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Topic: Meroitic

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	Meroitic - Crystalinks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The Meroitic script is very similar to the Egyptian Writing System.
		Exactly when the transfer took place is not certain, either in the sixth or the fourth century B.C. It gradually became fully independent of Egyptian culture, including its language.
		The use of the Egyptian language and hieroglyphics disappeared, giving way to Meroitic, a language with both a hieroglyphic and a cursive script.
	www.crystalinks.com /meroitic.html (162 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Meroitic language
		Meroitic funerary stela of Waleye son or daughter of Kadeye, from Sai, now at the British Museum.
		The Meroitic language was spoken in Meroë and the Sudan during the Meroitic period (about 300 BC-400 AD), and is now extinct.
		It is not very well understood, due to the paucity of bilingual texts; the few words whose meanings have been confirmed are inadequate to determine its genetic affiliation, but some linguists have tentatively suggested that it may be Nilo-Saharan, while others see it as a language isolate.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Meroitic-language (558 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Meroitic temples were decorated with carved scenes on the walls, which show a combination of Egyptian iconography and Nubian details.
		We do know that many Meroitic temples were dedicated to the Egyptian god Amon; since Meroitic kings continued to build their names with the name of this god, Amon worship probably continued through the end of the Kushite kingdom.
		The Egyptian goddess Isis was also worshiped extensively in Meroitic Nubia; she appears on funerary monument s with the Egyptian god Anubis, often shown with the head of a jackal.
	library.thinkquest.org /22845/kush/meroitic_religion.html (304 words)

	MEROITIC CHRONOLOGY: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
		Meroitic chronology research did not proceed in so straight a line that every new step forward was at the same time an absolute improvement in every respect of what had been achieved before.
		Another factor of uncertainty in reconstructing the Meroitic chronology is the respective length of government of the individual rulers which can be estimated only in virtue of the size and decoration of the pyramids.
		Our conceptions of the course of Meroitic history as a whole greatly depend on the answer to this question, and it will hardly be possible to reach an agreement on the datings after Ergamenes II without this question being clarified.
	www.arkamani.org /arkamani-library/meroitic/meroitic_chronology.htm (4711 words)

	Meroitic period
		The rulers of the Meroitic Period were contemporaries with the Ptolemies of Egypt and the Romans.
		By the first century AD some of the Meroitic gods had even taken on aspects of some of the Olympian deities, and some temples were built using Greek measurement, and incorporated on Hellenistic features and ornament.
		He met and defeated a Meroitic army and drove on to Napata, which was said to have been captured and destroyed by him, and its inhabitants enslaved.
	numibia.net /nubia/meroe.htm (2230 words)

	Gold of Meroe Folder
		The Meroites adopted this idea, but instead of depicting the ba in the Egyptian manner as a bird with a human head, they portrayed it in statuettes combining either a complete female figure or a male one clothed as a dignitary, depending on the nature of the deceased, with a bird's body.
		The queen's adornments must be assumed to be the work of Meroitic goldsmiths, except for those few pieces clearly imported from the Hellenistic world and the scarabs and glazed ceramic figures that possibly never belonged to the cache in the first place.
		With the beginning of the Meroitic period after 300 B.C., works appear that are just as fine as the art of contemporary Egypt, but that increasingly betray a divergence from it.
	www.osirisweb.com /egypt/meroe.htm (840 words)

	UFO Area - The Kushitic / Meroitic Origins of the Oromo Nation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		There is no evidence of Meroites sailing the Nile downwards to the area of the 4th (Karima) and the 3rd (Kerma) cataracts, which was earlier the northern circumference of Meroe and remained untouched by Ezana.
		The collapse of the Meroitic royalty was a shock for the Nile valley; the Christian kingdoms of Nobatia, Makkuria and Alodia were ruled by kings whose power was to great extent counterbalanced by that of the Christian clergy.
		With the Meroitic royal family decimated by Ezana, it is quite possible that high priests of Apedemak and Amani (Amun) took much of the administrative responsibility in their hands, inciting people to migrate and establishing a form of collective and representative authority among the Meroitic Elders.
	www.ufoarea.com /aas_thekushitic.html (3571 words)

