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Topic: Mescalero Escarpment

	Sideoats Grama
		The distinguishing characteristic of the Llano is the Caprock Escarpment, seen most prominently on the north and west sides, a precipitous cliff usually about 300' in height, seeming to be an almost impenetrable defense for the plain.
		There is no evident escarpment, but the change in the scenery from the red hills to the sandy plain is striking as a long gangplank between two headwater streams of the Red River is ascended.
		Further south, the escarpment becomes much less prominent near the Colorado River headwaters, and finally disappears beneath an ocean of sand blown in from the west.
	www.buenavista-nm.com /Llano.html (1208 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online:
		It is distinctly bounded on the north by the southern escarpment of the Canadian River valley and on the east by the irregular and deeply incised Caprock
		The western boundary is the Mescalero Escarpment east of the Pecos River valley of New Mexico.
		These steep escarpments of fifty to 300 feet were caused by the slumping of the less resistant beds that underlie the hard, resistant Caprock.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/LL/ryl2.html (1755 words)

	Guadalupe Mountains National Park - Areaparks.com
		The Mescalero Apaches followed game, much as the earlier peoples had done, and they also harvested the agave (or mescal) for food and fiber.
		Mescalero is name given to them by the Spanish, and it means mescal-maker.
		These aggressive actions were devastating to the Mescaleros who were already facing food shortages within their increasingly limited land base.
	guadalupemountains.areaparks.com /parkinfo.html?pid=12784 (867 words)

	The Judas Judge
		There is physical evidence to place the Mescalero Apache people in the Guadalupe Mountains around 1541, though the details of their lives from that time until the 1700s remains sketchy.
		The Mescalero are as tied to these mountains presently as they were in the past; the resources managed by the National Park Service in Guadalupe Mountains National Park play a central role for the elders as they pass on tradition, belief, practices, and history to the younger generations.
		Settlers, stage lines, and cattle drovers brought in a constant siege of the land that once was the unchallenged sanctuary of the Mescalero Apaches.
	michaelmcgarrity.tripod.com /judas.htm (1135 words)

	lab exercises
		The Balcones Escarpment separates the uplifted region to the northwest of the Balcones Fault Zone from the subsided region to the southeast (Fig.
		The resulting escarpment that extends in a northsouth line in West Texas and the Panhandle is the Caprock Escarpment (Fig.
		To the west, the Llano Estacado is bounded by the Mescalero escarpment, overlooking the Pecos Valley (Fig.
	courses.unt.edu /hwilliams/GEOG_3350/lab_exercises.htm (907 words)

	The Llano Estacado
		The Llano is dry and treeless, the prevailing wind is from the southwest, and mirages are a frequent occurence under the hot sun.
		The Llano is, however, by no means uniformly surrounded by an escarpment.
		Turkey is a small town on the red plains just east of the escarpment, near Caprock Canyons State Park, where the scarp can be seen quite well, unusually for the eastern flank.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/geol/llano.htm (1742 words)

	Fort Tours \| Southwestern Part of Southeastern New Mexico Historical Markers
		In 1863, a group of Mescaleros was attacked by soldiers, and the survivors were sent to the Bosque Redondo Reservation.
		Since 1871, the Mescaleros have lived on a reservation of about half a million acres, located on part of their ancient homeland.
		He first came to Mescalero in 1916, and later built this stone church in memory of Americans killed in World War I. It took him almost twenty years to complete, and was dedicated in 1939.
	www.forttours.com /pages/hmswnm.asp (1251 words)

	Guadalupe National Park Information, Pictures, and Videos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Though the Mescaleros learned to adapt to this rather harsh environment, they would not be able to adapt to the changes that the coming of civilization would soon bring.
		Aside from fighting with the Mescaleros, the Buffalo Soldiers were responsible for exploring and mapping much of this little known region.
		Mescalero has 8 camping sites and makes a great base camp for exploring the mountains as it is near several trails leading in different directions.
	www.adventure-crew.com /parks/guadalupe.asp (5983 words)

