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	Messali Hadj Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Messali Hadj (1898-1974) is considered the founder of the Algerian nationalist movement, having first spoken the word "independence" at an anticolonial congress in Brussels in 1927.
		Messali Hadj was born on March 16, 1898, in the western Algerian city of Tlemcen.
		Messali Hadj was secretary-general of the ENA from its inception and soon came to dominate it.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/messali-hadj (1106 words)

	Algeria - Viollette Plan
		Messali Hadj saw in the Viollette Plan a new "instrument of colonialism.
		While the Viollette Plan was still a live issue, however, Messali Hadj made a dramatic comeback to Algeria and had significant local success in attracting people to the Star.
		Although Messali Hadj spent many years in jail, his party had the most widespread support of all opposition groups until it was banned in 1939.
	countrystudies.us /algeria/26.htm (460 words)

	Messali Hadj Líder del nacionalismo argelino
		Nacido en 1898 en Tlemcen, Messali Hadj, proveniente de una familia de artesanos y campesinos, participa activamente en la fundación de "l’Etoile-Nord-Africaine" (La Estrella Norteafricana) en 1926, grupo nacionalista que reivindica la independencia de Argelia y del que será presidente a principios de la década de 1930.
		Messali envía a este congreso un mensaje en el que deja entrever lo que vendría a ser la preparación efectiva de la lucha armada por la independencia de Argelia.
		En enero de 1959 Messali Hadj es liberado y el MNA se va a escindir en diferentes facciones y tendencias, algunas de las cuales se unirán al FLN.
	rousseaustudies.free.fr /ArticleHadj.htm (2562 words)

	Algeria POLITICAL PARTIES
		One of the earliest active figures in the struggle for Algerian self-determination was Messali Hadj, who in 1925 formed the Star of North Africa (Étoile Nord Africaine) movement among Algerian workers and intellectuals in Paris and in 1937 founded the Algerian People's Party (Parti Populaire Algérien—PPA).
		On a program favoring "the return of the Algerian people to national sovereignty," the MTLD won 5 of the 15 elected seats in the National Assembly elections of 1 November 1946; in 1948, however, the MTLD lost all its seats and was reduced to semi-illegality.
		After Messali Hadj broke with the FLN, he formed the National Algerian Movement (Mouvement National Algérien—MNA), supported mainly by Algerians in France.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Africa/Algeria-POLITICAL-PARTIES.html (856 words)

	HISTORICAL FIGURES: Ramdane Abane
		Messali was seen by the Algerians as their national hero, their father whose very presence and spirit inhabited their homes and their lives.
		The other members of the MTLD said Messali had the seeds of a dictator in him and that he must be removed from power.
		Messali retaliated by saying that the high-ranking members of the MTLD were prone to electoralism and that this was not the right course to follow.
	www.amazighworld.org /history/personalities/ramdane_abane.php (1995 words)

	THE NEWS BLOG (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		For Messali Hadj, who ruled the PPA with an iron hand, these aims were inseparable from the struggle for an independent Algeria in which socialist and Islamic values would be fused.
		Upon his release from five-year house arrest, Messali Hadj returned to Algeria and formed the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties (Mouvement pour le Triomphe des LibertÃ©s DÃ©mocratiques--MTLD), which quickly drew supporters from a broad cross-section of society.
		The sweeping victory of Messali Hadj's MTLD in the 1947 municipal elections frightened the colons, whose political leaders, through fraud and intimidation, attempted to obtain a result more favorable to them in the following year's first Algerian Assembly voting.
	stevegilliard.blogspot.com /2004/12/colonial-warfare-pt-25.html (3740 words)

	Derechos Humanos - Biografías - Messali Hadj y Ferhat Abbas. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Ferhat Abbas y Messali Hadj merecen una plaza, sin lugar a dudas, en la historia del progreso lineal de la humanidad hacia la emancipación; una de las etapas de este proceso vendría dada por la eclosión de los valores de 1789, etapa ésta que llega a su culminación con la liberación de la tutela colonial.
		Messali Hadj se verá rebasado por los jóvenes activistas de su partido, que van a fundar el FLN al producirse la insurrección del primero de noviembre de 1954.
		Es por lo que Ferhat Abbas y Messali Hadj conciben su acción como una acción solidaria con las de los partisanos franceses de 1789 y los de la izquierda francesa en especial, pero, a la vez, como una acción distinta de las de éstos.
	www.izquierda-unida.es /LibreriaImagenes/CartDerHumanos/Biografias/Messali-Ferhat.html (6224 words)

