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Topic: Mesocarp

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	Mangoes from Mux - ..: Hamara Multan :..
		The mango fruit is a large, fleshy drupe, containing an edible mesocarp of varying thickness.
		The mesocarp can be fibrous or fiber-free with flavor ranging from turpentine to sweet.
		The seed is used for extraction of the starch 'amchur', and the peels have been used as a source of anacardic acid.
	hamaramultan.com /mangomux.asp (4233 words)

	CNRS - Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lypolise - Marseille
		The mesocarp of mature oil palm fruit undergoes intensive triglycerides hydrolysis upon abscission and bruising.
		Using these fractions, we have determined the optimal conditions for assaying mesocarp lipase activity.
		The specific activity of the lipase measured in optimal conditions was found to be 33 µmol fatty acids released min-1 mg-1 protein.
	lle-sg.cnrs-mrs.fr /news.php?newsid=93 (267 words)

	Ultrastructure and Cytology of the Postharvest Avocado (Persea americana Mill) Fruit.
		Mesocarp samples were analyzed with light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
		Mature, ripe fruit mesocarp is very susceptible to disruption because of the delicate nature of the tissue itself, of which the main component are cells with large vacuoles and oil drops.
		A-C: exocarp and mesocarp SEM microphotographs from a fully mature fruit at harvest; A: bar= 28.8 mm.
	www.avocadosource.com /WAC2/WAC2_p443.htm (1597 words)

	FRUIT,
		The extent of the middle layer, mesocarp, and the inner layer, endocarp, varies widely, but in any single type of fruit one of the layers may be thick, the others thin.
		In fleshy fruits the pulpy layer is usually the mesocarp, as in peaches or grapes.
		The outer layer of the pepo is receptacle tissue covering the exocarp; the pulpy portion of the fruit is mostly endocarp and mesocarp.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..fr092000.a#FWNE.fw..fr092000.a (1564 words)

	Sorghum and millets in human nutrition
		The mesocarp, the middle part, is the thickest layer of the sorghum pericarp, but its thickness varies widely among genotypes.
		Mould resistance in sorghum is associated with thin mesocarp.
		During decortication or milling, the pericarp of pearl millet breaks at the cross and tube cell layers and fragments of endocarp may remain with the endosperm.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/T0818e/T0818E02.htm (1195 words)

	CGC17-10
		Whole fruit measurements were taken in the center of the fruit with one side of the fruit flush with the pressure tester and the skin intact.
		Mesocarp measurements were made by puncturing the fruit wall equidistant from the pericarp and endocarp.
		Mesocarp firmness was also inherited quantitatively and appears completely additive with no material effects (Table 1).
	cuke.hort.ncsu.edu /cgc/cgc17/cgc17-10.html (725 words)

	Drupe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In botany, a drupe is a type of fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp or skin and mesocarp or flesh) surrounds a shell (the pit or stone) of hardened endocarp with a seed inside.
		Some flowering plants which produce drupes are coffee, jujube, mango, olive, most palms (including date, coconut and oil palms), pistachio and all members of the genus Prunus, including the almond (in which the mesocarp is somewhat leathery), apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach, plum and pecan.
		The coconut is also a drupe, but the mesocarp is fibrous or dry (in this case, called a husk), so this type of fruit is classified as a simple dry fruit, fibrous drupe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Drupe (409 words)

	Recording of traits for selection
		This gives the weight of the mesocarp at the moment of taking the fruit sample, that is the weight unaffected by drying of the fruit before scraping and during scraping of the mesocarp (the importance of determining the accurate weight of the mesocarp will be explained below).
		All of the scraped mesocarp is dried in an oven at 105° C to constant weight to determine the moisture content of the fresh mesocarp.
		As mentioned before, the fresh mesocarp is calculated by difference, so it is crucial that all mesocarp is carefully collected during scraping; any mesocarp spilled is calculated as moisture losses during drying in the oven, and thus overestimates the moisture content of the mesocarp.
	www.asd-cr.com /ASD-Pub/Bol09/Cap4.htm (3201 words)

