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Topic: Messenger particle

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	Messenger particle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Messenger particles are sub-atomic particles that are exchanged between matter and are responsible for force, (i.e., electromagnetic).
		An example of a messenger particle is a photon, which is responsible for the electromagnetic force.
		A graviton is the theoretical messenger particle believed to be responsible for the gravitational force, however its existence has yet to be experimentally confirmed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Messenger_particle (332 words)

	NOVA \| The Elegant Universe \| Glossary \| PBS
		messenger particle: smallest bundle of a force field; microscopic conveyer of a force.
		Particles and fields undulate and jump between all possible values consistent with the quantum uncertainty.
		This implies that the microscopic realm is a rolling frenzy, awash in a violent sea of quantum fluctuations.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/elegant/glossary.html (1697 words)

	Cosmology: The physical vacuum of space (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The 12 particles of matter (and their 12 corresponding particles of antimatter, or antiparticles) are acted upon by "messenger particles" that carry all the known forces.
		Even now, particle accelerators at CERN in Switzerland and at Fermilab near Chicago are straining at their maximum capabilities to cause just one "Higgs boson," the presumed messenger particle for this field, to break loose from the vacuum and leave a detectable trace.
		Particle physicists often have to deal with "ghost fields" that are simply the temporary scaffolding used for calculations, and that vanish when the calculations are complete.
	www.astro.lsa.umich.edu /users/hughes/ucourses/120f96/inf3.html (3140 words)

	massless particle concept from the Astronomy knowledge base
		gluon (10 facts) - The hypothetical particle that carries the force between quarks., Smallest bundle of the strong force field; messenger particle of the strong force., Quanta that carry the strong nuclear force.
		It is a stable particle with zero rest mass, zero charge, and a spin of ± 2, and travels with the speed of light., Smallest bundle of the gravitational force field; messenger particle for the gravitational force., The hypothetical quantum particle of the gravitational field.
		The particle was predicted in 1931 as a means of reconciling the measurements of beta decays with the conservation of energy, but it was not directly detected until 1956., Chargeless species of particle, subject only to the weak force., An electrically neutral, massless particle of spin-1/2, which interacts only by the weak force and gravity.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/masslessparticle.html (739 words)

	Beyond string theory introduction
		In these particle accelerators, electrons and protons are accelerated to speeds extremely close to the speed of light, and are then made to collide with each other.
		The way the messengers interact with the particles, and therefore how the particles interact with each other., is complicated and is most easily explained in the mathematical language called group theory (and furthermore, by the mathematics of fibre bundles), which we will not go into.
		The photon is the messenger for the electromagnetic interactions, and we already know that it is the charges of the particles that determine whether they interact or not.
	tena4.vub.ac.be /beyondstringtheory/standardmodel.html (3808 words)

	CEA : UNIVERSE, STARS, NUCLEI AND PARTICLES : RECENT DISCOVERIES AND NEW QUESTIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The messenger particle in electromagnetic interaction is the photon, which is familiar in all forms of electromagnetic radiation: radio waves, microwaves, light, ultraviolet, X rays, etc.
		The particles which interact with this field acquire a mass, which is determined by the intensity of their interaction with this field.
		Particle physicists are working on the development of a single theoretical framework to describe this major unification.
	www.cea.fr /gb/magazine/Universe/particle_physics.htm (2127 words)

	Quantum Field Theory
		It was believed that these sub-atomic particles were the irreducible building blocks of all matter, however, the existence of forces like gravity and magnetism between particles led scientists to believe that these forces themselves might consist of even smaller particles, called quarks.
		These particles are known to have been plentiful during the initial stages of the big bang, and have subsequently been produced in laboratories using particle accelerators.
		When protons and antiprotons collide in a particle accelerator at speeds approaching that of light, the resulting annihilation causes these quark particles to exist for a short time, approximately one hundredth of a billionth of a billionth of a second, before they decay into other particles.
	www.vb-tech.co.za /quantum_field_theory.htm (715 words)

	Walton Prize 2004: Mark Allen
		It is often defined as the study of the smallest particles known to man. It has many ramifications in exciting new areas of technology, science, and philosophy, as well as in areas where you wouldn’t expect Particle Physics, and antimatter to have any practical value, for example medicine and health care.
		Some physicists have hypothesised that gravity has a force messenger particle called the gravitron, however this particle is still hypothetical, and there is no evidence for it, other than the fact that it is known that gravity doesn’t act at infinite speeds, but rather at the speed of light.
		Other examples of developments of particle physics that at the time where considered useless and were later found to be useful include the semiconductor industry, sterilisation of medical equipment etc, radiation processing, cancer therapy, incineration of nuclear waste and power generation.
	www.wesleylearning.ie /pupils/walton_cocker/mark_allen.htm (5113 words)

	Beam me up
		That is done with a third, ‘messenger’ particle — call it C. The key is to prepare B and C in a so-called entangled state: a peculiar quantum state in which the two particles are correlated.
		Even if the two entangled particles have drifted light years apart, measuring B automatically defines the state of C. In effect, entanglement sets up a communication channel that can be used to instantaneously transmit an influence from one particle to the other.
		The target and messenger particles, B and C, are prepared in an entangled state, and C is sent to the ‘sending station’, where particle A is waiting to be teleported.
	www.rsc.org /chemistryworld/Issues/2004/October/beammeup.asp (2607 words)