	Poznan Archaeological Museum - Excavations
		After approaching the temple by a major ramp from the west the Meroites passed through a first alley of ram statues placed on plinths (02) which were followed by the so-called kiosk, a kind of way-station before the main gateway to the temple.
		This is really a genuine piece of the best Meroitic art (11, 12); its obverse shows a delicate sunk relief of the queen and a goddess who was a partner of the Meroitic lion god Apademak (13).
		During the earlier stage of the Naga project a programme of clearing the Amon temple and small-scale trial testing of another temple dedicated to the Meroitic lion god Apademak was effected.
	www.muzarp.poznan.pl /muzeum/muz_eng/nagaa.htm (817 words)

	Candace Amanirenas
		Strabo (17.1.53) mentions the fact that the Meroites were led by a Candace and her son Akinidad.
		This is most interesting because, the Romans pushed the Meroites back to Dakka in 24 B.C. If Akinidad had been wounded outside Dakka, Amanirenas may have stopped in the town to obtain medical treatment for her son.
		By 22 B.C., the Meroites retook Qasr Ibrim from the Romans.
	www.homestead.com /wysinger/amanirenas.html (776 words)

	Civilizations in Africa: Kush
		For most of its prosperous life, the Meroitic empire served as the middle term in the trade of African goods to northern Africa, the Middle East, and Europe.
		While it still continued the cultural traditions of pharoanic Egypt, the Meroites developed newer forms of culture and art because of their isolation from the northern kingdoms.
		Amon was the principal god, but as in Egyptian religion, Meroitic religion involved regional gods which were served as principal gods in their region.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/CIVAFRCA/KUSH.HTM (640 words)

	THE LINGUISTIC POSITION OF MEROITIC Claude Rilly, CNRS - LLACAN (France)
		Meroitic was the language of the successive kingdoms of
		A set of thirtynine purely Meroitic basic words was finally produced, not including of course too specific words such as « prince » or « great priest », which are useless for comparative purpose.
		The second stage of the work was to reconsider the relation of Meroitic with NiloSaharan and possibly to spot inside this phylum a specific family where Meroitic could belong.
	www.arkamani.org /arkamani-library/meroitic/rilly.htm (1529 words)

	Ancient Meroe:
		(B) Early Meroitic Period 270-90 BC The influence of the priests of Amun came to an end with the transfer of the royal cemetery to Meroe.
		During the reign of King Tanyidamani (110-90 BC), the oldest datable text of significant length written in the Meroitic language is found on a stela containing a detailed government report and temple endowments.
		Increasing Meroitic activity in Lower Nubia is evident and this eventually lead to a military confrontation with the Romans.
	web.ics.purdue.edu /~rauhn/ancient_africa.htm (2509 words)

	Al Meragh, Nubia - site description
		The buildings discovered there thus far all seem to be private houses, but the largest are also of a plan and construction that suggests they were built not by their occupants but by the state itself.
		The primary interest of the Meroitic ruler on the one hand may have been to open and develop the wadi road for trade and to ensure its security.
		These people were apparently governed at the local level by chiefs, and on the regional level by supreme chiefs or "kings," who may, somewhere, have had their "capitals" and "palaces," given the occasional mention in these texts of desert rulers having much wealth in gold.
	www.learningsites.com /Meragh/AM_text/AM_site-description.html (3253 words)

