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	Facts about topic: (Messene) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Messene was the name of a Greek colony in Sicily (The Italian region on the island of Sicily), initially founded as Zancle and nowadays known as Messina (A port city in northeastern Sicily on the Strait of Messina).
		Messene (Greek (A native or inhabitant of Greece) : Μεσσήνη; Messínî or Messénê) was an ancient Greek (A native or inhabitant of Greece) city, the capital of Messenia (until the modern prefecture was created).
		Messene remained a place of some importance under the Romans (A New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58), but we hear nothing of it in medieval times and then the hamlet of Mavromati occupies a small part of the site.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/me/messene.htm (772 words)

	Messene - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Messene was the name of a Greek colony in Sicily, initially founded as Zancle and nowadays known as Messina.
		Messene (Greek: Μεσσήνη Messínî or Messénê) was an ancient Greek city, the capital of Messenia (until the modern prefecture was created).
		Messene remained a place of some importance under the Romans, but we hear nothing of it in medieval times and then the hamlet of Mavromati occupies a small part of the site.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Messene (732 words)

	Hellenistic Messenia
		The walls of Messene, all stone-built to a height of some 7 to 9 meters, are agreed to be among the sophisticated defences, and certainly the most spectacular to view, in all of Greece.
		Messene is surrounded by a wall, the whole circuit of which is built of stone, and there are towers and battlements on it...
		Excavations at Messene since the 1950's (under the direction of the Greek archaeologists Anastasios Orlandos and Petros Themelis) have revealed many traces of the city Pausanias visited, most notably a large square complex, probably to be identified as the sanctuary of Asklepios.
	classics.uc.edu /PRAP/messenia/mescity.html (1356 words)

	Messinia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		War broke out—in consequence, it was said, of the murder of the Spartan king Teleclus by the Messenians - which, in spite of the heroism of King Euphaes and his successor Aristodemus ended in the subjection of Messenia to Sparta (c.
		After the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC), Epaminondas invited the exiled Messenians scattered in Italy, Sicily, Africa and elsewhere to return to their country: the city of Messene was founded in 369 BC to be the capital of the country and, like Megalopolis in Arcadia, a powerful check on Sparta.
		Philip V sent Demetrius of Pharos to seize Messene, but the attempt failed and cost the life of Demetrius: soon afterwards the Spartan tyrant Nabis succeeded in taking the city, but was forced to retire by the timely arrival of Philopoemen and the Megalopolitans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Messenia (998 words)

	Messene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The fortified walls surrounding this city were over five and a half miles in length, and were accounted the best in Greece.
		As this diocese does not figure in the "Notitia" of the fifteenth century, it may be assumed that it had then ceased to exist.
		The little village of Mavromati, with a population of 600, the capital of the Deme of Ithome, now stands upon the ruins of ancient Messene.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/m/messene.html (239 words)

	Perseus Site: Messene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The city of Messene was founded as the new capital in 369 B.C. after the liberation of Messenia from Spartan rule, and the city walls are reported to have been completed in just 85 days.
		Messene joined and abandoned a number of leagues and alliances during the Hellenistic period and was besieged in 220, 214, 202, and 182 B.C. The city was never politically powerful, but remained prosperous and continued to be inhabited at least into the 5th century A.D. Exploration:
		Messene, Arkadian Gate: North gate in city wall from SW Messene, Askelpieion: Temple in central court of complex
	www.perseus.tufts.edu /cgi-bin/siteindex?entry=Messene (420 words)

	IDAS - LoveToKnow Article on IDAS
		Idas claimed the whole of the booty as the victor in a contest of eating, and drove the cattle off to Messene.
		The scene of the combat is placed near the grave of Aphareus at Messene, at Aphidna in Attica, or in Laconia; and there are other variations of detail in the accounts (see also Hyginus, Fab.
		Idas and Lynceus were originally gods of light, probably the sun and moon, the herd of cattle (for the possession of which they strove with the Dioscuri) representing the heavenly bodies.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /I/ID/IDAS.htm (443 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2005.07.46
		During the events surrounding the refounding of Messene (Ithome), the location of the secret things which he had buried was disclosed in dreams to both Epaminondas and the Argive commander Epiteles.
		It concludes that in addition to receiving cultic honors as a hero, he combines the figure of a martial hero such as Achilles with those of a cunning thinker such as Odysseus and a fox-like trickster such as Aesop, all of which is suitable to his character as a resistance hero.
		During the course of the chapter, O. also discusses the evidence for Aristomenes' cult at Messene, the nature of the hekatomphonia, Aristomenes' reputation as a lover, the question of whether he was bisexual, and the significance of the names of his family members.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2005/2005-07-46.html (2740 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Messene [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Messene (Greek: Μεσσήνη Messínî or Messénê) was an ancient Greek city, the capital of Messenia (until the modern prefecture was formed), founded by Epaminondas in 369 BC, after the battle of Leuctra and the first Theban invasion of the Peloponnese.
		The town was built by the combined Theban and Argive armies and the exiled Messenians who had been invited to return and found a state which should be independent of Spartan rule.
		The former of these (740 m or 2,630 ft.) served as the acropolis, and was included within the same system of fortifications as the lower city.
	encyclozine.com /Messene (601 words)