	Compare Prices and Read Reviews on Columbia Messenger TEC Bowling Ball at Epinions.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Particle bowling balls are leading the industry to new levels for scores and consistency.
		Two years ago I suggested a Messenger to Shelia and she had an average year with the ball but was discouraged by the over and under reaction she got on the house lane condition.
		Then when Columbia announced it's new Particle Scout I said this has to be the answer to get Shelia to next level, knowing her game was destined to be the same.
	www.epinions.com /content_73999945348 (869 words)

	e_skola_kemija
		the so-called messenger particle of the strong nuclear force, which binds subatomic particles known as quarks within the protons and neutrons of stable matter as well as within heavier, short-lived particles created at high energies.
		In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of the strong force, the interactions of quarks are described in terms of eight types of massless gluon, which, like the photon, all carry one unit of intrinsic angular momentum, or spin.
		Strange quarks occur as components of K mesons and various other extremely short-lived subatomic particles that were first observed in cosmic rays but that play no part in ordinary matter.The interpretation of quarks as actual physical entities posed two major problems.
	hpd.botanic.hr /kem/odgovori/odgovor037.htm (1098 words)

	fUSION Anomaly. Messenger Particles
		electrically charged particle repels another of like charge, you can think of it roughly in terms of each particle being surrounded by an electric field - a "cloud" or "mist" of "electric-essence" - and the force each particle feels arises from the repulsion between their respective force fields.
		For like-charged particles, the photon carries the message "move apart," while for oppositely charged particles it carries the message "come together." For this reason the photon is sometimes referred to as the messenger particle for the electromagnetic force.
		Similarly, the gluons and weak gauge bosons are the messenger particles for the strong and weak nuclear forces.
	fusionanomaly.net /messengerparticles.html (440 words)

	SparkNotes: The Elegant Universe: Part III: The Cosmic Symphony
		The standard model, which describes the elementary particles of the universe as amorphous, zero-dimensional points, is not comprehensive because it ignores gravity.
		Therefore, the mass of an elementary particle is determined by the energy of its internal string’s vibrational pattern.
		Particle accelerators use protons or electrons as probes (or “pellets”) because their tiny size makes it easier for them to gauge subatomic features.
	www.sparknotes.com /lit/elegantuniverse/section3.rhtml (3125 words)

	Introduction to String Theory
		As such, they are undetectable to our particle accelerators, which would have to utilize energies about a million billion times greater than those accessible at present in order to determine that what seems to be a point particle is in reality a string.
		A vibrational pattern's energy is related to its amplitude, or the maximum height of a wave peak (or depth of a trough) and the wavelength, or the distance between one peak and the next.
		Using an indirect approach involving the postulated properties of the graviton, John Schwarz and Joël Scherk calculated that the strength of the force transmitted by a messenger particle is inversely proportional to its string tension.
	library.thinkquest.org /27930/stringtheory1.htm (1326 words)

	Assembly and Transport of a Pre-messenger RNP Particle. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The completed RNP particle is released into the nucleoplasm and transported to the nuclear pore, where the RNP fibril is gradually unfolded and passes through the pore.
		Several of the BR particle proteins have been characterized, and their fate during the assembly and transport of the BR particle has been elucidated.
		Because the co-transcriptional assembly of the pre-mRNP particle involves proteins functioning in the nucleus as well as proteins functioning in the cytoplasm, it is concluded that the fate of the mRNA molecule is determined to a considerable extent already at the gene level.
	www.euchromatin.org /Daneholt01.htm (353 words)

	Nup153 Affects Entry of Messenger and Ribosomal Ribonucleoproteins into the Nuclear Basket during Export -- Soop et al. ...
		Initially, the BR particle binds to Tpr C termini in the top of the basket, and a terminal ring is formed.
		Finally, the BR particle is docked with its 5' end in front of the entrance to the central channel.
		The BR particle is ringlike; to clearly point out the 5' and 3' ends of the particle, we have schematically presented the ends as a thin 5' and a thick 3' end.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/16/12/5610 (6842 words)

	Quantum Computing + eHealth
		It has been proven that a subatomic particle can have different states simultaneously because when the particle momentum (mass and velocity) is measured, the particle changes.
		For one observer, the probability of the particle momentum could be state for that observer.
		That is why one subatomic particle can have different states -and probabilities, at the same time.
	www.drgdiaz.com /quantum_computing.shtml (733 words)

	Basic Virology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		One little old individual virus creature is called a "viral particle." Viral particles are so small (some are the size of a large protein molecule) that we cannot really call them "creatures;" they are more like particles, hence the term.
		The messenger RNA forms a "negative" image of the DNA segment it is “reading.” The messenger RNA then leaves the cell nucleus and travels out into the cell’s protoplasm, where its message is read by "ribosomes".
		The viral particle's goal is to attach to a host cell and somehow inject its nucleic acids inside the cell.
	www.marvistavet.com /html/body_basic_virology.html (647 words)

