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	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Mesoamerican ballgame
		The Mesoamerican ballgame was a sport with ritual associations played for over 3000 years by the peoples of Mesoamerica in Pre-Columbian times, and in a few places continues to be played by descendants of the area Amerind inhabitants.
		As might be expected with a game played over so long a timespan in several different nations, details of the games varied over time and place, so the Mesoamerican ballgame might be more accurately seen as a family of related games.
		The Popul Vuh, what is often called "The Maya Bible", has long sections relating stories of the ritual ballgames between the Hero Twins and the Lords of the Underworld.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/me/Mesoamerican_ballgame?title=Iximche (371 words)

	Mesoamerican ballgame - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mesoamerican ballgame, known in Spanish as juego de pelota, was a sport with ritual associations played for over 3000 years by the peoples of Mesoamerica in Pre-Columbian times, and in a few places continues to be played by the local Amerind inhabitants.
		The Mesoamerican ballgame may have originated with the Olmecs or perhaps earlier.
		With the rise of Mayan culture, the significance of the ritual ballgame becomes clearer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame (1340 words)

	Mesoamerica - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mesoamerica is the region extending from central Mexico south to the northwestern border of Costa Rica that gave rise to a group of stratified, culturally related agrarian civilizations spanning an approximately 3,000-year period before the European discovery of the New World by Columbus.
		Mesoamerican is the adjective generally used to refer to that group of Pre-Columbian cultures.
		Mesoamerica is also a canonical example of a linguistic area: all of the major Mesoamerican languages show some subset of a pool of common traits, despite being made up of many different language families.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mesoamerica (459 words)

	Ballgames: Mesoamerican Ballgames \| Encyclopedia of Religion
		Scholars employ the phrase "Mesoamerican ballgame" to refer to a diverse number of sport or ritual activities involving the use of a ball.
		Mesoamerican ballgames reflect the diversity of the cultural and geographic environment in which they originated.
		Of all known Mesoamerican ballgames, the historic, artistic, and archaeological record has provided the most detailed information about the hipball game, and it is thus this form of the game that is most popularly thought of as "the" Mesoamerican ballgame.
	www.bookrags.com /research/ballgames-eorl-02/mesoamerican-ballgames-eorl-02.html (349 words)

	The ancient game of Juego de Pelota played 3000 years ago throughout Mesoamerica is also a major part of daily life at ...
		Understanding the importance of the rubber ball in the Mesoamerican ballgame is imperative if one is to grasp all of the levels of symbolism.
		In addition to the symbolic equations already mentioned—such as the ball representing cosmological movement— the rubber balls were symbolic of fertility as both the Aztecs and the Maya equated the latex that flowed from inside of the tree with blood and semen.
		The rubber balls used in the ballgame also have economic symbolism in that the rubber used to produce them was also central to their trade economy.
	www.monte-alban.com /ballgame.htm (1503 words)

	Masculinity and Power in the Ancient Mesoamerican Ballgame
		When the ancient Mayans played the ballgame they “assumed the roles of cosmic beings, elevating their play to the level of a great cosmic drama (Schele 1993: 343).” In this way they brought ancestors and living descendants together in the same physical space.
		Ancient Mesoamericans believed that their ball courts “opened into the Otherworld (Schele 1993: 350).” Every court was the first step on a road in the sky that we would recognize as the Milky Way.
		In Mesoamerican society public men were expected to win wars and then play the ballgame against their captives.
	www.focusanthro.org /Archive2002-03/essays/taplin--02-03.html (4002 words)

	"The Ancient Mesoamerican Ballgame Compared to Football at Notre Dame" by Meredith Foley
		For instance, the stepped pyramids of the Mesoamerican cultures are placed at the center of the most important cities and close by would be the palace of the king or local chieftain.
		The ballgame was a contest between different teams and as such it mimicked the hostility of war.
		The ballgame was so universally held in reverence and so intertwined with the general religious outlook that it became a defining element of the culture.
	www.nd.edu /~frswrite/mcpartlin/2001/Foley.shtml (4258 words)

	MW2002: Papers: Integrating a Traveling Exhibit, Catalogue and Educational Web Site
		It was the exhibition curator’s desire to teach the fundamental aspects of the Mesoamerican ballgame, as well as share essential information on the culture, history, and art of ancient American civilizations.
		This section also examines the ballgame from a variety of perspectives, including a description of the rules and their variations across the years as well as a description by Spanish invaders of a game played several hundred years ago.
		Leyenaar, Ted J.J. Ulama: The Ballgame of the Mayas and Aztecs.
	www.archimuse.com /mw2002/papers/whittington/whittington.html (4778 words)

