (1158 words)

	Great nations and little states
		We see how a great and poweful nation, such as the Merinid dynasty, is described as a little state as if it were a tribal band which used to attack small villages, and its leaders did not believe in any system based on the notion of order and the aspiration to stability.
		The Egyptian author has probably ignored that the Merinid Sovereigns were a reason for pride in the whole Moslem world and the men of knowledge in this country were depository of cultural values, not only in comparision with the Moslem thinkers, but at the level of the world of universal thought.
		These few chapters are thus enougn to confirm the rising generations in what they learned on the dynasties and the old rulers of Morocco through their readings of foreign books which engraved in their subconscious a disguised image of their country.
	www.said-hajji.com /en/book-gnpe.html (747 words)

	CalendarHome.com - 1269 - Calendar Encyclopedia
		The construction of Blair Castle in Scotland is begun by John Comyn.
		The Almohad dynasty of caliphs (not universally accepted) that once ruled most of North Africa and Al-Andalus (Moorish Spain) is extinguished when Idris II is murdered in the dynasty's last remaining possession, Marrakesh.
		The Berber Merinid dynasty completes the conquest of Morocco, replacing the Almohad dynasty which it defeated in Marrakesh.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /1269.htm (254 words)

	INTRODUCTION
		Under the control of the Merinid dynasty, al- Umari says that it is one of the mightiest cities of Morocco, one of the biggest cities of the West and most celebrated in the world...possessed of imposing palaces, high buildings and tall gates.
		In a civil war in 1393, the inhabitants killed the governor, destroyed the walls of the city, and moved to the ksour (fortified villages) in the surrounding area.
		Later, the Alaouite dynasty emerged from the Tafilelt in the 1630's to rule with a strong hand over Morocco.
	www.mtsu.edu /~sijilmas/history.html (809 words)

	al-Fasi and Founding of Fes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The history begins with the founding moment (with the Idrissid dynasty and in particular Idriss II’s ‘founding’ of Fès), and it ends with the contemporary Merinid regime, which is paying al-Fāsi to write his account.
		This is reflected in the structure of the city, which includes the old medina in a low-lying bowl, with the new Merinid part of the city (Fès el-Jdid), which is the seat of military power and which includes military watch towers and outposts, on higher ground that is contiguous with and overlooking the old medina.
		Besides developing parallels between Idrissid and Merinid leaders, al-Fāsi describes the characteristics of Fès (its magical waters, location, availability of salt, its intelligent and loyal citizens) in a way that the inhabitants can collectively take pride in their city, including its able and powerful and charismatic Merinid leader.
	www.aui.ma /personal/~L.Dahmen/naliterature/notes/June11alFasi.htm (796 words)

	1260s - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the Mongol Empire, Kublai Khan became the supreme leader and moved his capital to Beijing; while he fought the southern Chinese Song Dynasty, the empire saw its first significant military defeats — first in Palestine at the hands of the Mamluks of Egypt, and later in the Caucasus.
		The pope of the Catholic Church, aligned against the Hohenstaufen dynasty of the Holy Roman Emperor, succeeded in eliminating the line when the last male heir, Conradin, was killed by papal ally Charles I of Sicily, a Frenchman.
		1268 - October 29 - Conradin, the last legitimate male heir of the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Kings of Germany and Holy Roman Emperors, is executed along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden by Charles I of Sicily, a political rival and ally to the hostile Catholic church.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/1260s (2884 words)

	AllRefer.com - Morocco, country, Africa : History : Early History to the Nineteenth Century (Morocco Political ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Warfare between the Fatimids of Tunisia and the Umayyads of Spain for control of the region intensified the already-existing political anarchy, which ended only when the Almoravids overran (c.1062) Morocco and established a kingdom stretching from Spain to Senegal.
		The Almohads, who succeeded (c.1174) the Almoravids, at first ruled both Morocco and Spain, but the Merinid dynasty (1259–1550), after some triumphs, was limited to Morocco.
		The present ruling dynasty, the Alawite, or second Sherifian, dynasty, came to power in 1660 and recaptured many European-held strongholds.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/Morocco-1-history.html (469 words)

	Hafsid dynasty - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the 14th century the empire underwent a temporary decline.
		Although the Hafsids succeeded for a time in subjugating the empire of the Abdalwids of Tlemcen for a time, but between 1347 and 1357 it was twice conquered by the Merinids of Morocco.
		These however could not defeat the Bedouin, so that the Hafsids were able to regain their empire.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Hafsid (393 words)

	Hassan Al Wazzan aka Leo Africanus
		But like the previous dynasty, the Merinids eventually had to face up to their own political upheavals which ultimately ended their existence as the reigning dynasty.
		He lived during the end of the Merinid era, improved his education in their medrassas and was regarded as a shining outcome of the Merinid's stable and brilliant Islamic civilization..
		Even though we know of him only through what was written about him in the west, he represents a golden era of our past, a most thriving period for the Moslem world with the city of Fez at the vanguard of science and civilization and the meeting place of western and eastern worlds.
	www.said-hajji.com /en/book-leo.html (4733 words)

	Royal Air Maroc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As supreme chief of the Merinid Dynasty, Abû El-Hassan attempted to reconstitute the Empire in 1331, conquering Tlemcen in Algeria and Tunis in 1347 but failing to keep control of Spain and Algeciras in 1340.
		In 1348, the Bubonic Plague and rebellions in Tlemcen and Tunis marked the decline of the Merinids who could no longer keep out the Portuguese and the Spanish, an inability shared by their successors, the Wattasids, thus enabling the Iberians to settle along the Moroccan coast.
		A Cherifian Dynasty (the word derives from "Shorfa",meaning descendants of the Prophet Mohammed) originating from the Drâa Valley, they chose Marrakesh as their capital.
	www.royalairmaroc.com /eng/navigation.asp?ID_Doc=1217 (2800 words)

