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Topic: Mesoamericans

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	Untitled Document
		The Mesoamerican era started with the Corn People’ or Mokaya who, as their name implies are believed to be the first settled communities as opposed to hunter-gatherer tribes.
		The reasons for this are not fully understood but may have been due to the significance to them of the famous Mesoamerican ball game which we know was played in formal ball courts from as early as 1600 BC.
		The Aztecs are the most extensively documented of all the Mesoamerican civilizations as Spanish soldiers, priests and historians left numerous reports of all aspects of their life and culture.
	www.bouncing-balls.com /timeline/mesoamericans.htm (941 words)

	Native Americans of Middle and South America - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		In the tropical lowlands, Mesoamericans practiced slash-and-burn agriculture, in which areas of jungle were cleared and burned to make fields for crops.
		Since Mesoamericans did not domesticate draft animals or use wheeled vehicles, most loads transported between settlements were carried on the backs of people.
		Mesoamerican arts also included painted scenes on pottery; carving in jade and other precious stones; feather and stone mosaics; basketry, textiles, and featherwork; and metalwork, a technology that arrived in Mesoamerica from South America sometime before ad 1000.
	encarta.msn.com /text_701509044___2/Native_Americans_of_Middle_and_South_America.html (16185 words)

	Native Americans of Middle and South America - MSN Encarta
		The best-known Mesoamerican cultures include—in roughly sequential order from 1500 bc to the Spanish conquest of Mexico in ad 1519—the Olmec, Zapotec, Teotihuacán, Maya, Toltec, and Aztec.
		The first inhabitants of the region were nomadic hunter-gatherers, whose ancestors are believed to have migrated from Asia.
		Drawing on their extensive knowledge of edible wild plants, Archaic Mesoamericans gradually learned to cultivate a variety of food crops, including maize (see Corn).
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_701509044_2/Native_Americans_of_Middle_and_South_America.html (1416 words)

	Rubber - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mesoamerican civilizations used rubber mostly from Castilla elastica.
		The Ancient Mesoamericans had a ball game using rubber balls (see: Mesoamerican ballgame), and a few Pre-Columbian rubber balls have been found (always in sites that were flooded under fresh water), the earliest dating to about 1600 BC.
		While the ancient Mesoamericans did not have vulcanization, they developed organic methods of processing the rubber with similar results, mixing the raw latex with various saps and juices of other vines, particularly Ipomoea alba, a species of Morning glory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rubber (1444 words)

	Society&Animal Forum - Society & Animals Journal
		Mesoamericans' rich spiritual beliefs about the importance of animals and about the correlation between the well-being of animals and that of human beings contrast with a diminutive respect accorded to animals in industrialized cultures.
		Mesoamerican philosophies toward animals differ strikingly from prevalent inclinations in Western industrial culture, which disdains the integrity of nonhuman animals, disregards their importance in the ecosystem, and, as people mount increasingly dangerous assaults upon the planet's environments, refuses to grant these animals any semblance of parity.
		Mesoamericans believe in "a private spiritual world of the self that is expressed through the concept of animal souls or other extrasomatic causal forces that influence their destiny" (1994, p.
	www.psyeta.org /sa/sa6.3/malamud.html (4336 words)

	Mesoamerica
		Mesoamerica is the region extending from central Mexico south to the northwestern border of Costa Rica that gave rise to a group of stratified, culturally related agrarian civilizations spanning an approximately 3,000-year period before the European discovery of the New World by Columbus.
		Mesoamerica is also a canonical example of a linguistic area: all of the major Mesoamerican languages show some subset of a pool of common traits, despite being made up of many different language families.
		Mesoamerican metacivilizations included the Olmec, Zapotec, Teotihuacan, Maya, Mixtec, Huastec (also located on Aridoamerica), Pipil, Totonac, Toltec, Tarascan, and the Aztec.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/m/me/mesoamerica.html (515 words)

