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Topic: Mesopelagic

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	A review of the world resources of mesopelagic fish. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 193:1-151. -
		The oceanic pelagic zone is dominated by the activity of plankton in the euphotic surface waters, Plankton are by definition drifting or weakly swimming organisms, comprising a wide range of small to microscopic animals, protoctists and bacteria.
		Some components of the epipelagic and mesopelagic nekton perform astonishing diel migrations ascending to surface waters at night to feed and descending, sometimes over 1 km, during the day.
		Mesopelagic biomass is greatest in the northern Indian Ocean, and particularly in the northern Arabian Sea (surveys there have indicated extremely high biomass of 25-250 g per m2).
	www.oceansatlas.com /cds_static/en/review_world_resources_mesopelagic_fish_fao__en_18560_18562.html (320 words)

	M.S. Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The mesopelagic zone, the habitat for these midwater medusae, is the most expansive animal habitat on Earth and remains one of the least explored (Madin and Madin, 1995; Robison, 1995).
		In the mesopelagic zone, at depths of 200 to 1000 m in Monterey Submarine Canyon, California, three genera of scyphomedusae, Atolla, Poralia and Periphylla, were observed, videotaped and collected.
		The mesopelagic habitats of gelatinous zooplankton have recently been described with discrete physical (depth) and specific environmental (temperature, salinity or oxygen) affinities (Robison et al., 1998), but this is difficult to do because of sampling challenges.
	people.ucsc.edu /~daosborn/ms.html (1999 words)

	9. MESOPELAGIC FISH
		Mesopelagic fish were observed over most of the area studied.
		Observations on the biology of the mesopelagic fish species were made on the cruise during January-March 1978 and on the one during April-June 1978.
		The mortality of the mesopelagic fish in the area is not known, but probably the mean instantaneous mortality rate for the most important species is at least 2.
	www.fao.org /WAIRDOCS/FNS/FN130E/ch11.htm (1683 words)

	[No title]
		While studies that focused on the commercial aspects of mesopelagic fishes in the northern Arabian Sea-Gulf of Oman regions have discussed variations in hourly catch rate and standing stocks, few have presented estimates on potential yields.
		One report for the eastern Gulf of Oman estimated a potential annual yield for B. pterotum of 2.3 million tonnes which was believed to be a conservative figure, but this estimate does not imply 'availability' of this amount of stock to commercially viable fisheries.
		While all reports indicate that the stocks of mesopelagic fishes in general and B. pterotum in particular are large and that it is unlikely that overfishing of the entire resource could occur, there are several reasons for caution in the development and management of such a fishery.
	www.oceansatlas.com /fishatlas/generated/sho00601.htm (2801 words)

	DIALOG Dissertation Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Investigation of the feeding habits of one of the house- associated copepods, Scopalatum vorax, shows that it feeds on both microbial and metazoan associates of larvacean houses, and possibly the house-mucus matrix itself.
		This consumption of detritus at depth indicates that metazoans contribute to remineralization of particulate organic carbon in the mesopelagic zone.
		The biological processes that mediate remineralization of particulate organic carbon in the mesopelagic zone, decomposition by bacteria and grazing by metazoans, were also studied using larvacean houses.
	aslo.org /phd/dialog/1993January-35.html (349 words)

	Eastern Bering Sea mesopelagic survey
		Mesopelagic fishes and squids live in the mid depths of the open ocean.
		A pilot study was designed to identify mesopelagic fishes and squids that occur at different depths in the southeastern Bering Sea Green Belt, to characterize their habitat and predators (marine mammals and birds), and to describe the physical mechanisms that define that habitat.
		The study was mounted with support from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) through Fisheries-Oceanography Coordinated Investigations (FOCI) and the Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research, a joint institute of NOAA and the University of Alaska Fairbanks.
	www.pmel.noaa.gov /foci/fociResearchArchive/mesopelagic/txt.html (1021 words)

	MESOPELAGIC FISH
		The mesopelagic fish are found off the continental shelf in waters deeper than 100 m.
		To estimate the amount of mesopelagic fish in the upper mixed layer, the recordings of plankton during daytime in the same or a nearby area were subtracted.
		Estimated biomass of mesopelagic fish in the Gulf of Oman in February, March and November 1983 (million tonnes).
	www.fao.org /WAIRDOCS/FNS/FN155E/ch7.htm (683 words)

