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Topic: Mesoamerican pyramids

	The Mystery of the Mesoamerican Pyramids
		Whereas Egyptian pyramids were situated away from the villages and were ultimately inaccessible to the people, the Mesoamerican pyramids were located at the heart of the city and the community.
		Unlike the limestone pyramids in Egypt which were built over a long span of thirty to forty years, and left closed to stand impervious to time, Mesoamerican pyramids where built up by consecutive generations who continuously maintained and added to the structures constructed by their forefathers.
		Furthermore, the Mesoamerican pyramid stands as a representation of the strong connection the people had with both their gods and the universe, and reflects their belief in the necessity of human participation in the maintenance of the cosmos (Brainerd, pg 21).
	humwww.ucsc.edu /gweltaz/courses/techno/papers/pyramids.html (2682 words)

	Mesoamerican Photo Archives: Teotihuacan
		The Feathered Serpent Pyramid is one of the few buildings at this Classic Period city which still retains its original three dimensional sculpted adornments.
		The Pyramid of the Sun is the largest stone pyramid in all of Precolumbian America.
		The Pyramid of the Moon is located at the Northern terminus of the Avenue of the Dead.
	studentweb.tulane.edu /~dhixson/teo/teo.html (467 words)

	Pyramids And Mounds - Crystalinks
		Mesoamerican pyramids were usually stepped, with temples on top, more similar to the Mesopotamian ziggurat than the Egyptian pyramid.
		The Walter Pyramid, home of the basketball and volleyball teams of the California State University, Long Beach, campus in California, United States, is an 18-story-tall blue pyramid.
		The Summum Pyramid, a 3 story pyramid in Salt Lake City, Utah, used for instruction in the Summum philosophy and conducting rites associated with Modern Mummification.
	www.crystalinks.com /pyramids1.html (617 words)

	Debunking the Pyramids: Why the Pyramids of Egypt and Mesoamerica are Unrelated
		While the Egyptian pyramids were private tombs meant to set the pharaoh off from the mainstream society of the day and protect him for eternity, the pyramids of Mesoamerica, though sometimes used as tombs, were primarily public temples of ritual and celebration.
		At Teotihuacan the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon lie along the avenue of the dead and are separated by tenements, workshops, the houses of elite officials, and smaller temples.
		Not only are the Mesoamerican pyramids truncated, their exterior is also obviously different due to the amount of decoration, primarily in the form of sculptures representing deities in the Mesoamerican pantheon.
	anth507.tripod.com /pyramids.htm (3281 words)

	Mesoamerican pyramids - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mesoamerican region's largest pyramid by volume – indeed, the largest in the world by volume – is the Great Pyramid of Cholula, in the Mexican state of Puebla.
		The Tarascan states was a precolumbian culture centred in the state of Michoacán in thee region that is still inhabiteed by their modern descendents the P'urhépecha.
		The Zapotecas were one of the earliest Mesoamerican cultures and held sway over the Oaxaca valley from 900 BC to about AD 1300.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mesoamerican_pyramids (671 words)

	Pyramids Resource Page - pyrimids
		An n-sided pyramid is a polyhedron how to build a pryamid pascal's pryamid formed by connecting an n-sided polygonal pyrimid of giza base and a point, called the apex, by n triangular faces (n=3).
		Mesoamerican pyramids were also usually stepped, with temples on top, more similar to the Mesopotamian ziggurat than the Egyptian pyramid.
		The 27-meter-high Pyramid of Cestius was built by the end of the first century BC and still exists today, african khufu pyrimid close to the Porta San Paolo.
	www.governpub.com /gt/Pyramids.html (988 words)

	Mesoamerican architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The American pyramid is different from the Egyptian not only by its form - stepped and truncated in its superior part -, but also by its function, that is the one to welcome a sanctuary or temple in the elevated plateau more.
		A habitual practice era to raise pyramids by layers, so that a new building was constructed surrounding old to the every 52 years, that were the cycle established for the renovation of the world.
		On the platforms of these pyramids the temples or sanctuaries rise, with a near space covered by a false typical vault of the architecture of this civilization.
	architecture.arqhys.com /history/mesoamerican.html (731 words)

