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	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Messinia
		War broke out—in consequence, it was said, of the murder of the Spartan king Teleclus by the Messenians - which, in spite of the heroism of King Euphaes and his successor Aristodemus ended in the subjection of Messenia to Sparta (c.
		After the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC), Epaminondas invited the exiled Messenians scattered in Italy, Sicily, Africa and elsewhere to return to their country: the city of Messene was founded in 369 BC to be the capital of the country and, like Megalopolis[?] in Arcadia, a powerful check on Sparta.
		In 146 BC the Messenians, together with the other states of Greece, were brought directly under Roman sway by L. Mummius[?].
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/me/Messinia?title=Nabis (795 words)

	Messenia - LoveToKnow 1911
		But the fertility of the soil, the warm and genial climate, the mingling of races and the absence of opposition, combined to render the Messenians no match for their hardy and warlike neighbours of Sparta.
		Two generations later the Messenians revolted and under the leadership of Aristomenes kept the Spartans at bay for some seventeen years (648-631 B.C., according to Grote): but the stronghold of Ira (Eira) fell after a siege of eleven years, and those Messenians who did not leave the country were reduced to the condition of helots.
		After the battle of Leuctra (371 B.C. Epaminondas invited the exiled Messenians scattered in Italy, Sicily, Africa and elsewhere to return to their country: the city of Messene was founded in 369 to be the capital of the country and, like Megalopolis in Arcadia, a powerful check on Sparta.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Messenia (897 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 304 (v. 1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In the sixth year of that war the Messenians sent to Delphi to consult the oracle, and the ambassador Tisis brought back the answer, that the preservation of the Messenian state demanded that a maiden of the house of the Aepytids should be sacrificed to the gods of the lower world.
		As, however, the oracle had added, that if, for some reason, the maiden chosen by lot could not be sacrificed, another might be chosen in her stead, Aristodemus, a gallant warrior, who likewise belonged to the house of the Aepytids, came forward and offered to sacrifice his own daughter for the deliverance of his country.
		But king Euphaes persuaded the Messenians, who, in their indignation, wanted to kill the lover, who had been the cause of the death of Aristodemus' daughter, that the command of the oracle was fulfilled, and as he was supported by the Aepytids, the people accepted his counsel.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/0313.html (1081 words)

	Archdiocese of Messina
		In 735 a colony of Messenians was taken there by Gorgos, a son of King Aristomenes, the brave but unfortunate defender of the Messenians against the Spartans.
		Anaxilas, tyrant of Rhegium, also a Messenian colony, drove the Samians from Zancle, took the town, and called it Messana (the a of the Doric dialect, which becomes n in the Ionic coming later to be pronounced as English e).
		In 1676, the Messenians rebelled against Spanish domination, and were assisted by a French fleet, sent by Louis XIV; Viscount Duquesne obtained a naval victory over the Spaniards, but soon a royal order obliged the French to leave the city.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/m/messina,archdiocese_of.html (1126 words)

	Messinia -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		But the fertility of the soil, the warm and genial climate, the mingling of races and the absence of opposition, combined to render the Messenians no match for their hardy and warlike neighbours of Sparta.
		War broke out—in consequence, it was said, of the murder of the Spartan king Teleclus by the Messenians - which, in spite of the heroism of King Euphaes and his successor (additional info and facts about Aristodemus) Aristodemus ended in the subjection of Messenia to Sparta (c.
		In 146 BC the Messenians, together with the other states of Greece, were brought directly under Roman sway by L. Mummius.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/me/messinia.htm (871 words)

	The Baldwin Project: The Story of Greece by Mary Macgregor
		One day, while the Messenians were feasting and offering sacrifices to their gods, the Spartans sent three youths disguised as maidens across the borderland.
		But there was a traitor in the camp of the Messenians, and one night, soon after the return of their leader, the mountain fortress at Ira was betrayed into the hands of the Spartans.
		The history of the Messenian War was written by the poet Tyrtaeus, whose songs were sung for many years by the Spartans as they marched to battle.
	www.mainlesson.com /display.php?author=macgregor&book=greece&story=fox (1421 words)

	History of Ancient Sparta
		The defeated Messenians were punished severely and took an oath, that they would never revolt and they would deliver to Sparta every year half of their agricultural products.
		On the side of Athens were the Plataeans, Chians, Lesbians, Messenians, Corkyraeans, Zakynthians, Akarnanians as well as the towns of the coast of Asia and Thrace and all the isles of Aegean, except Melos and Thera.
		The Messenians from Pylos together with the runaway helots were able to plunder the country, also Sparta could not invade Attica, knowing that the captured men would put immediately to death.
	www.sikyon.com /Sparta/history_eg.html (10532 words)