	Messali Hadj Biographie personnalité historique algérienne
		Messali a alors tout juste 28 ans lorsqu'il est élu secrétaire général de l'E.N.A. Son ascension commence, le congrès anti-impérialiste de Bruxelles en 1927 devait la souligner.
		De retour en France, Messali avec A. Fillali autre dirigeant, fonde à Nanterre, le 11 mars 1937, le Parti du Peuple Algérien.
		Le 2 août 1937, Messali Hadj est arrête à Alger ainsi qu'un certain nombre d'autres dirigeants du P.P.A. Il entreprend avec ses camarades une grève de la faim, la première du genre dans le mouvement nationaliste algérien, pour l'obtention du régime politique.
	www.algerie-monde.com /dossiers-algerie/messali-hadj.html (1124 words)

	Messali Hadj 1898 - 1974
		Le 2 aout 1937, Messali Hadj est arrete a Alger ainsi qu'un certain nombre d'autres dirigeants du P.P.A. Il entreprend avec ses camarades une greve de la faim, la premiere du genre dans le mouvement nationaliste algerien, pour l'obtention du regime politique.
		De sa residence forcee de Niort, Messali Hadj essai de resoudre le grave conflit qui est ne dans le M.T.L.D. Opposant la majorité du comité central, partisan d' une politique réformiste, a l' ensemble de l'organisation demeure partisan de l'action révolutionnaire.
		Messali fait parvenir a ce congres un message ou il laisse entrevoir la préparation d' une lutte effective pour l'indépendance de l'Algerie.
	algerian-history.info /messalihadj.htm (1656 words)

	Messali el hadj (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Pionnier du nationalisme algérien contemporain, la vie de Messali el hadj se confond avec la construction d'organisations politiques algérienne qu'il n'aura cesse d'animer: Étoile Nord-Africaine en 1926, Parti du peuple Algérien en 1937, Mouvement National Algérien en 1954.
		De son vrai nom, Ahmed Messali, est né le 16 mai 1898 a Tlemcen.
		Durant trois mois, Messali, aide de Hocine Lahouel, parcourt l’Algérie, fait acclamer le programme de l’Étoile.
	villageskabyle.free.fr /Messali_el_hadj.html (1129 words)

	Messali Hadj (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Entre-temps Messali connaîtra plusieurs fois les geôles françaises et même l'exil.
		En 1944, Messali joint le P.P.A. clandestin aux Amis du Manifeste et de la Liberté, association constituée par Ferhat Abbas.
		Messali refuse toutefois de diluer ses objectifs propres dans un grand rassemblement qui englobe des reformistes (F. Abbas), des religieux (les Oulamas), des communistes...
	www.megaone.com /tahmi-canada/Messali.html (526 words)

	[No title]
		Messali a alors tout juste 28 ans lorsqu'il est elu secretaire general de l'E.N.A. Son ascension commence, le congres anti-imperialiste de bruxelles en 1927 devait la souligner.
		En 1930, en pleine traversee du desert organisationnelle et politique, l'E.N.A. mandate Messali pour lancer un appele a la Societe des Nations.
		De son vrai nom, Ahmed Messali, est ne le 16 mai 1898 a Tlemcen.
	members.lycos.co.uk /eldjazaer/MESSALI.HTM (255 words)

	Algeria - MSN Encarta
		Ferhat Abbas, Ahmed Messali Hadj, and Shaykh Abd al-Hamid Ben Badis were among the most prominent Algerian leaders in the 1920s and 1930s.
		In 1936 the French government devised a plan providing full equality for Muslim war veterans and professionals, but it was scuttled by colonial deputies in the French National Assembly.
		Frustrated by the settlers’ stubborn resistance to reform, Abbas joined forces with Messali during World War II (1939-1945) to organize a militant anti-French party, the Friends of the Manifesto and Liberty.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761554128_8/Algeria.html (2053 words)

	Itinéraire Ahmed Ben BellaRadio Islam, Zionism, Peace, Iraq, Judaism, Palestine, Morocco, Maroc, Ahmed Rami (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A l'Etoile nordafricaine qui vit le jour en France dans les milieux maghrébins émigrés, succédera, onze ans après, le Parti du peuple algérien, sous la présidence de Messali Hadj, qui transplantera en terre algérienne l'idée de l'indépendance dans les années 1936-1937.
		Messali accusant les "centralistes" d'être des réformistes soutenant une ligne politique de démission face au fait colonial.
		Contrairement à Ibn Badis et al-Brahimi, les deux pôles de l'assemblée des oulémas qui ont suscité un intérêt grandissant, la personnalité de Messali Hadj a été peu étudiée.
	www.abbc2.com /benbella/fra/07.htm (3386 words)

