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	History of Ancient Sparta
		Shortly afterwards and during the twentieth year of the war, Messenians abandoned Ithome, which was raised to the ground by the Spartans.
		Pausanias summoned the council of war and took the decision to retreat, to a place called the Island, which was two kilometers further and halfway between it and the town of Plataea.
		At the third year of the war (429 BC) Archidamos marched towards the city of Plataea and demanded to hand him over the city and their land properties, promising that after the war everything would be restored to them.
	www.sikyon.com /Sparta/history_eg.html (10532 words)

	Taranto - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The war against Rome revamped, but this time Pyrrhus and the Tarentines were defeated by the Romans in the battle of Beneventum.
		The city supported his war against Rome, but in 209 BC the commander of the garrison betrayed the city to the Romans.
		In the wake of the Gothic wars, Taranto became part of Byzantine Empire in 540, and was ruled by them until the Lombards of the Duchy of Benevento captured it in 662.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Taranto (4312 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> helots (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It is certain that one aspect of helotism was the issue of conquest; this was the case of the Messenians, reduced to such in the Messenian Wars of the 8th century BCE.
		He adds that most of the rebels were of Messenian ancestry; confirming the appeal of Ithome as a historical place of Messenian resistance, and focuses attention on the Perioikoi of Thouria, a city on the Messianian coast.
		During the same war and after the capitulation of the Spartans besieged in Sphacteria, the Athenians installed a garrison in Pylos composed of Messenians from Naupactus.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/helots (3445 words)

	The Messenian Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the midst of a dance of Spartan virgins the Messenians seized the women.
		The Messenian view of the event, however, was that King Teleklos had dressed up young Spartan men as virgins, and they carried concealed daggers.
		Those Messenians who did not leave their old homeland were forced back into the status of helotage.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /westcivi/new_page_37.htm (929 words)

	Wars in the Peolopnnesus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 547 BC, the Argives attempted to recover the territory, but instead of a full combat they agreed with the Lacedaemonians, to decide the outcome of the war and the annexation of Kynouria, with three hundred men each.
		But they were totally unsuccessful in the wars, with the city of Tegea.
		The proud Tegeans lost every battle and finally acknowledged the supremacy of Sparta, but they were never reduced to subjection and continued to be masters of their city, becoming only dependant allies.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /AncGreece/wars_in_the_peolopnnesus.htm (336 words)

	Messenian Wars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The two first Messenian Wars were the wars between Messenia and Sparta in the 8th century BC and 7th century BC.
		The Third Messenian War was a helot revolution in the 460s BC that was so massive and long term it was later named the Third Messenian War.
		The third Messenian War was from 468 BC until 458 BC.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Messenian_Wars (440 words)

	William Smith : A Smaller History of [Ancient] Greece - Peloponnesus, Sparta, Messenian Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Early History of Peloponnesus and Sparta to the end of the Messenian Wars, B.C. N THE HEROIC age Peloponnesus was occupied by tribes of Dorian conquerors.
		The Messenian king fell in the action; and Aristodemus, who was chosen king in his place, prosecuted the war with vigour.
		The second Messenian war was terminated by the complete subjugation of the Messenians, who again became the serfs of their conquerors.
	www.ellopos.net /elpenor/greek-texts/ancient-greece/history-of-ancient-greece-4-668.asp (4004 words)

	Category:Wars - Military History Wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		War is a conflict involving the organized use of weapons and physical force by states or other large-scale groups.
		Warring parties usually hold territory, which they can win or lose; and each has a leading person or organization which can surrender, or collapse, thus ending the war.
		A war to liberate an occupied country is called a "war of liberation"; a war between internal factions within a state is a civil war.
	www.militaryhistorywiki.org /wiki/Category:Wars (827 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 1999.07.08 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Rightly, the authors refer to the emigration of a lot of Messenians to southern Italy and Sicily after the Spartan victory in the Second Messenian War (137), but it was not before the reign of the tyrant Anaxilaus of Rhegium in the early 5th century that Zankle was renamed as Messene.
		201-245) Greece on the Eve of the Peloponnesian War (pp.
		The changes that were the results of the great war between Athens and Sparta are reflected in 4th century Greek history down to the rise of Philip II of Macedon.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1999/1999-07-08.html (2748 words)

	[No title]
		Significance: they did all of the spartan work, allowing the spartans to concentrate on training for war thus making them very good soldiers, but because the helots out numbered the spartans so much, the spartans feared revolt if they left, and so were reluctant to fight battles very far from home.
		The greeks paied their oars, becuase they were free citizens and not slaves, this ment that the ships drained alot of money durring wars and usually turned to any means to make money.
		This was also important in the Persian wars when the Spartans called on their people.
	web.mit.edu /~cat/Classes/21h301/midterm3 (1588 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the last years before the Trojan War, the most important Mycenean state was this of Nestoras with capital the city of Pylos.
		Around BC 110, the Dorians settled in the middle of the Messenian plain, while the older inhabitants, the Achaians, remained in the west and south areas of Messenia.
		Approximately in the middle of the 8th BC century, Spartans conflict repeatedly with the Messenians who were defeated at last, despite their courageous resistance.
	hellas.teipir.gr /prefectures/english/Messinias/Genika.htm (667 words)