	Helot
		They became agricultural and domestic slaves and sometimes served as military servants as well.
		Messenians became state-owned slaves who lived in their master’s household.
		Messenians outnumbered the Spartans maybe 20 to one and became a backbone of agricultural production.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/he/Helot.html (194 words)

	A Smaller History of Greece - Chapter IV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Aristodemus, who is the Messenian hero of the first war, slew his own daughter, which so disheartened the Spartans, that they abstained from attacking the Messenians for some years.
		The Messenian king fell in the action; and Aristodemus, who was chosen king in his place, prosecuted the war with vigour.
		The second Messenian war was terminated by the complete subjugation of the Messenians, who again became the serfs of their conquerors.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/hst/european/ASmallerHistoryofGreece/chap4.html (3976 words)

	Aristomenes
		The Messenian, Aristomenes, on whose account I have made my whole mention of Rhianus and Myron, was the man who first and foremost raised the name of Messene to renown.
		The Messenians, when they heard of the events at Ampheia from the actual survivors from the captured town, mustered in Stenyclerus from their cities.
		The Messenians do not make Aristomenes the son of Heracles or of Zeus, as the Macedonians do with Alexander and Ammon, and the Sicyonians with Aratus and Asclepius.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Mythology/Aristomenes.html (1558 words)

	Contents of JHS 122 (2002)
		Based on the history of the Messenians in Pausanias Book 4, some scholars have thought that those two groups were simply the descendants of the free inhabitants of the region, subdued by the Spartans in the Archaic period and reduced to the condition of Helots.
		For them, identifying themselves as Messenians was an implicit claim to the land west of the Taygetos; therefore the Spartans consistently refused to consider the rebels Messenians, just as they refused to consider Messenians – that is, descendants of the ‘old Messenians’ – the citizens of Epameinondas’ polity.
		Messenian ethnicity is explained as the manifestation of the will of perioikoi and Helots living west of the Taygetos to be independent from Sparta.
	www.hellenicsociety.org.uk /issues/JHS122.htm (2237 words)

	Hellenistic Messenia
		Messenia is, of course, most famous for its pre-Hellenistic history: the fact that in the 8th/7th century B.C. this land was conquered by its neighbors to the east, the Spartans of Lakonia.
		Many Messenians fled their country, and many were enslaved, transformed into the famous 'helots' of antiquity who farmed for, and drudged for, their Spartan masters.
		Their rejection of Spartan domination was sealed by Epaminondas' liberation of the Messenians and his foundation of the polis (city-state) of Messene on the slopes of a prominent local landmark, Mount Ithome.
	classics.uc.edu /prap/messenia/meslib.html (834 words)

	Justin: Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, Book 3
		Some time after, the Messenians renewed the war a third time, when the Lacedaemonians, among their other allies, called also upon the Athenians for assistance; but afterwards, conceiving some mistrust of them, they prevented them from joining in the war, pretending that they had no need for their services.
		The Athenians, not liking this proceeding, removed the money, which had been contributed by the whole of Greece to defray the expense of the Persian war, from Delos to Athens, that, if the Lacedaemonians broke their faith as allies, it might not be an object of plunder to them.
		The Lacedaemonians being then recalled to the war with the Messenians, but not wishing to leave the Athenians in the meantime unmolested, bargained with the Thebans to restore them the supremacy of Boeotia, which they had lost in the time of the Persian war, if they would but take up arms against the Athenians.
	www.forumromanum.org /literature/justin/english/trans3.html (2101 words)

	The Baldwin Project: Historical Tales: Greek by Charles Morris
		There were two wars with the Messenians, both full of stories of daring and disaster, but it is the second of these with which we are specially con- [61] cerned, that in which the hero Aristomenes won his fame.
		The Messenian maidens crowned their hero with garlands, and danced around him, singing a war strain in honor of his victories over his foes.
		Fifty Messenian prisoners suffered the same fate and were all killed; but the gods, so we are told, came to their leader's aid.
	www.mainlesson.com /display.php?author=morris&book=greek&story=aristomenes (1780 words)

	Detail Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Messenians were allowed to maintain their local cults, customs, and family structures, but they were brutalized and terrorized.
		At least some of the Messenian defenders were permitted to depart under safe-conduct, and the Athenians later relocated them to Naupactus, a city on the northwest shore of the Corinthian Gulf.
		Under Epaminondas' guidance, the Messenians founded a city, Messene (modern Messini), to be the capital of the new, free territory.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=GRE0326 (525 words)