	Messali Haj, le père du nationalisme algerien - FORUMS BEURFM
		En 1927 Messali Hadji veut engager le mouvement sur le terrain politique en se faisant porte-parole d'une revendication d'indépendance de l'Afrique du Nord (Maroc, Algérie et Tunisie au sein d'un ensemble national que serait l'Algérie).
		Un premier conflit nait entre deux hommes Messali Hadj, qui défend le projet d'une Algérie arabo-musulmane contre Imache qui défend une Algérie "faite de vingt races", algérienne et laïque, ce dernier insiste sur la dimension kabyle de la société et de la fonction de l'assemblée villageoise traditionnelle berbère (le Tajmât).
		L’enlèvement de Messali Hadj et sa déportation à Brazzaville, le 25 avril 1945, après les incidents de Reibell, où il est assigné à résidence, préparent l’incendie.
	www.beurfm.net /forum/showthread.php?t=2427&page=4 (724 words)

	Algeria - FLN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Bendjelloul and the prointegrationist moderates had already abandoned their efforts to mediate between the French and the rebels.
		After the collapse of the MTLD, Messali Hadj formed the leftist National Algerian Movement (Mouvement National Algérien-- MNA), which advocated a policy of violent revolution and total independence similar to that of the FLN.
		The ALN subsequently wiped out the MNA guerrilla operation, and Messali Hadj's movement lost what little influence it had had in Algeria.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-341.html (513 words)

	Messali Hadj - Wikipédia
		Messali Hadj (مصالي الحاج), né à Tlemcen (Algérie)en 1898 et mort à Paris en 1974, est le fondateur du Mouvement national algérien, une des premières organisations nationalistes algériennes, concurrente du FLN.
		Assigné à résidence à Angoulême (Charente), Messali Hadj perd peu à peu son influence.
		Messali Hadj n'obtient la nationalité algérienne qu'en 1965.
	fr.wikipedia.org /wiki/Messali_Hadj (357 words)

	Swiss Exile: The European Muslim Congress, 1935 by Martin Kramer (from Islam Assembled)
		France's Muslim population, swollen by waves of proletarian immigration from North Africa, was represented by Messali Hadj, an Algerian activist and orator based in Paris, and the commanding spirit behind the nationalist society Etoile Nord-Africaine.
		Some of the members of Messali Hadj's party in Paris complained that they had been detained en route by French police in the border town of Bellegarde for thirty hours.
		All that Messali Hadj could do in his public remarks was to draw a dismal picture of the state of Algerian workers in France.
	www.geocities.com /martinkramerorg/IslamAssembled/Geneva.htm (5133 words)

	Algeria - MSN Encarta
		Ferhat Abbas and Ahmed Messali Hadj, a Communist, were among the most prominent Algerian leaders in the 1920s and 1930s.
		In 1936 the French government devised a plan providing full equality for Muslim war veterans and professionals, but it was scuttled by colon deputies in the French National Assembly.
		Frustrated by the colons’ stubborn resistance to reform, Abbas joined forces with Messali during World War II to organize a militant anti-French party, the Friends of the Manifesto and Liberty.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761554128_8____36/Algeria.html (1338 words)

	Algeria: Liberation movements (1944-1954)
		The Parti du peuple algérien (PPA, Algerian People's Party), ruled by the historical leader Messali Hadj, then forbidden, was part of Abbas' AML.
		It seems that Hadj had planned an insurrection in April 1945; he would have presided an Algerian provisory government proclaimed in Sétif and asked the allied powers gathered in the San Francisco Conference to support him.
		There was an attempt to liberate Hadj from his jail in Chelalla on 19 April, and the French administration decided to deport Hadj in Congo.
	www.fotw.net /flags/dz_lib.html (817 words)