	A Smaller History of Greece
		It was not till the tenth year of the war that Troy yielded to the inevitable decree of fate; and it is this year which forms the subject of the Iliad.
		Hence a war broke out between these two states at an early period; and the most ancient naval battle on record was the one fought between their fleets in B.C. The dissensions between the mother-city and her colony are frequently mentioned in Grecian history, and were one of the immediate causes of the Peloponnesian war.
		This war is of great importance in Grecian history, since to it the Athenians were indebted for their navy, which enabled them to save Greece at Salamis as they had already done at Marathon.
	www.worldebooklibrary.com /eBooks/WorldeBookLibrary.com/asmhg.htm (21549 words)

	David Astle, The Babylonian Woe, chapter 12 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The first Messenian War (736-716 B.C.) was entered into by King Theopompus of Sparta for the usual reasons for any war in a state indicated by archaeological findings as being under the thumb of international money power: instigation by that money power in favour of its arms industry and its other long range purposes.
		This war served that purpose most desirable to money power of reducing the power of kings: “The first and second Messenian wars were both followed by constitutional crises.
		The Second Messenian war which was doubtless to have established total “Democracy”, that is, total rule of the international banking fraternity, failed so far as such purpose was concerned.
	yamaguchy.netfirms.com /astle_d/astle12.html (4539 words)

	Carthage - Classics - Greek Civilization
		Indicative of the competitive, fractious spirit of the Greeks, the war would prove to be disastrous not only to the Athens who lost but also to the other Greek poleis.
		The fourth century is a series of wars amongst individual poleis and alliances, or leagues as they are called.
		Philip II of Macedon put an end to the wars by his defeat of the Greeks at Chaeronea in 338 BCE.
	www.carthage.edu /outis/martin.html (1187 words)

	The Ultimate Taranto Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		During the Second Punic War, Taranto was conquered by Hannibal 212 BC.
		The city supported his war against Rome, but was later returned to Rome, in 209 BC, ending the Greek period of Taranto.
		The 11th century was characterized by a bloody struggle between Normans and Byzantines for the rule over the Tarentine and Barensis lands.
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/Tarentum (3879 words)

	The Second Messenian War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The story of the Second Messenian War is also the story of the Messenian hero Aristomenes, who was accorded divine honors in both his homeland and in Rhodes.
		The Messenians were accompanied by allies from Arkadia, Argos and Sikyon, as well as representatives from the exiled families; the Spartans were supported by allies from Corinth and Lepreos.
		The Messenians now treated their land as enemy territory and raided it so heavily that the Spartans felt they were working the land for the Messenians rather than themselves.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Post/157630 (1205 words)

	The First Messenian War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Messenian story is that Teleklos had designs on Messenia and plotted to kill the leading men of the country.
		In defense of their story, the Messenians say that the plan was public knowledge and that is why the Lakonians never sought vengeance for the death of Teleklos.
		The first war began a generation later; Alkamenes and Theopompos were kings of Sparta and Antiokhos and Androkles were kings of Messenia.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Post/157629 (1278 words)

	Boy On A Dolphin Ancient Greek Coin Taras, Calabria - Tarantella and Tarantula
		300-280 B.C. This coin was issued during the war with Rome while Pyrrhus was in the West.
		To help finance the war, the weight of Nomo was reduced from c.
		He entered in Italy with forces of 3,000 cavalry, 2,000 archers, 500 slingers, 20,000 infantry and 19 war elephants in a bid to subdue the Romans.
	www.realtreasures.com /dolphin-taras.htm (852 words)

	Strabo on Sparta and Messenia
		And it is after this Limnai, also, that the Limnaion, the temple of Artemis in Sparta, has been named.
		So the Second War was in the time of Tyrtaeus.
		But also a Third War and a Fourth War took place, they say, in which the Messenians were defeated.
	www.csun.edu /~hcfll004/strabo-messenian.html (746 words)

	[No title]
		Elements captured in war were reduced to field laborers, Helots, who farmed Spartan lands for the warriors.
		Suppression of rebel Messenians in their mountain fastness of Mt. Ithome probably required many years and the placement of a garrison force in Messenia itself.
		Most likely solution was for the Spartan aristocracy to agree to allow ephors to redistribute conquered Messenian lands piece-meal to lower class Spartan warriors to furnish them with means to sustain their careers as warriors.
	web.ics.purdue.edu /~rauhn/H102_13.doc (2321 words)