	Messenepage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Archaeological site of ancient Messene is situated in SW Peloponnese Greece near the modern village of Mavromati located at the foot of Mt. Ithomi.
		The purpose of this work is to define the origin and status of these people (local Messenians, other Greeks, Romans or people of Italian or other origin), and, to identify individuals as members of families including reconstruction of family trees and speculations on social structure of the ancient community.
		I engaged in the study of primary and secondary sources for the history of the area of Messene and the Peloponnese in the Hellenistic and Roman times, a period to which the majority of the epigraphic material belongs.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~semitic/wl/white_levy_mespage.html (306 words)

	Introduction
		Whatever the character of his cult there, his presence at Messene lies in the special nature and history of Messenian institutions, where public accountability was certainly prominent (Fröhlich 1999), as perhaps at Epidauros itself.
		Hellenistic Messene also stands out as one Pelponnesian polis that maintained constitutional procedures of at least a partially democratic character, requiring financial officers of religious cults to present their accounts to the Boule or similar body.
		Although the political histories of Messene and Epidauros are not well known, the experience of Athenian tamiai under the democracy offers a meaningful comparison, as the Athenians also possessed large juries and demanded public accountability.
	www.apaclassics.org /AnnualMeeting/05mtg/abstracts/BUBELIS.html (521 words)

	History of Ancient Sparta
		Theras, the brother of Aristodemos wife, who was guardian to her twin children after the death of her husband, wanted to take the rich Messene, but Kresphontes and his brother Temenos, who was ruling Argos, played a trick on him.
		The first incident occurred in the borders of Laconia and Messene, where there was a temple of Artemis Limnatis, in which both Spartans and Messenians were celebrating.
		Epameinondas re founded Messene and in the hills of mount Ithome built excellent fortifications stretched for four miles, which are still preserved today.
	www.sikyon.com /Sparta/history_eg.html (10532 words)

	history1
		Before the Romans had arrived in Sicily however, the Mamertines had managed to expel the Carthaginian commander, who was subsequently executed, and invited the leader of the Roman relief force, Appius Claudius, into the city.
		Carthage then laid siege to Messene, and Hiero, sighting the opportunity to oust the Mamertines from Sicily, allied himself with Carthage and established his troops on the opposite side of Messene, thereby trapping the Mamertines.
		Claudius defeated the Carthaginian garrison but Messene was again attacked shortly after by Hiero II, King of Syracuse, in alliance with Carthage.
	www.geocities.com /punicwars264/history1.html (390 words)

	Spartan War
		Against Messene in particular Sparta fought two celebrated wars, the first terminating in 724 B.C., and the second about 668 B.C. Messene occupied the westernmost of the three large divisions of the southern Peloponnesus.
		At any rate, the result was a war of twenty years, during which the Messeneans abandoned all their villages and towns, and took refuge on the mighty mountain of Ithome, a natural fortress having upon its summit a plain large enough to grow crops for all the defenders.
		In Argos, as in Messene, the Dorian kings were overthrown, and a republic was established, though probably it was a republic still under Dorian leadership.
	www.publicbookshelf.com /public_html/The_Story_of_the_Greatest_Nations_and_the_Worlds_Famous_Events_Vol_1/spartanw_beg.html (1061 words)

	MESSENE - LoveToKnow Article on MESSENE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The former of these (2630 ft.) served as the acropolis, and was included within the same system of fortifications as the lower city.
		Messene remained a place of some importance under the l~omans, but we hear nothing of it in medieval times and now the hamlet of Mavromati occupies a small part of the site.
		Pausanias has left us a description of the city (iv.
	48.1911encyclopedia.org /M/ME/MESSENE.htm (450 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		After a hiatus of seven year, during which time the temple was reconstructed on paper and funds were generated for reconstruction, MARWP returned to the sitein the summer of 1999 and began the rebuilding process.
		Cooper, Frederick A. and Diane Fortenberry, 'The Heroon at Messene', paper presented at the 94th Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America (abstract: AJA 97, 1993, p.
		Frederick A. Cooper, Messene: The Heroon, V.2, 1996.
	clvl.cla.umn.edu /marwp/messene.html (165 words)

	Theatron Ltd. Theatre at Messene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Roberto Pompoli of the Department of Engineering at the University of Ferrara, to explore the application of virtual acoustics to the study of ancient theatres.
		As a pilot project, a virtual model of the small theatre at Messene in southern Greece has been prepared.
		With the assistance of ancient music discovered at Messene, this VR model of the theatre will be used to test the acoustical quality of the building under a variety of conditions.
	www.theatron.co.uk /messene.htm (75 words)