	Pyramids of Mesoamerica 2 - Crystalinks
		Handclaps evoke chirped echoes from the staircases of the Pyramid of Kukulkan at Chichen Itza.
		The Moon Pyramid is located at the northern end of the Avenue of the Dead, which was the main axis of the city.
		The pyramid, facing south, was built as the principal monument of the Moon Pyramid complex.
	www.crystalinks.com /chichenitza.html (2642 words)

	Pyramids, Temples, Great Statues, Earth lines, and Ancient Skies
		The steep sides of the pyramids are so designed as to carefully track the sun along the pyramid slope as it ascends or descends to the horizon during the equinoxes.
		Clearly, the two days in question where the sun would appear at the pyramid apex when lying flat on the north face, or appearing to move up or down the north edge when standing in line with the north face, are on the winter solstice side of the equinoctial points.
		The pyramid of Kukulchan is aligned in such a way that the feathered serpent snakes up or down the pyramid right on the day of the equinox in a fantastic trick of shadow.
	www.geocities.com /syzygywjp/AncientSkies.html (2912 words)

	Civil Engineering Magazine - February 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		At the time the Egyptians were building their pyramids the Inca and the Maya were still nomadic hunter-gatherers who had not yet advanced to the point of establishing social and legal institutions and had not yet acquired and mastered the considerable skills necessary to erect such structures.
		The pyramids of the ancient Egyptians and those of the Maya were constructed for entirely different purposes—another indicator that those of the Maya were not inspired by those of the Egyptians.
		From the roads built by the Maya and the level terraces on the pyramids, as well as from the right angles and level floors in their structures, it is apparent that they must have had a means of leveling and controlling angles and slopes.
	www.pubs.asce.org /ceonline/ceonline04/0404feat.html (9918 words)

	Mayan Kids ~ Journey into Mexico
		The most famous are the Egyptian pyramids — huge pyramids built of brick or stone, some of which are among the largest man-made constructions, constitute one of the most best known and longest lasting symbols of Ancient Egyptian civilization.
		Mesoamerican pyramids were usually stepped, with temples on top, more similar to the Mesopotamian ziggurat than the Egyptian pyramid.
		The Summum Pyramid, a 3 story pyramid in Salt Lake City, Utah is used for instruction in the Summum philosophy and conducting rites associated with Modern Mummification.
	www.mayankids.com /mmkplaces/mkpyramids2.htm (531 words)

	Mesoamerican Astrology
		To most of the Mesoamerican ancient cultures the world of the stars and heavens were as alive as the world of humankind who inhabited the Middleworld.
		The Mesoamerican perspective of, and preoccupation with, the Cardinal points (6) is because, the equinoctial points of the sun's passage, mark the movement of the celestial world and therefore, the Middleworld.
		Likewise, at the Conquest, Mesoamericans believed the heavens to have thirteen levels, a vision of the universe reflected in the stratified Maya world of Pacal, for thirteen distinct corbels connect the tomb to the upper galleries.
	www.astroconsulting.com /FAQs/mesoamerican_astrology.htm (2609 words)

	The Pyramids of Mexico
		The buildings of this pyramid are perfectly aligned with both stars and solar system that complement the mountain rang.
		The platform of this pyramid measure 425 by 250 meters, which to put it in respect, would hold 30 soccer fields.
		Of all Mesoamerican building shapes, this pyramid is the most unusual because of its rectangles and circles.
	www.latinartmall.com /pyramidsmexico.htm (466 words)

	Pyramids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The earliest known pyramid is in the Mexican state of Tabasco and thought to be from 1000-400 B.C. Resembling a volcano, it was built by the Olmecs and is constructed from tampered earth and faced with clay.
		In the early 1900's dynamite was used to uncover certain pyramids, the Pyramid of the Sun for example.
		The pyramid's location, orientation and design are said to metaphorically represent the three levels of ancient Mesoamerican cosmos: the celestial, terrestrial and subterranean (Clancy:44).
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/latinamerica/topics/pyramids.html (404 words)