	Welcome to the Best of New Orleans! Art Review 04 09 02
		In fact, the Mesoamerican ballgame was really all about the destiny of men, gods and the cosmos played out on the ball courts that were essential fixtures of Mesoamerican cities.
		The items seen in The Mesoamerican Ballgame show at NOMA can only be comprehended with this in mind, as they are anthropological artifacts in the strict sense, often rather peculiar ones at that.
		We know that the Mesoamerican peoples of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras saw the ballgame as a ritual of paramount importance, yet how it was played and how it figured into their daily lives are issues that are still being deciphered.
	www.bestofneworleans.com /dispatch/2002-04-09/art_review.html (744 words)

	[No title]
		Throughout its 3,000 years of play, the ancient Mesoamerican ballgame was a ritual sport in which a human team was symbolically pitted against the gods and the frightening powers of the natural world.
		The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame is the first traveling exhibition on this fundamental topic to be organized in the United States.
		The Mesoamerican ballgame originated from mythology stories of creation and the activities of the gods and humanity that became inseparable from the game.
	cfbstaff.cfbisd.edu /thurmant/SportofLifeandDeath.doc (1737 words)

	Maya Symposium Feb 11 and 12 Ballgame 1 Maya-Art-Books.org
		The ballgame is a deadly battle between opposing warrior factions.
		The ballcourts, ballgame traditions, outfits, and associated information on the sports of the Mixtecs are well known from the many colorful paintings of the special playing fields in the 16th century Mixtec codices which are native books painted on deerskin.
		Actually the most interesting ballgame of the Oazaca area is at the ruined city of Dainzu, alongside the highway en route to Mitla.
	www.maya-art-books.org /s2html/symp1998_Feb11_12.html (1042 words)

	Project 2A
		They may perhaps the inventor of the Mesoamerican ballgame so popular among later cultures of the region and use for recreational and religious purposes.
		The Mesoamerican ballgame was a sport with ritual associations played for over 3000 years by the people of Mesoamerica in Pre-Colobian times, and in a few places continues to be played by decendeants of the area Amerind inhabitants.
		The ball players and the ballgame are common theme in the Olmec cultures.
	www.geocities.com /q4unme/PROJECT2A.html?1088211207679 (466 words)

	Ancient America
		I-shaped ballcourts are present at Monte Albán and the ballgame is thought to have had a role in resolving disputes.
		Mesoamerican culture traits are transmitted into the United States Southwest.
		El Tajín dominates on the Gulf Coast, where the ballgame is the focus of ritual activity.
	www.earth-history.com /America (7635 words)

	[Aztlan] Yokes and the Mesoamerican ballgame
		As for the use of tenons, it is likely that ballgame paraphernalia was produced from a variety of materials, and that archaeologists and those who interpret the archaeological record, have simply made assumptions about the preponderance of stone yugos, hachas, and palmas constituting the whole of the cultural history of ballgame play.
		As the Mesoamerican ballcourt would have been the most ostentatious of arenas for public events, it is not unlikely that the venue in question would have accommodated both ballgame play, which I would construe as a combat sport, and "mano a mano" combat sports like boxing with stone mauls.
		So, given the extent of variations noted by both the archaeology and ethnohistory, I would argue that the "ballcourt" was the civic-ceremonial venue par excellance for many of those Mesoamerican peoples who could shoulder the responsibility of maintaining such a focal point or portal for conjuring the lords of the underworld.
	www.famsi.org /pipermail/aztlan/2006-June/002281.html (600 words)

	The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame - MicroUse.com Shopping
		While the games varied from region to region, they became firmly established as one of the defining features of Mesoamerican life, until their eventual prohibition by the Spanish in the sixteenth century.
		They were the source of endless inspiration for Mesoamerican artists, who created miniature ballcourts packed with players and spectators, elaborately attired figurines of ballplayers, and an array of athletic equipment whose beauty and symbolic meaning provided more than physical protection from the rigors of the sport.
		Drawing upon collections in the United States and Mexico, it is the most comprehensive work ever on the ancient ballgame, with essays contributed by the world's foremost authorities on Mesoamerican art and culture.
	shopping.microuse.com /products/detail/c/0500051089 (243 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The ritual ballgame was one of the most important of the Olmec's cultural exports.
		There are actually at least two different types of games that were played at the dawn of Mesoamerican civilization, although the ritual game is referred to in the singular tense (Whittington 2001:33).
		The Olmec ruler's ritual ballgame equipment and the game itself are symbols of the duality between blood sacrifice (a symbol of death), and corn symbolism (emphasizing the gift of life and fertility).
	www.plu.edu /~morrisja/page10.html (458 words)