	Olfactory organs of mesopelagic cephalopods: Form & function
		Mesopelagic cephalopods—those living at a minimum of 200 meters depth during the daytime—have enormous eyes, just like their shallow-living relatives.
		Six species of mesopelagic cephalopods were included, all relatively common in Monterey Bay, California: Histioteuthis heteropsis, Gonatus onyx, Chiroteuthis calyx, Galiteuthis phyllura, Vampyroteuthis infernalis, and Japetella heathi.
		The length of the olfactory organ stalk is variable, ranging from being highly elongated to being absent.
	www.mbari.org /seminars/1998/dec04_braby.html (247 words)

	NOAA Ocean Explorer: Life on the Edge 2005
		Mesopelagic species may be an important food source for deep-sea animals, and may provide an important link between surface and bottom habitats.
		The mesopelagic (meso=middle; pelagic= open ocean, away from the bottom) zone occurs between 200 m (~656 ft) and 1,000 m (~3280 ft) depth.
		We have observed benthic invertebrates and fishes feeding on mesopelagic species, and we are currently examining stomach contents of benthic fishes to determine the full extent of their diets.
	oceanexplorer.noaa.gov /explorations/05coralbanks/logs/oct31/oct31.html (1181 words)

	Benoit-Bird publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This work investigated the spatial and temporal dynamics of the mesopelagic boundary community and their impact the foraging behavior of its predators.
		The Hawaiian mesopelagic boundary community fits the hierarchical patch structure model with patches within patches that are part of a larger scale matrix of patches.
		An understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of the mesopelagic boundary community permitted the accurate prediction of predator movement patterns and an increased understanding of their behavior.
	oregonstate.edu /~benoitbk/dissabs.html (358 words)

	Marine Discovery Lesson
		The mesopelagic zone is the open water environment that ranges from a depth of 100-200 meters to 1,000 meters.
		Bioluminescence is as common to the deep sea as it is to the mesopelagic.
		Pictures of mesopelagic and deep-sea animals, such as bristlemouth fish, lanternfish, anglerfish, squid, and krill (A good book to use is Ocean by Miranda MacQuitty, which can be found at Barnes and Noble Bookstores).
	marinediscovery.arizona.edu /lessonsF99/kerrydorr/index.html (1398 words)

	Dr. Kelly Benoit-Bird Research: Research Gallery for Discovery of Sound in the Sea
		The mesopelagic boundary community is a group ("community") of small fishes, shrimps, and squids that live in the middle of the water column ("mesopelagic") and near islands ("boundary").
		The mesopelagic boundary community is found offshore at deep depths (400-700 m) during the day and within 0.5 km of the shore and at shallow depths (0-400 m) at night.
		The dolphins are shown as orange circles and their prey (the mesopelagic boundary community) is shown in teal with lighter colors representing higher densities of animals.
	www.dosits.org /gallery/research/4r.htm (433 words)

	DIALOG Dissertation Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In the Hawaiian Islands, a distinct, resident community of micronekton is distributed along a narrow band where the upper underwater slopes of the islands meet the oceanic mesopelagic environment.
		The objectives of this work were to investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of the mesopelagic boundary community and their impact on the foraging behavior of its predators.
		Overlap was observed between spinner dolphins and their prey from several minutes to an entire night, at spatial scales of 20 meters to several kilometers, suggesting that the collection of synoptic data may alter previous conclusions about pelagic predator-prey interactions.
	aslo.org /phd/dialog/200212-6.html (530 words)

	Projekt "Metabolic activity of mesopelagic and deep-sea bacteria measured under in situ pressure conditions" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Bacteria are thought to be the main remineralizers for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the aphotic zone of the ocean.
		In order to evaluate the fate of DOC in the mesopelagic zone and the deep ozean it is therefore necessary to carefully evaluate bacterial metabolism under different ecological situations such as mixing and stratification which can effect overall system's metabolism to depth below 1000 m.
		Although bacteria has been recognized as the principal consumers of DOC in the mesopelagic zone and deep waters bacterial metabolism has hardly been measured under in situ pressure conditions.
	www.univie.ac.at /fodok/uso_navigate.project?pvProjID=10510 (302 words)