	Nitrariaceae [Draft]
		Fruit nearly globose or ellipsoid; mesocarp dark blue to purplish; stone 4--5 mm; leaves 4--6 in fascicles on young branches; leaf blade oblanceolate...........................................................................................................
		Fruit ovoid to sometimes ellipsoid; mesocarp rosy or dark cherry red; stone 5--7.5(--8) mm; leaves 2--3 in fascicles on young branches; leaf blade broadly oblanceolate or linear-spatulate.
		Fruit 8--9 mm, cherry-colored; mesocarp cherry-colored; stone 6.5--7.5 mm; leaf blade linear-spatulate, (5--)10--17(--25) X (1.5--)2--3.5(--5) mm, apex acute to obtuse................................................................................
	flora.huh.harvard.edu /china/mss/volume11/Nitrariaceae-CAS_final.htm (820 words)

	Selected species and strategies to enhance income generation from Amazonian forests
		The oily mesocarp is moderately thick (0.5-2 cm) and dense, creamy-beige to creamy-yellow, representing about 10% of fruit weight, in which are embedded the endocarp spines.
		The hard, oily mesocarp is gnawed or cut-off with a knife and the endocarp and kernel are generally discarded because of the difficulty of removing the seed (nut) with primitive tools (Cavalcante 1988, FAO 1986).
		Numerous authors have studied the oil of the mesocarp and the seed, but the piquiá, never attracted the attention of the agricultural research community as a potential oil crop.
	www.fao.org /docrep/v0784e/v0784e0j.htm (2132 words)

	Kalsec - Black and White Pepper Extracts
		During drying, the exterior of the berry, the epicarp and mesocarp, is flened by enzymatically catalyzed oxidation reactions.
		The interior of the berry, the endocarp, remains unaffected and retains its white to off-white appearance.
		During the seven to fourteen day process, fermentation softens the epicarp and mesocarp allowing it to be easily removed during the washing step.
	www.kalsec.com /products/bandwpepper_over.cfm (300 words)

	ETHREL APPLICATION IN TOMATO - M.A. ATTA-ALY - WCHR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Mesocarp tissue, on the other hand, was formed from 2 different layers defined as outer and inner mesocarp layers.
		The outer mesocarp layer is located in the distance between the hypoderms and the vascular bundle of pericarp tissues while the inner mesocarp tissue is entirely paranchymatous cells locatissue is entirely paranchymatous cells located under the vascular bundle and extended to reach the loci of the ovules (Plate 1).
		In addition, AOA treatment showed the highest level of CE, in both outer and inner mesocarp, followed by control while the lowest level was occurred with ethrel application as early as 6 days after anthesis (Table 3).
	www.agrsci.unibo.it /wchr/wc5/attaaly.html (5991 words)

	Revista Brasileira de Entomologia - Mauritinus seferi Bondar, 1960: bionomy, description of immature stages and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		We think that the growth of larval instars follows ripening of fruits, so that when a fruit fall on the ground, the larvae would be in the last development stage and would be ready to begin the pupation process in the soil.
		The larvae of the last stage feed on mesocarp, but without damaging the scales that cover the fruit and protect the larvae against the invasion by natural enemies through the entrance galleries.
		Pupation in the fruit probable happened due to adverse conditions in the laboratory, because pupae were not observed in the fruits under natural conditions in the field.
	www.scielo.br /scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0085-56262003000100013 (3358 words)

	ICI/FOCIS 2004 Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Orbignya phalerata (babassu) mesocarp has been used in folkloric medicine for the treatment of dysmenorrhea, constipation, colitis, obesity, arthritis, leukemia, rheumatism, ulcerations, tumors and inflammations.
		Mice treated with babassu mesocarp had a decreased necrosed area, suggesting a thrombosis inhibitory effect of this treatment.
		We conclude that babassu mesocarp treatment by oral route is an efficient inducer of healing and inflammation reaction, but is a potent inhibitor of thrombosis reaction.
	www.immuno2004.org /onlineabstracts/108.html (296 words)