	Isolation of an FMRP-Associated Messenger Ribonucleoprotein Particle and Identification of Nucleolin and the Fragile ...
		Isolation of an FMRP-Associated Messenger Ribonucleoprotein Particle and Identification of Nucleolin and the Fragile X-Related Proteins as Components of the Complex -- Ceman et al.
		Isolation of an FMRP-Associated Messenger Ribonucleoprotein Particle and Identification of Nucleolin and the Fragile X-Related Proteins as Components of the Complex
		Association of FMRP with ribosomal precursor particles in the nucleolus.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/19/12/7925 (7495 words)

	Moron (particle) - Uncyclopedia
		In String Theory, Morons are believed to be composed of Dubliner cheese and are believed to be the messenger particle which represents unity (one unit) of the weak force Stupid, hence are the elementary particle of negative information.
		The particle accelerator was severely damaged, but Hugo was not, due to his immortality.
		The rate of emission of these particles is dependant on a number of variables including IQ and recent moronic thought, which are multiplied by the 'Religious Ideologue' constant.
	uncyclopedia.org /wiki/Moron_(particle) (827 words)

	EM and All That (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		It was not until Einstein discovered the particle-like behavior of light that quantum and particle views of light ushered in the evolution of quantum theory.
		In the case of electromagnetic interactions, photons are the mediating particles of the electromagnetic field.
		Why do we call these photons "virtual?" The messenger particles of the electromagnetic force are bound to the interaction-- virtual photons cannot escape the subatomic world to be detected by an instrument in a laboratory.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~changm/qfund.html (3862 words)

	graviton concept from the Astronomy knowledge base
		has definition A massless spin-2 particle which is the hypothetical quantum of the gravitational field.
		It is a stable particle with zero rest mass, zero charge, and a spin of ± 2, and travels with the speed of light.
		has definition Smallest bundle of the gravitational force field; messenger particle for the gravitational force.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/graviton.html (202 words)

	Category:Particle physics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary constituents of matter and radiation, and the interactions between them.
		It is also called high energy physics, because many elementary particles do not occur under normal circumstances in nature, but can be created and detected during energetic collisions of other particles, as is done in particle accelerators.
		There are 14 subcategories shown below (more may be shown on subsequent pages).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Category:Particle_physics (113 words)

	MESSENGER/FIPS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		MESSENGER spacecraft was launched on August 3, 2004 aboard a Boeing
		Given MESSENGER's location on the other side of the Sun from the Earth and ACE, further analysis of this data should be particularly interesting.
		See http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/whereis/index.php for more information on the position of MESSENGER and the view of the Sun and Earth from that location.
	solar-heliospheric.engin.umich.edu /messenger (469 words)

	MEDITATION
		The messenger particle which is light can become a person and then change back into light.
		As a result each individually charged particle including the particles in you, instantaneously become aware of their position in relation to all other charged particles in the universe.
		The messenger is the Photon which is a light messenger particle.
	hiddenmeanings.com /meditation.html (6744 words)

	Amazon.com: The God Particle : If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?: Books: Leon Lederman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The "God particle" of the title is Lederman's term for what other physicists call a Higgs boson--a hypothetical particle that might hold a key to the subatomic world of quarks and leptons.
		Any particle decay 'equations' are to be taken as givens for the reader.
		One of the big assets of this book is peak in to the world of particle physicist, their work place and the way they are.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0385312113?v=glance (2304 words)

	ILovePhilosophy.com Discussion Forums :: View topic - shadow gravity
		the current physical description of gravity involves messenger particles, little gravitons are shot out from every matter particle and they hit every single other matter particle, and they transmit a force through this graviton that, if it had mass, we would see 10^500th of all around us.
		first, scientists found messenger paticles like the photon and then since they didnt know any better and still dont, they went and ahead and theorized that gravity also was transfered by way of messenger particle.
		immediately after the block is turned on, there are still photons hitting the ball on its left side, but at the speed of light, a 'massless messenger particle' waves its way over to 'give' the ball a lack of photons on its left side.
	www.ilovephilosophy.com /phpbb/viewtopic.php?t=141783 (6843 words)

	Vacuum
		are acted upon by "messenger particles" that carry all the known forces.
		messenger particle for this field, to break loose from the vacuum and leave a
		scheme of forces that are mediated by virtual messenger particles.
	webplaza.pt.lu /public/fklaess/html/VACUUM.HTML (2754 words)

	Citebase - Grand Unification, Dark Matter, Baryon Asymmetry, and the Small Scale Structure of the Universe
		We consider a minimal grand unified model where the dark matter arises from non-thermal decays of a messenger particle in the TeV range.
		The messenger particle compensates for the baryon asymmetry in the standard model and gives similar number densities to both the baryon and the dark matter.
		Prior to decay, the charged particles couple to the photon-baryon fluid and participate in its acoustic oscillations.
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?id=oai:arXiv.org:hep-ph/0503112 (1122 words)

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