	WEC - Makai - Pelagic and Deep Sea Communities
		The mesopelagic zone extends from 200 to 1000 meters.
		This is a dense assemblage of species that migrate from the ocean depths to near the surface in regular patterns offshore of our islands.
		The mesopelagic boundary community undergoes daily, vertical migrations: 400 to 700 meters (approximately 1300 to 2300 feet) deep during the day, and near surface to 400 meters (1300 feet) deep at night.
	www.hawaii.gov /dbedt/czm/wec/html/sea/marine/deepsea.htm (1049 words)

	ASA 142nd Meeting Lay Language Papers - Energy: Converting from acoustic to biological resource units
		The mesopelagic boundary community in the Hawaiian Islands is a land-associated community of small, midwater fishes, shrimps, and squids.
		Net trawling for these mesopelagic animals is time consuming and the number of animals captured is often artificially low because they can avoid the net.
		Because the mesopelagic animals live so deep, there is no feasible way to determine how many animals are avoiding the tow net.
	www.acoustics.org /press/142nd/BenoitBird.html (846 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The flux of particulate organic carbon (POC) decreases significantly from the base of the euphotic zone throughout the mesopelagic zone, but the processes responsible for controlling the efficiency of particle transport between the surface and deep ocean are not well studied.
		We estimated the contribution of mesopelagic zooplankton to remineralization of sinking particles by comparing losses of sinking C measured by sediment traps with zooplankton metabolic requirements.
		Mesopelagic biomass was one order of magnitude higher at K2 than HOT, partially due to the high numbers of Neocalanus spp.
	www.whoi.edu /science/MCG/cafethorium/website/about/Steinberg.htm (514 words)

	deepsea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		absence of light marks end of mesopelagic zone (from ~ 200 m to 1000 m)
		most of food made in epipelagic is used there so only about 20% makes it to the mesopelagic zone; mesopelagic is chronically short of food which is why there are fewer organisms in mesopelagic than in epipelagic
		mesopelagic plankton also make vertical migrations up to epipelagic at night to feed in food-rich surface layers
	maritime.haifa.ac.il /departm/lessons/ocean/lect25.htm (541 words)

	Sinking Particle Fluxes in the Twilight Zone IV Posters - Ocean Sciences [OS]
		Mesopelagic fishes are the main component of the sound scattering layer and play a significant role in nutrient cycling between the surface and mesopelagic layer through diel vertical migration.
		Mesopelagic fishes were observed over most of the area studied, and myctophids were the most dominant group in MOCNESS and Midwater trawl samples.
		The mesopelagic "twilight zone" of the ocean (100-500 m) is recognized as a critically important region in determining the export efficiency of the surface biological pump.
	www.agu.org /meetings/os06/os06-sessions/os06_OS26A.html (8471 words)

	Mesopelagic boundary community
		The mesopelagic boundary community is composed of small (less than 4 inch long) fishes, shrimps, and squids, the most abundant of which are the myctophids, or lanternfishes.
		These moorings were used to profile the mesopelagic animals in the water column in five locations up the slope of the island in five locations at the same time.
		The moorings I constructed and calibrated are comprised of an echosounder board, a microcontroller, and compact flash memory inside a pressure housing to which the sonar transducer is mounted.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~benoit/mbc.html (731 words)

	os31l in os02
		Recent evidence, however, suggests that mesopelagic respiration is likely to be comparable in magnitude to respiration in the euphotic zone.
		The main biological mechanisms that control R in the mesopelagic layer are the size structure, sinking velocity and chemical composition of E. The interactions among these factors are nonlinear.
		We assess the impact of variations in the mesozooplankton life cycle on the nitrogen pools of the upper ocean and mesopelagic zone with emphasis on shifts in the recycled and loss pathways of the upper ocean, the partitioning of planktonic biomass, and copepod development.
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=os02&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/os02/os02&maxhits=200&="OS31L" (3359 words)

	Relationship of dorsoventral eyeshine distributions to habitat depth and animal size in mesopelagic decapods -- Johnson ...
		Relationship of dorsoventral eyeshine distributions to habitat depth and animal size in mesopelagic decapods -- Johnson et al.
		Relationship of dorsoventral eyeshine distributions to habitat depth and animal size in mesopelagic decapods
		mesopelagic realm and are an example of ecologically functional
	www.biolbull.org /cgi/content/abstract/199/1/6 (171 words)