	Mescalero - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Mescalero (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Located northeast of Alamogordo and between two units of the Lincoln National Forest, it has its headquarters at the unimcorporated town of Mescalero, in Otero County; population (1990) 1,200.
		The residents of the Mescalero Apache Indian Reservation run a number of successful businesses, which include lumbering, cattle ranching, managing the well-known ‘Ski Apache’ resort in the Sierra Blanca, and other recreational and tourist operations.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com.cob-web.org:8888 /Mescalero (190 words)

	Guadalupe Mountains National Park - Backcountry Campgrounds
		(Listen for wild turkeys off in the distance.) Mescalero is situated in ponderosa pine and brush, and is on a slope overlooking a small drainage.
		Located on the Tejas trail, Mescalero is 6.2 miles from Pine Springs trailhead or 4.7 miles from Dog Canyon.
		Once on top, the trail is level through forested and open areas and takes you to the edge of the escarpment where the view is outstanding.
	www.nps.gov /gumo/gumo/bccamp.htm (782 words)

	ESRI Map Book Gallery Volume 20: Cartography - The Llano Estacado
		Sometimes referred to as the "Island-in-the-Sky," the Llano Estacado is well-defined by prominent escarpments on the north, east, and west.
		The northern boundary is defined by the escarpment of the Canadian River, the eastern boundary by the Caprock Escarpment, and the western boundary by the Mescalero Escarpment.
		To create this map, shaded relief was used to highlight the escarpments that define the spatial extent of the Llano Estacado.
	www.esri.com /mapmuseum/mapbook_gallery/volume20/cartography5.html (307 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, McComb, Texas, a Modern History
		The Balcones Escarpment with its dramatic limestone cliffs and choppy hills marks the southeastern boundary of the plains in Texas.
		To the west beyond the Balcones Escarpment and the ninety-eighth meridian, where the land becomes drier, the taller grasses and trees scatter and eventually disappear.
		By the late 1850s they were rare enough in Mason County west of the Balcones Escarpment that when one lone animal appeared, several German farm children ran home screaming that the devil was into the cattle herd.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exmcctex.html (6661 words)

	Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas
		The Western Escarpment has played an important role in revealing the story of the Permian Period of geologic time in North America.
		Exposures on the lower section of the western escarpment have been studied intensely by geologists.
		Nde (Mescalero Apaches), westward bound pioneers, explorers, stagecoach drivers, U.S. Army troops, ranchers, and conservationists are all part of the colorful history of the Guadalupe Mountains.
	www.rozylowicz.com /retirement/guadalupe/guadalupe.html (863 words)

	Sibley Nature Center, Midland, Texas: Essays - Moseying: Locations of Interest
		The Mescalero Apaches are honored by the fact that the western side of the Llano Estacado is known as the Mescalero Escarpment.
		From 1873 (when the Mescalero Reservation was established) until 1913, the Mescaleros were not allowed to publicly celebrate this ceremony, their most important social and religious ritual.
		In 1912, when New Mexico became a state, the Mescaleros were told they could meet together as a tribe once a year and that it had to be on the fourth of July.
	www.sibleynaturecenter.org /essays/moseying/locations/030702_mescalero.html (1179 words)

	[No title]
		Known as the "break in the plains," the Caprock Escarpment is the hardpan mineral layer that underlies the High Plains and protects the underlying softer strata from erosion.
		It is one of the major wool and mohair producing regions of the U.S., and the area is divided into large ranches that increase in size toward the west.
		Dividing the Edwards Plateau from the Gulf Coastal Plain is the Balcones Escarpment, which is a geologic fault of the underlying strata of rock stretching from near Del Rio to Austin.
	www.window.state.tx.us /tpr/forces/volume2/focii14.txt (17546 words)

	Rainwater Recharge at the WIPP Site
		Nash Draw is bounded on the east by Livingston Ridge, which is actually a rim, a 100-foot escarpment capped by Mescalero caliche.
		Bachman (1985) argued that Mescalero caliche forms such a barrier, preventing infiltration and recharge of the Dewey Lake Redbeds and the Rustler Formation.
		Caliche is a layer of calcium carbonate that forms in desert soils at the depth of soil water penetration.
	www.cardnm.org /phrainwater_a.html (1251 words)