	[No title]
		Mesoamericans believe in "a private spiritual world of the self that is expressed through the concept of animal souls or other extrasomatic causal forces that influence their destiny" (1994, 555).
		Mesoamerican animal beliefs embody metaphysical representations of human ties to the earth, nature, and fate, as mediated by animals (for a more extensive discussion of animal souls and the juxtaposition of Mesoamerican spirituality with literature, see Malamud).
		Mesoamerican communities have confronted the issue of human-animal relationships, and arrived at a simple, compelling awareness: They believe that human existence is directly related to, and dependent upon, the fortunes of other creatures.
	clcwebjournal.lib.purdue.edu /clcweb00-2/malamud00.html (6990 words)

	History of Mesoamericans
		Mesoamerican civilizations are divided into three periods: the Preclassic (2000 B.C. to A.D. the Classic (A.D. 250 to 900), and Postclassic (900 to 1521 A.D.).
		During these three periods, hundreds of Mesoamerican societies rose, flourished, and fell prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the 1500s.
		Mesoamericans also tracked the movement of the sun, moon, planets, and stars.
	www.saxakali.com /historymam3.htm (698 words)

	Mesoamerican architecture
		The two more excellent typologies of the architecture developed by the different Mesoamericans civilizations were the pyramid and the game of ball.
		Its effect is appraised in constructions Alban the Mount (centuries VI-IX), the Acropolis zapoteca on the city of Oaxaca, or in the palace of the Columns (century XV) of Mitla, also in Oaxaca, with its spectacular covered walls of mosaics.
		Another one of interesting the Mesoamericans civilizations is the one of the Tajín, that has bequeathed its Great Pyramid (century VII) of niches carved on the vertical walls.
	architecture.arqhys.com /history/mesoamerican.html (731 words)

	Maize Article - Encyclopedia of Culture and Society of Mexico
		In the most common Mesoamerican myth of maize origins a fox follows an ant and discovers a stash of maize enclosed within a large mountain or boulder, partakes of the grain, and later betrays in his flatulence that he has found a wondrous new food.
		Mesoamerican agricultural systems evolved over a period of approximately 4,500 years prior to arrival of the Spaniards in the early 16th century.
		However, the interaction of the parallel economies was detrimental to the native Mesoamericans in that they were the primary source of forced labor for the Spanish mining industry, and increasingly for their agricultural enterprises.
	maize.agron.iastate.edu /maizearticle.html (5511 words)

	Aztec Beliefs
		The Toltecs, Mayans, Incas, Aztecs and other tribes worshipped many gods they believed directed various aspects of their lives, but archaeologists and historians have concluded that the figure called by these different names is probably one and the same.
		Mesoamerican reverence for this god helped prepare the way for Hernán Cortés and other European explorers to conquer the New World.
		The Mesoamericans believed that Quetzalcoatl lived on earth with the people who worshiped him, teaching religion, moral, art and science.
	www.epcc.edu /ftp/Homes/monicaw/borderlands/17_aztec_beliefs.htm (1481 words)

	Cultural Diffusion
		Not all people who consider themselves to be proponents of cultural diffusion, especially those whose research is focussed on Mesoamerican civilization, and the question of whether or not diffusion of cultural elements into the Americas from outside the Americas ever occurred, believe that the roots of Mesoamerican civilization lie outside Mesoamerica.
		This implies, further, that the original astronomical associations were lost among the Mesoamericans, perhaps because of the greater emphasis placed on the calendrical use of the day names, at some point in the development of their calendar systems.
		The better known Mesoamerican number symbols are also based on a combination of three elements: a bar having a value of '5', and a dot having a value of '1', and a symbol for a complete set of '20'.
	mysite.verizon.net /dbkelley1/id2.html (9268 words)

	AncientMexico.com: The History Art and Culture of Ancient Mesoamerica
		You can learn what attributes where assigned to these gods, and discover the rich celestial world inhabited by the imagination of the mesoamericans.
		Mesoamerican lands have a rich history documented not only by the Spanish missionaries who transcribed their oral legends, but also the a unique literary period before the conquest.
		Included are passages from the sources who wrote of the conquest, as well as a poem written by one of the last kings of the Aztecs.
	www.ancientmexico.com (347 words)