	Meroitic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Meroitic is an adjective referring to things related to the kingdom of Meroe in pre-Islamic Sudan.
		The Meroitic period was approximately 300 BC to 400 AD.
		Information on the Meroitic State from the Nubia Museum
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/meroitic (104 words)

	digNubia
		He used this technique to figure out the sounds of each of the Meroitic letters, but he was able to understand the meanings of only a few of the words spelled out by these letters.
		Meroitic will remain a mystery to us until we find an African language similar enough to Meroitic to help us to understand its vocabulary or until we find an ancient object or document with the same passage written in both Meroitic and a language that we can understand.
		This is because the Meroitic people wrote from right to left, just as the ancient Egyptians did and just as the modern Arabs still do.
	www.dignubia.org /bookshelf/meroitic.php (558 words)

	the Meroitic Period
		It is possible to identify some words, including the names of kings, in Meroitic inscriptions, but it is not possible to understand the few surviving longer texts.
		Meroitic culture is still very much influenced by Egyptian culture, but the Egyptian elements now seem to be used only for funerary and religious monuments (as increasingly also in Egypt at the same time).
		In the Meroitic Period arts and crafts are very much influenced by Hellenistic arts (again, as in Egypt).
	www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk /nubia/meroitic.html (399 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : The Meroitic Mystery: From Nubia—the land of Kush—a language lost in history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		There are two kinds of Meroitic script: hieroglyphs, apparently adapted from Egypt's system, and the so-called "cursive" or demotic writing, which seems to be a distinctive Meroitic invention, though it may have been influenced by the Egyptian demotic.
		Unfortunately, the number of loan words recognizable in Meroitic was quite small, as was the number of Meroitic words surviving in Nubian, a language still spoken in the middle Nile Valley.
		Although the Meroitic scripts can be read, the language they are written in is still unknown, and until a related language is discovered, or an extensive bilingual inscription, progress will be slow.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/198304/the.meroitic.mystery-from.nubia.the.land.of.kush.a.language.lost.in.history.htm (1089 words)

	The X Group or Ballana Culture
		In the cultural sphere we have to account for the disappearance of many of the higher art which had long been characteristic of Kushite civilization, and at the same time for the revival of burial rites which seem to hark all the way back to pre-pharaonic Kerma.
		As in the Meroitic period, many graves seem to have lacked any kind of superstructure; in some places there are whole cemeteries without any tumuli.
		A further innovation may be seen in the re-introduction of the contracted burial posture, and of the southward orientation of the body in place of the traditional westward orientation of Meroitic times.
	www.numibia.net /nubia/x-group.htm (1001 words)

	X NUBIAN STUDIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Final remarks are devoted to the depopulation of Lower Nubia after the removal of the Meroitic kingdom to the south, the Meroitic resettlement in the 1st century A.D. and its nature, and the political situation.
		Their number supports the supposition that the climatic conditions in the time of the Meroitic kingdom were characterised by a somewhat higher rate of precipitation.
		If the situation in the pantheon is seen as a projection of the Meroitic social structure, then no role of the woman in her own right can be established; except purely as a mother, she functions via the man and husband.
	www.leidenuniv.nl /nino/aeb95/aeb95_10.html (9292 words)

	Meroe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		An even greater mystery is where these Meroitic people are today and why these unconquerable ‘Masters of Africa’ left their ancient city, and seemingly vanished.
		While there are only speculative reasons for the fall of the city, one of the main theories is that a group of Axumites to the north, overran the city sometime around the second half of the 3rd century.
		It is unknown how the Meroitic rulers were able to maintain control over, what at the time, was a massive population.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/oldworld/africa/meroe.html (551 words)

	Untitled Document
		The territory of the old Meroitic empire seems to have fragmented into a number of small separate principalities whose centers can only be guessed at by the presence, here and there, of important cemeteries of large mound graves.
		In the Meroitic heartland, between the Fifth and Sixth Cataracts, the old city of Mero‘ ceased to be used as a capital and royal cemetery.
		The deceased, presumed by the excavator in each case to be a king, was buried in a pit lying on a bed surrounded by huge numbers of food and beer jars and a variety of weapons: large spears, pole axes, swords, and multiple quivers containing hundreds of arrows.
	www.nubianet.org /about/about_history9.html (1553 words)

	U. of K.- about- emblem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		This is projected by the drawing of the main University building, occupying the space between the blue and white 'Niles', with rays emerging from it to enlighten a fl background - the dispersal of ignorance.
		This is shown by the rectangular Meroitic tablet occupying the space between the Main Nile and the White Nile - on the left hand page of the open book.
		The tablet of offering with the Meroitic letters and the head of Isis are meant to embody Dedication and Sacrifice, and Wisdom as denoted by "Isis".
	www.uofk.edu /about-uofk/emblem.htm (262 words)