	Physiographic Provinces
		Canyonlands and escarpments of moderate local relief occur mainly in the eastern part of the San Juan Basin.
		Highlands, such as the Sacramento and Guadalupe mountains and Chupadera and Glorieta mesas, are capped with gently dipping limestone and sandstone of Permian age.
		The High Plains borders are commonly marked by escarpments cut in sedimentary sequences with caliche caprocks.
	www.gardeningfromthegroundup.us /physiographic_provinces.htm (3316 words)

	Guadalupe Mountains National Park Information Page
		The Mescalero were forced from the area as cavalry troops penetrated the Guadalupes, raiding and destroying Apache rancherias, rations and supplies.
		By the late 1800s, nearly all of the surviving Mescalero Apaches in the U.S. were on reservations.
		The Western Escarpment extends from Bartlett Peak to El Capitan, with Shumard Peak and Guadalupe Peak, the highest peak in Texas at 8749 feet, in between.
	www.guadalupe.mountains.national-park.com /info.htm (6993 words)

	The GEOLOGIC STORY of the GREAT PLAINS
		The east and west rims of the southern High Plains are at high, cliffed, erosional escarpments--the Caprock escarpment on the east and the Mescalero escarpment on the west.
		The Llano Estacado is bounded on the west by the Mescalero escarpment (fig.
		The sharp rims of the Dakota Sandstone at the Canadian escarpment, north of the Canadian River, form the northern boundary of the Pecos Valley section.
	www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu /govdocs/text/greatplains/text.html (10134 words)

	The Llano Estacado: Description and Location
		It is commonly assumed that the name "Staked Plains" meant that those who crossed the Llano Estacado used stakes driven into the ground by previous travelers to navigate it's vast openness.
		The Steep escarpments surrounding the Llano Estacado resembled palisades, or stakes that would have made up a fort wall.
		It's boundaries are the southern Escarpment of the Canadian River in the north, the Mescalero Escarpment of eastern New Mexico in the west, the Caprock Escarpment in the eastern Texas Panhandle and in the south, the Johnson Creek branch of the Colorado River near Big Spring on the Edwards Plateau.
	www.panhandlenation.com /explore/llano_desc.htm (231 words)

	The GEOLOGIC STORY of the GREAT PLAINS (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Its eastern margin in Texas and Oklahoma is marked by a prominent escarpment, the Caprock escarpment.
		This escarpment is the Canadian escarpment, north of the Canadian River.
		The Ogallala Formation capping the High Plains to the east forms a rimrock at the top of the sharp Mescalero escarpment, which is the eastern boundary of the Pecos Valley.
	www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /govdocs/text/greatplains/text.html (10144 words)

	Abstract - PHG 1999 No. 4; Kaye and Swetnam
		To test the hypothesis that Mescalero Apache of southeastern New Mexico influenced fire regimes of the Sacramento Mountains, we reconstructed and compared chronologies of key variables for the period A.D. 1700 to the present.
		Fire-scarred trees were used to reconstruct fire frequencies and culturally modified (peeled) trees, and written histories were used to identify places and times of Mescalero presence.
		We found that Mescalero frequently visited the western escarpment of the Sacramento Mountains during the late 1700s through the late 1800s, especially the Dog Canyon area.
	www.bellpub.com /phg/1999/ae990402.htm (305 words)

	Life in Lubbock \| Headlines - GLOSSARY OF LUBBOCK TERMS 06/01/03
		The Caprock Escarpment forms a natural boundary line between the High Plains and the Lower Rolling Plains of West Texas.
		A high mesa sloping at a rate of about 10 feet per mile toward the southeast, it is one of the largest tablelands on the north continent.
		It is distinctly bounded on the north by the southern escarpment of the Canadian River valley and on the east by the irregular and deeply incised Caprock Escarpment.
	www.lifeinlubbock.com /stories/060103/gen_0601030016.shtml (793 words)