	Greece - Kynuria - Sparta - Messene
		It is indeed possible to scale the mountain at a few other points, but only by regular alpine climbing, whereas this is a regular highway ; and along it strings of mules, not without trouble, make their passage daily, when the snow does not lie, from Sparta and from Kalamata.
		The only notable feature in the architecture is the pretty bell tower of the church, of a type which I afterwards saw in other parts of Messenia, but which is not usual in these late Byzantine buildings.
		We could have gone up from Messene by a very long day's ride to Bassae, and so to Olympia, but we had had enough of riding and preferred to make a short day to the sea at Kyparissia, and thence by steamer to Katakolo, from which rail and road to Olympia are quite easy.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles19/greece-14.shtml (4650 words)

	CNN - Greek archeological site may top Olympia, Delphi - Jan. 11, 1997
		ANCIENT MESSENE, Greece (CNN) -- Tucked away among the mountains of southern Peloponnese lies what could be Greece's greatest archeological treasure, the ruins of Messene.
		Remains of a grid of streets show the city was extremely well-planned by its founders who were at war with neighboring Sparta.
		"Messene has the advantage of not only having sanctuaries, but it was a whole city that enclosed private residences and public buildings," said Petros Themelis, Messene's chief archeologist.
	www.cnn.com /TRAVEL/NEWS/9701/11/ancient.messene (375 words)

	The Baldwin Project: A Story of the Golden Age by James Baldwin
		They were found to be manned by crews of seafarers from the low-lying shores of Messene; and their captain brought greetings from Orsilochus their king, and offered to barter silver and merchandise for Ithacan wool and long-horned sheep.
		Laertes welcomed the strangers warmly; and as the night was near, he advised that early on the morrow they should bring their wares ashore, and allow his people to bargain for what they needed most.
		Whether the men of Messene had pushed straight homeward with their plunder, or whether they had put into some other cove or inlet farther down the coast, no one could guess.
	www.mainlesson.com /display.php?author=baldwin&book=golden&story=robbers (2993 words)

	Heroon Report
		The physical evidence from published accounts of comparable designs and those dating to the approximate period of the heroon, however, is either non-existent or ambiguous at most (e.g., heroon at Xanthos).
		The absence of a distyle in antis design at Messene is predicated on several observations.
		The bulk of the podium at Messene comes to us mostly intact; the building on top suffered complete dismemberment, probably by human agency.
	marwp.cla.umn.edu /marwp/HEROON/her_ver2.html (3683 words)

	ANISTORITON: Archaeology News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Messene, Arcadia, the Peloponnese, Greece, has been an important town in Ancient Greek history.
		Although the Messenians fought three was against the Spartans they were subjugated and became a sort of a legend even during classical times.
		In 369 BCE Theban general Epameinondas liberated Messene and built the city of Messene, as the capital of the new autonomous Messenian State.
	www.anistor.co.hol.gr /english/enback/a002.htm (703 words)

	Restoration works in Ancient Messene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The city of Messene, one of the best fortified cities of the Ancient Greek world, was founded in 369 or 367 B.C., to become the new capital of Messenia, after its liberation from the Spartan rule.
		It was built on Mount Ithome, and was surrounded by strong fortification walls (approx.
		The Propylon is being restored on the basis of the study of the architect Athanasios Nakassis while the funding is provided by the J.F. Costopoulos Foundation.
	www.costopoulosfoundation.org /jfcf/messini/intro-en.html (447 words)

	The Children of Herakles
		Since Kresphontes wanted Messene, he threw in a clod of earth instead of a stone; the clod dissolved in the water and thus the other two lots were drawn first.
		Again the Spartans had to decide which one was older; watching Argeia closely they saw that she always washed and fed Eurysthenes first and they concluded correctly that this one must be older.
		Kresphontes, who had received Messene in the Herakleids’ division of the Peloponnese, married Merope, daughter of king Kypselos of Arcadia, and they had three sons.
	www.greecetravel.com /greekmyths/argos15.htm (2236 words)

	ANISTORITON: Archaeology News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Recent excavations at Messene, the Peloponnese, have brought to light modern-type toilets at the gymnasium.
		BCE toilets were constructed in the form of holes in between specially arranged stones.
		CE against the present belief that life in Messene stopped in the 4th c.
	www.anistor.co.hol.gr /english/enback/a021.htm (384 words)

	Messene -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		It was probably founded in 369 BC after the defeat of Sparta by Athens and the Boeotian League in the Battle of Leuctra (371) for the descendants of exiled Messenians as a fortified city-state independent of Sparta.
		His only surviving works are 10 or 11 epigrams of some merit preserved in the Greek Anthology.
		He was best known as an epic poet, producing five epics, though the contents of only one, the Messeniaca, dealing with a 7th-century war between Messene and Sparta, are known.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9052239 (324 words)

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