	Marokko
		The Almohads, in turn, were defeated in Spain by the Spanish and Portuguese in 1212, and in Morocco by the Merenid dynasty in 1269.
		Berber Muslim dynasty that ruled Morocco and Muslim Spain in the 11th and 12th cent.
		The plains Berbers were eventually absorbed by the Arabs; the mountain Berbers retained their warlike traditions, fiercely resisting French and Spanish occupation of N Africa and in the 1960s helping to drive the French from ALGERIA.
	www.angelfire.com /mo/SARACEN/Maroc.html (2065 words)

	Almohads - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		ALMOHADS [Almohads], Berber Muslim dynasty that ruled Morocco and Spain in the 12th and 13th cent.
		It had its origins in the puritanical sect founded by Ibn Tumart, who stirred up (c.1120) the tribes of the Atlas Mts.
		In Morocco they lost power to the Merinid dynasty, which took Marrakech in 1269.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-almohads.html (300 words)

	Travel to Morocco with Casablanca Travel and tours and visit the famous mosque of The Hassan II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This sobriety characterizes the large decorum that befits the austerity characterizing the Almohad Dynasty.
		After the Almohad Dynasty Morocco witnessed several monumental works: in this vein, lets mention the Merinid madrassas and mosques in Fez, Salé and Oujda, or the Saâdian mausoleums of Marrakesh and finally the magnificent Alaouite mosques and palaces in Fez, Marrakesh and Meknès.
		The Hassan II Mosque undeniably marks the continuity of a Modernized ancestral art and bears the sign of innovations that are due not only to technical reasons but also to a fertile exploration of new aesthetic possibilities.
	www.moroccotravelandtours.com /hassan_ii_mosque.htm (1008 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> no:1358 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Muzaffarid then release control of the Il-Khanate after being marched on by the Mongol Jalayirid tribe ruled by Shaikh Uvais.
		The Il-Khanate is effectively now disbanded and replaced by the Jalayirid dynasty of Persia.
		Muhammad II as Said becomes ruler of the Merinid Dynasty in present-day Morocco after the assassination of Abu Inan Faris.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/no:1358 (333 words)

	Almohads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Almohad Dynasty was established in North Africa and Spain during the 12th and 13th centuries.
		The founder of the dynasty was Ibn Tumart and he took the title of Caliph.
		The Almohad culture flourished; crafts and agriculture were the center of life and in 1229 they returned to a system of law that had a greater tolerance for certain acts.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/oldworld/europe/almohads.html (228 words)

	New Page 1
		He spent the winter of 1353/54 in Bougie, at this time in the hands of a high Merinid official, and in 1354 he accepted Abu 'Inan's invitation to come to Fez and join the circle of scholars he was gathering around himself for study and teaching.
		A new element appeared on the northwest African political scene when a temporary recovery of the Merinid power was made under the leadership of 'Abd-al-'Aziz, the young and energetic new ruler of Fez (1366-72).
		Brought before the Merinid ruler, Ibn Khaldun was hard put to it to explain his earlier attitude towards the Merinids and to soothe 'Abd-al-'Aziz with assurances that Bougie would be an easy conquest.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /ik/Muqaddimah/TransIntro/IbnKhalLife.htm (12624 words)

	La Maison Bleu : Riad Maroc - Fès - Riad Morocco - Fes
		Le patio principal, de style architectural arabo-andalous (Dynastie Merinide), est complètement ouvert au ciel avec piscine et arbres fruitiers.
		The main courtyard, built in the Arabo-Andalusian style (Merinid Dynasty), is open to the sky and contains a swimming pool and fruit trees.
		The eleven deluxe rooms and two standard rooms (five opening onto the patios and eight on the upper levels) are paved with zellij mosaics and sport architectural features such as worked cedarwood, carved stucco and Andalusian high ceilings.
	maisonbleue.com (494 words)

	MOROCCAN BRONZE WORK (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Two long centuries would pass before these bronze-lined doors resurfaced during the Merinid dynasty, although the Almohad period before it has left us some bronze furniture.
		Under the Merinides, metalworking techniques changed, reflecting a new aesthetic.
		The door of the Fez madrasas, or colleges, lined with bronze that is not molded but chiseled, introduced a form of tracery based on a starred square, sometimes similar to that used in pulpits.
	www.southbazar.com.cob-web.org:8888 /english/ev-infos/technics/ev-mdoccui.htm (1414 words)

	Merinid dynasty (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Merinid dynasty is one of the topics in focus at Global Oneness.
		Yusuf was soon challenged for the control of the Maghreb as well as Morocco itself by the growing power of the Merinid dynast...
		Merinid dynasty: Encyclopedia II - Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government modern entities
	www.experiencefestival.com.cob-web.org:8888 /merinid_dynasty (965 words)

	Berber Tours (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Idriss founded the city of Fes, and was survived by his son, who ruled over a stable state encompassing all northern Morocco until 829.
		Their rule was short-lived, however, and another Berber dynasty, a conservative group called the Almohads rose to power in 1147.
		In the early part of the 13th century, as Jews and Muslims alike began to pour into Morocco to escape the Spanish Inquisition, a nomadic Berber tribe from the Sahara, the Beni Merin, began to seize power of the empire.
	www.berbertours.net /history.php (1195 words)

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