	Pre Columbian Art & Architecture - V. Kinds of Art
		The pre-Columbian pyramid was once regarded as different from its Egyptian counterpart because it was intended not as a burial structure but as the residence of a deity.
		Pictographs in Mesoamerican codices (screen-fold books of paper, produced from fibers or the bark of various plants, or deerskin) illustrate that pyramids were also used for military defense.
		The Aztec symbol for conquest was a burning pyramid of which the calli, or house of the god (the temple atop the pyramid), had been toppled by the conqueror.
	www.angelfire.com /realm/shades/nativeamericans/precolumbionart5.htm (1223 words)

	Pyramid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The base of pyramids are usually quadrilateral or trilateral (but generally it can be any polygon shape), meaning that a pyramid usually has three or four sides (but theoretically there is no limit to the number of sides a pyramid can generally have), but all pyramids must have trilateral sides.
		The most famous pyramids are the Egyptian pyramids — huge structures built of brick or stone, some of which are among the largest man-made constructions.
		The Louvre Pyramid is a 20.6 meter (about 70 foot) glass structure which acts as an entrance to the museum.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pyramids (1879 words)

	More Info on pyramids - - pyramid - - pyrmids
		An n-sided pyramid is a polyhedron formed by connecting an n-sided polygonal base and a point, called the apex, by n triangular faces (n≥3).
		The most famous are the Egyptian pyramids — huge pyramids built of brick or stone, used as tombs for pharaohs.
		The 27-meter-high pyramid of Gaius Cestius was built by the end of the first century BC and still exists today, close to the Porta San Paolo.
	www.usgovernetics.com /Pri-to-Que/pyramids.php (1164 words)

	[No title]
		Ecological pyramids are graphical representations of the number of individuals in different nutritional levels.
		Later, ungenuine pyramids were built during the 5th and later Dynasties.
		To dismantle the ramp at the completion of the pyramid, it would have required a work force of 300,000 and a further eight years.
	www.lycos.com /info/pyramids--buildings.html (505 words)

	The ancient Americas.... - History Forum
		Mesoamerican pyramids were flat topped, with a temple on top, akin to the ziggurat of Ur.
		The pyramids of the Americas generally are not as tall as those of Egypt, but a few extend over a larger area.
		The Incan and Aztec pyramids were designed as temples (although they did house dead kings), with a stair case on the outside and an altar on top of the pyramid.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=449 (2265 words)

	Pyramids around the world - Unexplained Mysteries Discussion Forums
		Most likely the existance of pyramids across the globe owes more to the fact that a pyramid is a very simple, very efficient shape than to any global pyramid-building culture.
		The earliest Egyptian pyramids date to around 4600 years ago; the earliest Mesoamerican pyramids were begun only around 2900 years ago.
		I should also note that at the time of the earliest Egyptian pyramids the land bridge to the Americas was already submerged, and the Americas were in fact heavily populated.
	www.unexplained-mysteries.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=67951 (1425 words)

	[No title]
		Khufu's pyramid is the largest of a line of three - together with that of Khafre and the much smaller pyramid of Menkaure.
		One possibility is that the design would allow for the smaller pyramid to be later enlarged (retaining its south and east faces) to form a straight line of three almost identical pyramids.
		At Giza, while the Pyramids are undecorated, one of the most beautiful tombs (G 7530-40) in its eastern cemetery is that of Meresankh (Mersyankh) III, due to the quality of its bas-reliefs.
	www.lycos.com /info/pyramids--giza-pyramids.html (647 words)

	Mesoamerica
		Mesoamerican states developed over several thousand years in different ways across the region, varying in environment, languages and some cultural patterns.
		Mesoamerican states were structured in a hierarchy, reflecting differences in social roles, wealth, and social power.
		Caves are an important component in the cosmology of Mesoamericans, and are associated with the creation of the sun and moon.
	www.dacc.cc.il.us /~thynes/lecture13a.htm (1739 words)