	HORTICULTURE 422 LAB 4
		The mesocarp is located in the middle of the rind and is white in most citrus fruits, hence the name albedo.
		During Stage I, its cells are meristematic, polygonal in shape, and compactly arranged, and most of the increase in fruit size during Stage I is due to increase in thickness of the mesocarp with locular size increasing very little.
		Cell divisions cease in the mesocarp during Stage II, bulges develop on parenchyma cell walls, and schizogenous air spaces begin to form.
	aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu /syllabi/422/422lab4.htm (1210 words)

	Exocarp - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In fleshy fruits the pericarp is typically made up of three distinct layers.
		The epicarp, or exocarp, forms the tough outer skin of the fruit, while the mesocarp is often fleshy and forms the middle layers.
		The innermost layer or endocarp, which surrounds the seeds, may be membranous or thick and hard, as seen in cherries, plums, and apricots.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pericarp (124 words)

	Ada's Buka: Warenkunde: Palmöl
		Two types of oil are produced from the oil palm tree: the palm oil (mesocarp oil) and the kernel oil (the seed oil).
		After separation from the mesocarp, the kernel are washed, dried in the sun, cracked by hand and packed for sale.
		They are extracted from the bunch and kept in a cool place till the mesocarp softens on it's own, then the kernels are washed clean in cold water, air dried and stored or germinated.
	www.adas-buka.de /palmoel.htm (1015 words)

	Reducing Ochratoxin A in Coffee
		Mesocarp: Intermediate layer of tissues between the epicarp and the endocarp (parchment).
		Washing: The removal of all traces of the mucilaginous mesocarp from the surface of the parchment.
		The method traditionally involves, i) removing the cherry pulp through pulpers flushed with water, ii) fermenting the beans to degrade adhering mucilaginous material (mesocarp), iii) washing the beans in clean water and iv) mechanically- or sun-drying the beans to produce parchment coffee.
	www.coffee-ota.org /glossary.asp (7031 words)

	Biological Foundations 112, Lecture 16
		The seeds are embedded in the fleshy mesocarp and endocarp
		The mesocarp and endocarp are the edible portions of the fruit
		Rind or outer shell of rind is a fusion of the receptacle and the exocarp
	www.puc.edu /Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botlec16.htm (786 words)

	About Coir Fibre - Hayleys Exports Limited
		The husk (exocarp) of the coconut consists of a smooth waterproof outer skin (epicarp) and fibrous zone (mesocarp).
		The mesocarp comprises of strands of fibro vascular bundles of coir embedded in a non fibrous paranchymatous “corky” connective tissue usually referred to as pith; which ultimately becomes coir dust.
		Chemically coir fibre is composed of a highly lignified form of cellulose (cellulose lignin complex), which accounts for its colour, harshness and relative brittleness in comparison with pure cellulose fibre.
	www.hayleys-exports.com /AboutCoirFibre.html (271 words)

	Licopene: lycopene, extract of tomato mesocarp shows itself to be a natural defence of cells
		Licopene: lycopene, extract of tomato mesocarp shows itself to be a natural defence of cells
		Old plant from which the modern tomato cultivations have been bred, Lycopersicum esculentum, that comes from the temperate zone of Central-South America, from Perù to Mexic, has been imported in Europe by Spanish in the XVI century.
		Recently science focuses its attention on lycopene a carotenoid extracted from tomato mesocarp, that shows itself to be capable of protecting cells from aging and degenerative damage caused by free radicals in a more effective way then commons carotenes.
	www.rodiola.com /lycopene.php (334 words)

	Fruit development is actively restricted in the absence of fertilization in Arabidopsis -- Vivian-Smith et al. 128 ...
		Cells in the carpel that will compose the exocarp layer in the silique are coloured green, mesocarp is yellow, supportive sclerenchyma red and endocarp blue.
		Mesocarp cells adjacent to vascular bundles remain enlarged (arrowhead).
		Mesocarp cell division occurred normal to the plane of silique
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/128/12/2321 (6538 words)

	RCF: Grias peruviana
		The mesocarp of the large single-seeded fruit is eaten raw.
		Soaking it in water softens the mesocarp to an agreeable texture.
		The fruit can also be roasted, which softens the mesocarp into a butter-like texture.
	www.rainforestconservation.org /data_sheets/agroforestry/Grias_peruviana.html (179 words)