	Pokatok: The Mayan Ballgame (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Olmecs are attributed as the inventors of the ball game, and the ball itself, around 3000 BCE (they were the first people to cultivate the rubber tree, which gave them their Nahuatl name of Olmec, "the people who use rubber").
		The ballgame took place in a court, or tlachco, that in a Maya city was usually in a plaza.
		According to some interpretations, the captain or coach of the defeated team, by the fate of the gods, was chosen to die; the Maya, Aztecs and the Huaxtecs all performed a ritual decapitation of the loser with an obsidian knife, in the tradition carried on from the Olmecs.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Article/726643 (693 words)

	Mesoamerican ballgame - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Mesoamerican ballgame was a sport with ritual associations played for over 3000 years by the peoples of Mesoamerica in Pre-Columbian times, and in a few places continues to be played by descendants of the area Amerind inhabitants.
		Ancient cities with particularly fine ballcourts in good states of preservation include Copan, Iximche, Monte Albán, Uxmal, and Zaculeu; the grandest ancient ballcourt of all is at Chichen Itza, measuring 166 by 68 metres.
		His skull would then be used as the core around which a new rubber ball would be made.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Mesoamerican_ball_game (392 words)

	Yoke-Form Vessel [Guatemala; Maya] (1970.138a,b) \| Object Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A unique combination of forms, this ceramic vessel joins the U-shaped element commonly considered to be a belt or waist-guard—associated with the ancient Mesoamerican ballgame—and a cylindrical container that rises from it.
		While the overall theme is the ballgame, the significance of the specific elements assembled together in this context is not clear.
		During the mid-fifth to mid-sixth century, when this work was probably made, the cylindrical form was widely used for important ceramic containers in the Maya area, where vessels were lidded, as in the example illustrated here.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ho/05/caa/hod_1970.138a,b.htm (228 words)

	Mesoamerican ballgame: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Mesoamerican ballgame was a sport (sport: An active diversion requiring physical exertion and competition) with ritual associations played for over 3000 years by the peoples of Mesoamerica (Mesoamerica: Mexico and Central America) in Pre-Columbian (Pre-Columbian: the term pre-columbian is used to refer to the cultures of the new world in the era before...
		[follow hyperlink for more...]), what is often called "The Maya Bible", has long sections relating stories of the ritual ballgames between the Maya Hero Twins and the demonic Lords of the Xibalba (Xibalba: in maya mythology xibalba is the name of the underworld, ruled by the mayan dieties...
		Batey (Batey: the batey was the name given by taino indians to a special plaza around which they...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/mesoamerican_ballgame (633 words)

	Mesoamerican ballgame - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The evidence for the Olmec ballgame exists in the form of artwork.
		Understanding the importance of the rubber ball in the Mesoamerican ballgame is imperative if one is to grasp all of the levels of symbolism.
		Archaeological evidence indicates that rubber was already in use in Mesoamerica by the Early Formative Period (1600 B.C.).
	www.exchangegrid.com /mediawiki/index.php/Mesoamerican_ballgame (1302 words)

	Death sport (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		There are figures fashioned in ceramics and carved from jade depicting ballplayers of all classes as well as stone renderings of the yokes and other devices the players might have worn as protection during the game.
		Some of the earliest figures crafted by Mesoamerican artists, these ballplaying figures in a variety of differing attire reflect the wealth of games that evolved across the region.
		Through ballgame ritual and sacrifice, Mesoamerican life was preserved for generations.
	www.gazettearchives.com /lifearts2001/_disc4/0000022a.htm (721 words)

	Mayan Unit
		It is comprised of five lesson plans all revolving around Mesoamerican art and culture using the Mayans as an example.
		This lesson plan also builds on the introduction to the Mesoamerican ballgame given in the beginning lesson and also prepares them for the last lesson, the Mesoamerican ballgame.
		A physical education teacher will bring his or her class together with the ceramics class to play the Mesoamerican ballgame.
	www.iusb.edu /~ucart/sergeant_unit.htm (1795 words)

	ART 347L--Yaxchilán
		The Classic Maya ballgame The ballgame dates back at least to Early Formative Olmec times, as evidenced by rubber balls recovered archaeologically from El Manatí that date to c.
		When Classic Maya rulers engaged in a ballgame, they were journeying to the Otherworld and reenacting the events of Creation.
		Ulama: The Ballgame of the Mayas and the Aztecs.
	www.utexas.edu /cofa/a_ah/dir/precol/yaxchilan.htm (366 words)

	Ball Player (?) [Mexico, Nopiloa] (1989.28) \| Object Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This mold-made ceramic figure depicts a bearded, mustachioed male wearing a ballgame yoke around his waist to protect him from the hard, solid rubber ball used in play.
		There are cylindrical ear ornaments in his ears and, beneath his arm, a batonlike object perhaps related to the local incarnation of the ballgame.
		The rules and manner in which the Mesoamerican ballgame was played varied among contemporary sites and evolved through time.
	www.metmuseum.org /TOAH/ho/06/cam/hod_1989.28.htm (195 words)

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