	[No title]
		The Messenian wars initiate Sparta's fear of change.
		History of the Persian War and a book dedicated to his travels through Egypt.
		The two major causes of the war are Athens' growth in imperialism and the economic and cultural differences between Athens and Sparta.
	eawc.evansville.edu /chronology/grpage.htm (1812 words)

	Messenians at Pylos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		650-620 bce) Messenian Wars Sparta captured Messenia and reduced its population to helots.
		Upon returning home, the Athenians broke off the Hellenic alliance (against Persia) with Sparta and exiled Cimon, in response to the Spartan insult.
		The Messenian rebels surrendered to Sparta in 457-6 under the condition that they could leave the Peloponnese; Athens accepted them and settled them in the city of Naupactus, which Athens had captured recently from the Ozolian Locrians.
	mkatz.web.wesleyan.edu /thucydides_lecture/messenians.htm (174 words)

	Deadly Sky
		Greek battles begin with the Messenian wars (circa 724 BCE) between a rising Sparta and the western territory of Messenia, and end with the Achaean War around 146 BCE.
		Chronological tables list the battles, the war or campaign associated with the battle, the victor, and the loser (somewhat mistitled "vanquished," a term that indicates a more permanent then often was historically the case).
		At a glace, it can be seen that Hannibal won fourteen battles against the Romans in the Second Punic War while losing ten.
	www.themilitarybookreview.com /html/BattlesoftheGreek.html (624 words)

	Readme for Sons of Heracles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Messenian Wars are comparable to the Punic Wars that Rome fought agains Carthage in the 3d century BC.
		Sparta's wars against Argos did not run very well at first, but they quickly learned about Argolian warfare and adopted the system of the Hoplites, the "Hoplitopoliteia".
		When you kill a Messenian, he will be enslaved and sent to Sparta as a helot (as in reality).
	www.alexanderthegreat.de /civ2/SoHre.html (1656 words)

	Chronology of Greek History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Corinthian War between Sparta and Athens (allied with Persia); Spartan control of Athens ends
		Sacred Wars (third and fourth) among various states.
		Wars of the Diadochi, rival generals for control of the empire.
	www.ac.wwu.edu /~stephan/Renault/greek.chronology.html (173 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, page 592 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		That the cruelty of their masters knew no restraint when it was thus stimulated by fear, is manifest enough from the institution of the /cpuTrreza [crypteia].
		; The Helots might be emancipated, but in that case, instead of passing into the class of Periocci, they formed a distinct body in the state, known, at the time of the Peloponnesian war, by the general term of yeoSa^wSe/s, but subdivided into several classes.
		rrjpes were those employed in war; the Seo'Trcxnorai5-rai served on board the fleet ; and the V6o
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-dgra/0599.html (855 words)

	Aristomenes of Messene: Legends of Sparta's Nemesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The legendary hero of the Messenian wars is little known today even among devoted classicists, says Ogden (ancient history, U. of Exeter), but his story is a good one, and not only because Pausanias tells it well.
		It also, he says gives voice, however dimly, to the self-identity, memories, and aspirations of the Messenian people under or just after three centuries of serfdom to Sparta or Spartan-driven exile from the Peloponnese.
		He considers Pausanius' account, popular tradition, his visit to the underworld, his role in the mysteries, the hairy heart, and other aspects.
	www.booksmatter.com /b0954384547.htm (125 words)

	Blue Letter Bible - Treasury of Scripture Knowledge
		Such harangues, especially in very trying circumstances, are very natural, and may perhaps be found in the records of every nation.
		Several instances might be quoted from Roman and Grecian history; but few are more remarkable than that of Tyrtaeus, the lame Athenian poet, to whom the command of the army was given in one of the Messenian wars.
		Be strong, and quit yourselves like men, O ye Philistines, that ye be not servants unto the Hebrews, as they have been to you: quit yourselves like men, and fight.
	www.blueletterbible.org /tsk_b/2Sa/10/12.html (414 words)

	VERGIL: The Secret Life
		But the word which Donatus records is 'Parthenias', a rarish word in Greek meaning "son of a concubine, or (plural) the youths born at Sparta during the Messenian Wars".
		Living in a fast talking city world, where rhetoric was a part of every man's training and urbanity a mark of culture, Vergil was sure to be marked out as cut from a different piece of cloth.
		A remark from M. Vipsanius Agrippa, that able minister of war and farsighted friend to geography, but no litterateur, states that Vergil was merely "supported by Maecenas, and in fact the inventor of a new Tastelessness or 'cacozelia', which was neither Overblown or Terse, but used common words and hence escaped notice".
	community.middlebury.edu /~harris/Classics/Vergil-TheSecretLife.html (7396 words)

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