	Pacaritambo Books - Machu Picchu Magazine and History Bookstore, American Civil War
		Along with the Aztecs and other Mesoamerican groups inhabiting Mexico and Central America, the Maya were avid users of jade, sculpting and polishing the rare, hard, usually green rock into ornaments, figurines, and other treasured objects.
		Knowledge of the source or sources of Mesoamerican jade was lost following the upheavals of the European conquest and remained a mystery as late as the 1950s.
		In recent years, it has been brought to light that most of the Mesoamerican pieces on the market are not only fakes, but are not even jade or jadeite.
	www.pacaritambo.com /gems.html (1004 words)

	The mysteries of Paquime - DesertUSA
		Mesoamericans introduced an ancient and labyrinthine religion, or belief system, rooted in dark mysteries of storms, clouds, water, earth and night sky.
		Under the influence of the Mesoamericans, Paquime’s people constructed in the easternmost plaza a platform mound, which they paved with stone and probably crowned with a temple building.
		Paquime keepers somehow managed to breed and raise scarlet macaws, icons in Mesoamerican ritual, in the Chihuahuan desert, far from the birds’ native tropical habitats.
	www.desertusa.com /mag00/aug/stories/paquime.html (2047 words)

	White Dove's Native American Indian Site Diseases
		Most scholars now agree that as a consequence, the number of native Mesoamericans alive in 1619 but was 5 to 10 percent of the number alive in 1519.
		Measels attacked Mesoamericans with high mortality in 1531-33, and Spaniards reported the epidemic from the province of Sonora, immediately south of Arizona.
		The prime suspect today is the lethal epidemic that killed millions of Mesoamericans from 1545 to `548.
	users.multipro.com /whitedove/encyclopedia/diseases.html (1726 words)

	THE MAYAN CALENDAR - WHY 260 DAYS?
		The most important Mesoamerican ritual period was the Tzolkin, a calendar of great age in Mesoamerica, with a period of 260 days; made up of a repeating sequence of the numbers one to 13, and 20 day names.
		In these cases the Mesoamericans have accurately replaced a multiple of a non-commensurate astronomical period with a multiple of a ritual period.
		These initial limits are chosen because 20 is the Mesoamerican counting base and a period which is longer than half a year but shorter than a full year can be related to the tropical year without confusion.
	www.spiderorchid.com /mesoamerica/mesoamerica.htm (4563 words)

	The Tribune - Worlds Apart - Coming Together
		Mesoamericans also are to thank for chiles, pineapples, limes, avocados, cashews, vanilla and chocolate.
		Mexican anthropologist and maize historian Arturo Warman credits the development of corn with the rise of Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Mayans and the Aztecs, which were advanced in art, architecture, math and astronomy.
		By the time Spaniards reached the shores of what is now Mexico in the 1400s, indigenous Mesoamericans had a sophisticated and flavorful cuisine based on native fruits, game, cultivated beans and corn and domesticated turkeys, Gaytán said.
	www.greeleytrib.com /apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20021124/WORLDSAPART/211240014 (3031 words)

	Native Americans - Voices from the South - DesertUSA
		During the time between about 2000 B. and the sixteenth century (the time of the Spanish Conquest), the Mesoamericans founded a succession of city-states, and they defined their history in terms of imperial capitals, satellite villages, a stratified social structure, monumental ceremonial architecture, religion, warfare, conquest, human sacrifice, agriculture, artisanship and a wide-spread trade network.
		Mesoamerican trade goods at Chaco, say the Listers, include such things as copper bells, iron pyrites, shell trumpets, shell beads, shell bracelets, macaws and parrots.
		The Indians of the desert adapted some important Mesoamerican religious icons and concepts, but they apparently modified them, molding them and integrating them into their own hunting and gathering belief system (much like the Pueblos combined Catholic beliefs and ritual with traditional religious practices when the Spanish came).
	www.desertusa.com /ind1/ind_new/ind5.html (2670 words)