	UCL Institute of Archaeology
		At Arminna West the largest excavation areas in the townsite, dating the Meroitic to Post-Meroitic and Christian Periods, were fully published in the late 1960s.
		His publication of the cemetery materials, which provide certain insights into the local processes of cultural transformation during the end of the Meroitic Kingdom, is in the final stages of preparation.
		Excavated foundations of a Meroitic pyramidal tomb in cemetery AWB, 1963.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /archaeology/staff/profiles/fuller/Arminna.html (321 words)

	Meroitic script (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Meroitic is an alphabetic script with 23 signs used in a hieroglyphic form (mainly on monumental art) and in a cursive form.
		It is not yet possible to connect the Meroitic language with other known languages.
		Meroitic texts are collected in the 'Repertoire d'Épigraphie Méroïtique' (short REM, a computer database in Paris, published: Leclant 2000).
	www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk /nubia/mwriting.html (156 words)

	X NUBIAN STUDIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		A general note to the Meroitic texts and a list of the Meroitic alphabet by Török precedes a further one to the translations of the Egyptian texts by Pierce.
		After studying other Meroitic inscriptions (the Arabatoye tombstone inscription, Arabatoye’s offering-table (REM 1088) and the inscription of Ataqo), the picture that emerges is one of numerous military actions against the Noba (and perhaps others) by at least the mid-3rd century.
		The question whether the Meroitic population can be identified with that using the hinterland cannot be substantiated by evidence as to where the Meroitic population lived.
	www.leidenuniv.nl /nino/aeb96/aeb96_10.html (3235 words)

	digNubia
		One of the greatest mysteries yet to be solved is that of the Kushite language called Meroitic, after the city of Meroe.
		NARRATOR: The Kushites wrote their inscriptions in the Meroitic language from the third century B.C. until the fifth century A.D. While short texts written in Egyptian hieroglyphics and Meroitic script have enabled linguists to decipher the letters and pronounce the words, they still do not know what most of them mean.
		NARRATOR: To unlock the secrets of ancient Meroitic, archaeologists need to find an inscription written both in Meroitic and a language they can translate that is long enough for them to decode how the words are used and arranged.
	www.dignubia.org /galleries/transcript.php?p=2 (375 words)

	Meroitic Mailing List Rules and Subscription Information
		MEROITIC is a mailing list on topics and issues of interest in Sudanese Archaeology from the A-group through the Meroitic Period.
		MEROITIC exists as a courtesy of the Computing and Information Center of the University of Colorado at Denver, a public academic institution.
		MEROITIC is, as is the nature of our field, international in scope.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Troy/5239/rules.html (1068 words)

	Wonders of the African World - Episodes - Black Kingdoms of the Nile - Wonders
		Forty generations of Nubian royalty are buried in Meroë, and every royal Nubian tomb is housed within a pyramid.
		Meroitic pyramids are smaller and differ in architecture from Egyptian pyramids; the largest Nubian pyramid, with a base of 170 feet, is that of Taharqa, compared with the 750-foot base of Cheops' pyramid at Giza.
		Widespread use of Meroitic on monuments indicates that a significant percentage of the population was able to read it.
	www.pbs.org /wonders/Episodes/Epi1/1_wondr4.htm (301 words)

	A New Look at Ancient Egypt @ UPMAA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Although it is no longer spoken, a dialect of Coptic is still used in services of the Coptic church much in the same way Latin was long used by the Roman Catholic Church.
		The writing system for the Meroitic language of Nubia appeared around the 2nd century B.C. The alphabet consisted of a combination of hieroglyphic signs and cursive letters.
		Although the individual signs can be pronounced, the Meroitic language is still not fully understood and its texts are waiting to be deciphered and read.
	www.museum.upenn.edu /new/exhibits/online_exhibits/egypt/writing.shtml (620 words)

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