	MesoAmerican Art
		The largest and oldest pyramids in the Americas are those at Teotihuacan, the "City of the Gods".
		The building of the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon coincides with the period of Roman Empire.
		Of the two pyramids, the Pyramid of the Sun is the tallest (over 200 feet), and was built over a natural cave.
	www.eyeconart.net /history/ancient/mesoamerican.htm (1073 words)

	Seghea.com Open Letter to Mormon Bishops and Nonmormons
		For this reason, the comparison between Mesoamerican and Pacific island human figures was more interesting to me. I noticed that aquiline noses were prominent in Mesoamerican art, but absent from the Pacific island art I have.
		Mesoamerican pyramids have temples on their summit, which is in the form of a rectangle.
		Chittick said that some pyramid tombs were found in Mesoamerica, but the fact is that none of these pyramids resemble Egyptian pyramids in their architecture.
	www.seghea.com /pat/bible/mission.html (5420 words)

	The Great Pyramid of Giza and the Pyramid of the Sun
		this was as a testament to the divinity of the pyramid’s inhabitant.
		A large staircase ascends the west face of the pyramid and is thought to have served as a processional
		Both pyramids are engineering feats and we can marvel at the ingenuity and tenacity of their builders.
	www.deborahgoodrich.com /elfin/pyramids.htm (1171 words)

	Preservation Arts High School Curriculum
		The temple is a terraced pyramid that is ascended by a flight of stairs thirty feet wide and sixty-five feet high.
		Until the construction of the Flatiron building in New York City in 1903, the Mesoamerican pyramids were the tallest structures in the Americas.
		The pyramids, which were a focal point of Mayan cities, were constructed as temples and served ritual purposes.
	web.njit.edu /~delano/copan.htm (4376 words)

	Wilsonart Laminate - The Statement: Mitla
		The motif of these intricate geometric mosaics is believed to be a stylized representation of the Mesoamerican deity, Quetzalcoatl, the plumed serpent.
		The snake is an animal that moves by side winding; therefore, steps that mimic this motion represent the snake god.
		It is also believed that the stepped sides of Mesoamerican pyramids are a form of homage to this deity as the pyramids are best climbed by moving sideways up the stairs in a zigzag manner.
	www.wilsonart.com /design/statement/printarticle.asp?articleID=104 (383 words)

	W-M: Archaeo-astronomy and Ancient Alignments
		The best examples are the Mesoamerican pyramids constructed as an astronomical matrix with purpose of calibration of the most important dates in the year.
		The pyramid is very precise, with the corners as little as two seconds of a degree (with 60 seconds in a minute of a degree, and 60 minutes in a degree) off of a 90-degree angle.
		The huge step pyramid (the pyramid of Kukulcan) that is the focus of the site has 91 steps on each of its sides, which add up to 364 steps.
	www.world-mysteries.com /alignments/mpl_al1.htm (3617 words)

	Native Americans - Voices from the South - DesertUSA
		During the time between about 2000 B. and the sixteenth century (the time of the Spanish Conquest), the Mesoamericans founded a succession of city-states, and they defined their history in terms of imperial capitals, satellite villages, a stratified social structure, monumental ceremonial architecture, religion, warfare, conquest, human sacrifice, agriculture, artisanship and a wide-spread trade network.
		Mesoamerican trade goods at Chaco, say the Listers, include such things as copper bells, iron pyrites, shell trumpets, shell beads, shell bracelets, macaws and parrots.
		The Indians of the desert adapted some important Mesoamerican religious icons and concepts, but they apparently modified them, molding them and integrating them into their own hunting and gathering belief system (much like the Pueblos combined Catholic beliefs and ritual with traditional religious practices when the Spanish came).
	www.desertusa.com /ind1/ind_new/ind5.html (2670 words)

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