	Massacre in Algeria, by Mohammed Harbi
		Following discussions between Messali Hadj, speaking for the pro-independence PPA, Sheikh Bachir al-Ibrahimi for the ulemas, and Ferhat Abbas for those in favour of autonomy, the nationalists joined forces in a new movement, the Friends of the Manifesto and Freedom (AML).
		On the colonial side, there were fears that the Algerians would drive the Europeans into the sea, and the plot to remove the AML and PPA leaders, hatched by the authorities at the instigation of a senior government official, Pierre René Gazagne, was gradually consolidated.
		On 25 April 1945 Messali Hadj was abducted and deported to Brazzaville following incidents at Reibell, where he was under house arrest.
	mondediplo.com /2005/05/14algeria (1721 words)

	messaliste - A member of Messali Hadj's party, a nationalist (French to English translation glossary) Art/Literary
		A member of Messali Hadj's party, a nationalist
		A member of Messali Hadj's party, that is, an Algerian nationalist: "père du nationalisme algérien, Messali Hadj" Eventually, leader of the MNA [see http://perso.wanadoo.fr/ali.brahimi/ ] Before that, leader of the PPA-MTLD, which eventually split--see further quote, below.
		"Messali Hadj, fondateur du PPA-MTLD d'ou est ne le FLN" [see http://msanews.mynet.net/MSANEWS/199610/19961007.1.html ] "Les différentes organisations qui composent le mouvement national (les libéraux avec Ferhat Abbas exceptés) vont toutes chercher à conquérir le monopole de sa direction, prétendant y voir légitimement droit au nom du peuple, de la religion ou du prolétariat.
	www.proz.com /kudoz/1011 (378 words)

	Anarchist Approaches to Anti-Colonial Struggles -- French Anarchists and the Algerian War
		During the decades that preceded the war, Messali Hadj founded both l’Etoile nord-africaine (North African Star, 1926) and the Parti populaire algérien (Algerian People’s Party, 1930), nationalist organizations of Algerian workers that set the stage for the independence struggle.
		In 1947, the PPA became the Mouvement pour le triomphe des liberteés democratiques (Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties, MTLD).
		In response, Messali founded the Movement national algerien (National Algerian Movement, MNA), an organization also oriented to armed struggle for the purpose of national liberation.
	www.newformulation.org /4schmidt.htm (2680 words)

	History of the Algerian Workers
		French state racism kept Algerians at the bottom of society, working as servants, unskilled labourers and peasants, while only French citizens or other whites were allowed skilled jobs and positions in the social institutions (from the police to the government).
		After the Russian Revolution, the Algerian Communist Ahmed Messali Hadj began underground struggles to build a revolutionary movement to overthrow French Colonialism.
		In 1947, in the wake of the second world war and fearful of nationalistic uprisings, the government established a parliamentary assembly in Algeria, made up of half European and Algerian delegates, with the purpose of upholding French colonial rule.
	www.ucc.ie /acad/socstud/tmp_store/mia_2/Library/history/algeria/index.htm (1364 words)

	The Algerian Revolution 1954 - 1962
		In addition, PPA supporters joined the Friends of the Manifesto and Liberty (Amis du Manifeste et de la Liberté) in large numbers and attempted to promote Messali Hadj's independence concept in contrast to the more moderate autonomy advocates.
		The clandestine Special Organization (Organisation Spéciale--OS) was created within the MTLD by Hocine Ait Ahmed in 1947 to conduct terrorist operations when political protest through legal channels was suppressed by authorities.
		The sweeping victory of Messali Hadj's Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties (Mouvement pour le Triomphe des Libertes Democratiques--MTLD) in the 1947 municipal elections frightened the colons (colonials), whose political leaders, through fraud and intimidation, attempted to obtain a result more favorable to them in the following year's first Algerian Assembly voting.
	algerian-history.info /revolutioneng.htm (2659 words)

	News \| TimesDaily.com \| TimesDaily \| Florence, AL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The most important group that remained outside the FLN was Messali Hadj's Mouvement national algÃ©rien (MNA).
		It was divided into guerrilla units fighting France and the MNA in Algeria (and wrestling with Messali's followers over control of the expatriate community, in the so-called "cafÃ© wars" in France), and another, stronger component more resembling a traditional army.
		These units were based in neighbouring Arab countries (notably in Oujda in Morocco), and although they infiltrated forces and ran weapons and supplies across the border, they generally saw less action than the rural guerrilla forces.
	www.timesdaily.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Algerian_National_Liberation_Front (733 words)

	Une biographie de Messali Hadj, par Julien Tolédano - LES DESIRS SOCIALISTES DE JULIEN TOLEDANO
		Une biographie de Messali Hadj, par Julien Tolédano
		Messali Hadj (مصالي الحاج), né à Tlemcen en 1898 et mort à Paris en 1974, est le fondateur du Mouvement National Algérien, une des premières organisations nationalistes algériennes, concurrente du FLN.
		Assigné à résidence en France, Messali Hadj perd peu à peu son influence.
	www.politique-info.org /article-1410105.html (199 words)

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