	Influence of Cultivar and Fruit Ripening on Olive (Olea europaea) Fruit Protein Content, Composition, and Antioxidant ...
		Mesocarp proteins constituted 1.3-1.8% of the dry weight of the olive fruit, and cultivar and fruit ripening did not produce important changes in mesocarp protein content or composition.
		In addition, this composition was also similar to the amino acid composition of a 4.6-kDa polypeptide, which is the major protein component of olive oils and of oil bodies of olive fruit mesocarp, suggesting that this polypeptide is likely to be a major component of mesocarp proteins.
		There was, also, a relationship between the oil content of the olive fruit and the protein content determined, suggesting a stabilizing function of these proteins in the oil bodies of the olive fruit, analogously to the role suggested for oleosins.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jafcau/2001/49/i09/abs/jf0104634.html (295 words)

	Fruit @ iCookClub.com
		The wall of the fruit, developed from the ovary wall of the flower, is called the pericarp.
		The pericarp is often differentiated into two or three distinct layers called the exocarp (outer layer - also called epicarp), mesocarp (middle layer), and endocarp (inner layer).
		In some fruits, especially simple fruits derived from an inferior ovary, other parts of the flower (such as the floral tube, including the petals, sepals, and stamens), fuse with the ovary and ripen with it.
	reference.icookclub.com /fruit.html (629 words)

	Saturday at the Garden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		berries- thin exocarp, fleshy mesocarp, endocarp with one to many seeds, e.g.
		pepo- tough outer rind consisting of both receptacle tissue and exocarp (accessory fruit), mesocarp and endocarp are fleshy, e.g.
		drupes- one to several carpels that usually contain only a single seed, thin exocarp, fleshy mesocarp, endocarp is stony, e.g.
	www.slobg.org /SaturdayFollowupSep_11_04.htm (529 words)

	Soybean and Oilseed Facts
		The coconut is the fruit of a palm tree, the Cocos nucifera.
		Coconuts consist of a mesocarp (fibrous covering), endocarp (shell), exocarp (the smooth outer skin) and copra meat or flesh.
		Palm oil is derived from the mesocarp, or flesh, of the fruit of the oil palm species Elaeis guineensis.
	www.soyatech.com /soy_oilseed_facts.htm (1331 words)

	Malaysia MIT: Research Programmes
		The objective of the project is to identify and isolate genes specifically expressed in the mesocarp and leaves from the oil palm.
		The promoter of genes suitable for directing specific expression in oil palm mesocarp and leaf will be isolated and sequenced.
		The regulatory sequences are essential for directing specific expression of manipulated genes to the mesocarp and leaf tissues.
	minihelix.mit.edu /malaysia/research/me3.htm (336 words)

	Oil palm selection based on kernel content
		ASD de Costa Rica's breeding strategy has aimed to increase the ratio of mesocarp to fruit and of oil to mesocarp, which has resulted in a decrease in kernel content.
		Due to the fact that proportions of mesocarp and kernel to fruit are complementary, it is reasonable to expect that an increase in kernel content in the bunch would coincide with a decrease in mesocarp content in the fruit and in oil to mesocarp.
		Maximum progress (Table 2) is an indication of the ease with which the phenotypical value of a variable in a progeny can be increased through the proper exploitation of the genetic potential of its progenitors.
	www.asd-cr.com /ASD-Pub/Bol20/B20-3ing.htm (2817 words)

	Genetic Analysis of Growth-Regulator-Induced Parthenocarpy in Arabidopsis -- Vivian-Smith and Koltunow 121 (2): 437 -- ...
		Mesocarp 1 and mesocarp 2 cells from mature
		was observed in the exocarp and mesocarp cell layers of pollinated
		mesocarp expansion and increased secondary thickening in sclerenchyma
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/121/2/437 (7180 words)

	Oil Palm
		The mesocarp and endocarp vary in thickness, with dura types having thick endocarps and less mesocarp, and tenera types the opposite.
		The mesocarp, from which palm oil is derived, is fibrous and oily, and the seed is opaque white, encased in a brown endocarp; palm kernel oil is derived from seeds.
		Individual oil palm fruit are drupes with an oily, fibrous mesocarp.
	www.uga.edu /fruit/oilpalm.html (1237 words)

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