	Detail Page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Mesoamericans, like their northern and southern counterparts, no doubt entered the American continent from northeastern Asia, crossing at the Bering Strait, the modern accepted gateway into the New World.
		The Mesoamericans of the Paleolithic Period lived in various types of shelters, all seasonally and climatically oriented.
		At an early stage of their development, the early Mesoamericans also began to deify the forces of nature and the elements, probably because of the impact of geological and climatic forces on society.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=MES1499 (840 words)

	[No title]
		Mesoamericans were able to produce a rubber product with diminished surface tackiness and increased tensile strength by mixing together the products from two plants: Castilla elastica and Ipomoea alba.
		The Mesoamericans used the rubber they produced to form many objects: hollow figurines for worship or ornament; rubber bands to attach stones to wooden handles, forming tools such as axes and hammers; paint for the body and for sacred symbols on floors and walls; rubber-soled sandals; and even lip balm!
		The games became central to the Mesoamerican cultures because, in addition to providing entertainment for the general public, the team members used the combat within the ball courts to settle disputes and govern land and slave ownership.
	www.mhhe.com /biosci/pae/botany/botany_map/articles/article_06.html (742 words)

	Digging up Mysteries
		Some admirers of the Mesoamericans speculate that they were on a higher spiritual plane, Johnson says, while others see them as primitive.
		The movement of the sun, for example, is reflected in the choice and pattern of numbers, according to his writings.
		He has also found links between the Mesoamericans and ancient Egyptians, not just in the pyramidal structures but in the underlying math and in the languages they spoke.
	www.earthmatrix.com /laprensa/index.html (1058 words)

	Realms of the Sacred in Daily Life: Early Written Records of Mesoamerica (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mesoamerican peoples also shared a conception of time as being cyclical and circular, as well as the same calendric system.
		The calendar was inextricably tied to religion as the reflection of the patterns of time, the cycle of ceremonies, the record of divine influence, and the source for auguries.
		Mesoamericans also shared a cosmology of several realms of heaven and several underworlds, between which the Earth is suspended.
	www.lib.uci.edu /libraries/exhibits/meso/culturalfeat.html (326 words)

	A New Look at Ancient Astronomy
		If the years are "collected" or "bundled up" through an exception for the scribe of day zero at the frequency of every 52 years then the number of calendar days in each calendar round becomes inherently reduced by the count of 1 day.
		Thus, it is possible to interpret from the cited 20 day scribe that early Mesoamericans might have once reckoned each "calendar round" of 52 years to within the limits of 18992.62969 days (on the average).
		he calendar adhered to by early Mesoamericans is of additional interest in the regard that their week plan of 13 days appears to have been used to determine a long cycle of 364 days.
	www.creation-answers.com /cref.htm (5424 words)

	It's a Bird! It's a Snake! - New York Times
		Had the highly developed city-states of the native Mesoamericans not been destroyed by Hernando Cortes and his army, the Aztecs and other native cultures might have evolved, as did the Han Chinese and post-Meiji Japanese, to inspire our respect rather than merely our compassion.
		Quetzal (bird) and coatl (snake) are metaphors for the sky and the earth in the Nahua language of the Aztecs.
		But the myth of the Plumed Serpent -- the snake that rises upward, symbolizing rebirth after death and thus history as a cycle rather than as linear progress -- originated long before the Aztecs, at the time hunter-gatherers became sedentary in the New World and husbandry allowed maize to rise from the ground in spring.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEEDB1738F934A35751C0A96F958260 (398 words)

	newgallery (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The precise reasons why the objects were made are not known and it is often assumed that they were essentially symbolic or decorative, but that assessment may be quite erroneous.
		Mesoamericans were great makers of things that we think of as "art".
		We would appreciate your comments on any aspect of the gallery, or you may submit any questions the images or captions may raise to sloten@sympatico.ca.
	www.csms.ca /gallery.htm (168 words)

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