	HBOI \| Marine Science \| Water Column Ecology
		Physical exchange of water is restricted primarily to the layer above the sill depth, and consequently, the animal communities that live in deep fjord basins tend to remain undisturbed by advective forces for prolonged periods.
		Recent studies of the mesopelagic coronate scyphomedusa Periphylla periphylla have been in conducted Lurefjorden, 50 km north of Bergen.
		Colonies of the physonect siphonophore Nanomia cara constitute a persistent group of carnivores that inhabit mesopelagic depth along the Atlantic Coast from Cape Hatteras to the Gulf of Maine.
	www.hboi.edu /marinesci/water_column.html (2766 words)

	A nearsurface, daytime occurrence of two mesopelagic fish species in a glacial fjord - Stenobrachius leucopsarus and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The northern lampfish (Stenobrachius leucopsarus, family Myctophidae) and northern smoothtongue (Leuroglossus schmidti, family Bathylagidae) are mesopelagic fishes, defined by their vertical distribution in the mesopelagic zone (200-1000 m) during daylight hours.
		They are the most abundant species in the mesopelagic zone of the Bering Sea (Pearcy et al., 1977; Sobolevsky et al., 1996), the Gulf of Alaska (Purcell, 1996), and the eastern North Pacific Ocean off Oregon (Pearcy, 1964; Pearcy et al., 1977).
		Northern smoothtongue migrate from the mesopelagic zone (200-1000 m) in the day to the epipelagic zone (0-200 m) after sunset (Sobolevsky et al., 1996).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0FDG/is_2_100/ai_99114605 (926 words)

	Deep-sea creatures - The mesopelagic zone - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand
		Because the mesopelagic zone (200–1,000 metres deep) and those beneath it provide similar habitats worldwide, some of the same species are found in both hemispheres.
		By contrast, fish that remain as ‘sit and wait’ predators in the mesopelagic zone lack a swim bladder, and have flabby muscles and watery flesh.
		Other mesopelagic organisms include copepods and krill (planktonic animals) that eat the faeces of epipelagic copepods and any other matter that reaches that depth.
	www.teara.govt.nz /EarthSeaAndSky/SeaLife/DeepSeaCreatures/2/en (798 words)

	IKIP: Biographies: Balanov
		Composition and biomass of the mesopelagic fishes of the Bering and Okhotsk seas.
		Diurnal dynamics of feeding of mesopelagic fishes of the Bering Sea in summer.
		Daily dynamics of feeding of mesopelagic fishes of the Bering Sea during the autumn.
	artedi.fish.washington.edu /okhotskia/ikip/Results/Bios/balanov.html (266 words)

	Pelagic Zone-Section IV
		Zooplankton are the major trophic link to pelagic vertebrates, and their abundant populations draw many birds, fish and whales to the area.
		However, in the epi- and mesopelagic zones these are complicated by daily vertical migrations of many species.
		Many of the mesopelagic and bathypelagic species are bioluminescent, using body lights and extruded glowing clouds for various purposes (Robison 1995).
	bonita.mbnms.nos.noaa.gov /sitechar/pelagic4.html (1508 words)

	Web Inquiry Projects - Teacher Template
		in the mesopelagic zone of the ocean, also known as the "Twilight Zone."
		Specifically they will need to research bioluminescence in the mesopelagic layer as it pertains tothe organism survival, means by which they bioluminate, and how they bioluminate (e.g.
		Mesopelagic - of or relating to oceanic depths from about 600 feet to 3000 feet (200 to 1000 meters)
	eprentice.sdsu.edu /F042/tebba/pamtrace.html (482 words)

	IngentaConnect Assemblages of vertical migratory mesopelagic fish in the transit...
		Assemblages of vertical migratory mesopelagic fish are described for the nighttime upper 20 m layer of the transitional and adjacent waters in the western North Pacific.
		Twenty-three mesopelagic fish species belonging to six families and 16 genera were collected during June 1996.
		The importance of the Southern Transition Assemblage area between the Kuroshio front and Subarctic Boundary as spawning and nursery grounds of many subarctic, transitional and subtropical fishes is elucidated, based on the geographical distribution patterns of their larvae and juveniles.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bsc/fog/2002/00000011/00000004/art00001 (319 words)

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