	Alamogordo : Active Pursuits \| Frommers.com
		Nestled at the mouth of Dog Canyon, a stunning break in the steep escarpment of the Sacramento Mountains, the site has drawn human visitors for thousands of years.
		Hiking trails into the foothills are well marked; the park also offers a visitor center with excellent exhibits on local history, and picnic and camping grounds, with showers, electricity, and a dump station.
		Dog Canyon was one of the last strongholds of the Mescalero Apache, and it was the site of battles between Native Americans and the U.S. Cavalry in the 19th century.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/alamogordo/1602010020.html (268 words)

	Dr. Richard Phillips' Direct Testimony
		East of the Pecos River lies the Mescalero Plain, a gently rolling landscape capped by Mescalero caliche and covered by a mantle of windblown sand (Phillips, 1987, Figure 1) [Exhibit 2].
		Near the WIPP, the edge of the Mescalero Plain is marked by Livingston Ridge, an eastward-retreating escarpment (USGS memo, George O. Bachman to William P. Armstrong, 10/26/79).
		To the west, within one mile of the WIPP site, is Nash Draw, one of the largest surface karst features in the world (Phillips, 1987, Figure 2) [Exhibit 3].
	www.cardnm.org /phdirect_a.html (1726 words)

	escarpment - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Phrases that include escarpment: balcones escarpment, darling escarpment, mawson escarpment, mescalero escarpment, missouri escarpment, more...
		Words similar to escarpment: escarp, scarp, protective embankment, more...
		This is a OneLook Word of the Day, which means it might be in the news.
	www.onelook.com /?w=escarpment&loc=wotd (262 words)

	NMPIF Shrublands 3
		These areas represent conditions where there is less available moisture than surrounding areas, such as a high, rocky, windswept knoll, southwestern facing slope, or an escarpment of exposed rock.
		Other portions of this habitat are owned by various tribal governments, especially the Navajo Nation, and Jicarilla and Mescalero Apaches, and private land owners.
		Some are scattered along the Canadian escarpment in northeastern New Mexico north to Mills Canyon.
	www.hawksaloft.org /ms.html (1654 words)

	ABQjournal's @VENUE: Day Trips
		About two miles north, near the base of the long volcanic escarpment of Mesa de la Contadera, also known as Black Mesa, the federals forded the river and attacked.
		The result was the Battle of Valverde, named for the small river valley in which it was fought.
		In the aftermath of Sibley's defeat, the soldiers of Fort Craig returned to campaigns against the Navajos and Mescalero Apaches.
	www.abqjournal.com /travel/heritage17.htm (2356 words)

	Viewfinder
		One early morning when he was 6, his father drove him from their home in the village of Santa Cruz in Northern New Mexico to the petroglyph-filled escarpment on Albuquerque's West Side.
		He visits the stone daily to reflect, pray, feel the power and energy of the area and to ask for guidance from his creator.
		The prayer stone and seven other petroglyphs were moved in December to make way for the new road.
	blogs.scripps.com /albq/viewfinder/2006/06/a_peace_made_of_stone.html (1212 words)

	[No title]
		Wild oscillations of climate here in the rainshadow of the Rockies mist the Llano with an average 16 inches of precipitation a year along the Mescalero Escarpment (the plateau’s western edge) to nearly 20 inches in the Caprock canyonlands (the eastern edge).
		Except along the escarpments and in the canyons, where country too rough to transform has left 10-20 mile-wide biological corridors stretching hundreds of miles around the plateau’s perimeter, wildness has been almost entirely purged from the 20th century Llano Estacado.
		With 750 miles of encircling scarp and hundreds (if someone took the time to count) of canyons and draws trailing down from the bordering rims of the Caprock and Mescalero escarpments, this was where the remnants of the ancient, 5,000 year-old High Plains ecology resided after a century of Euroamerican inhabitation.
	www-personal.ksu.edu /~jsherow/flores.htm (7797 words)

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