	[No title]
		A body of Dorians under Cresphontes invaded the country from Arcadia, and, taking..as their capital Stenyclarus in the northern plain, extended first their suzerainty and then their rule over the whole district.
		War broke out—in consequence, it was said, of the murder of the Spartan king Teleclus by the Messenians—which, in spite of the heroism of King Euphaes and his successor Aristodemus (q.v.) ended in the subjection of Messenia to Sparta (c.
		After the battle of Leuctra (371 B.C.) Epaminondas invited the exiled Messenians scattered in Italy, Sicily, Africa and elsewhere to return to their country: the city of Messene (q.v.) was founded in 369 to be the capital of the country and, like Megalopolis in Arcadia, a powerful check on Sparta.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?content_id=44770&locale=en (760 words)

	Ancient Greece · The Golden Civilization of Europe
		The Messenians occupied a fertile plain and the Spartans found themselves with more than enough land to support themselves and their newly conquered people.
		However, like all conquered people, the Messenians did not appreciate the loss of their independence.
		We describe their lives as the life of a "serf," for they worked small plots of land on estates owned by Spartans; part of their produce went to the master of the estate, and the remainder went to the helot farmer and his family.
	www.freewebs.com /apgreece/spartaandathens.htm (2940 words)

	Ancient Greece
		Messenians outnumbered Spartans 7 to 1 and rebelled
		Messenians became known as helots and were used as serfs (poor workers bound to the land and forced to work)
		Perhaps one lesson here is that in attempting to control and almost enslave the Messenians, the Spartan had to create a military system that took away much of their own freedom too.
	www.uofdjesuit.org /faculty/buchtar/wh08Greecenotes.htm (1398 words)

	Gutenkarte » The History of the Peloponnesian War » Chapter 11
		The plan which they recommended was to attack first the Apodotians, next the Ophionians, and after these the Eurytanians, who are the largest tribe in Aetolia, and speak, as is said, a language exceedingly difficult to understand, and eat their flesh raw.
		Meanwhile the Aetolians had been aware of his design from the moment of its formation, and as soon as the army invaded their country came up in great force with all their tribes; even the most remote Ophionians, the Bomiensians, and Calliensians, who extend towards the Malian Gulf, being among the number.
		When both sides were ready they joined battle; Demosthenes being on the right wing with the Messenians and a few Athenians, while the rest of the line was made up of the different divisions of the Acarnanians, and of the Amphilochian carters.
	www.gutenkarte.org /section/7142/11 (3618 words)

	Independence Weekly — Shan Herald Agency for News (S.H.A.N.)
		It is said that the Spartans were so cruel on the Messenians: whenever they noticed a Messenian who seemed to be brave, outstanding, talented, and therefore a threat to their rule, that person would be KILLED.
		In this manner, the Messenians were kept in total suppression as a slave race, unable to speak out for their freedom, and were denied their fundamental human rights.
		The Messenians themselves had earlier tried to revolt and were brutally put down, and their lives became more miserable than ever since the Spartans resorted to the most extreme forms of brutality to keep them in check.
	www.shanland.org /articles/weeklydiary/weekly40.htm (2643 words)

	Tarbell : Paeonius of Mende
		He was an artist of secondary rank, if we may judge from the fact that his name occurs only in Pausanias; but in the brilliant period of Greek history even secondary artists were capable of work which less fortunate ages could not rival.
		Pausanias records that the Messenians of his day believed the statue to commemorate an event which happened in 425, while he himself preferred to connect it with an event of 453.
		It runs in these terms: "The Messenians and Naupactians dedicated [this statue] to the Olympian Zeus, as a tithe [of the spoils] from their enemies.
	www.ellopos.net /elpenor/greek-texts/ancient-greece/history-of-ancient-greek-art-45.asp (366 words)

	CULT OF ZEUS 2 : Ancient Greek religion
		The Messenians have their share in the story for they too say that the god was brought up among them and that his nurses were Ithome and Neda, the river having received its name from the latter, while the former, Ithome, gave her name to the mountain.
		These Nymphai are said to have bathed Zeus here, after he was stolen by the Kouretes owing to the danger that threatened from his father, and it is said that it has its name from the Kouretes' theft.
		The retirement of the Messenians from Ithome was secured by the strength of the place; also the Pythia announced to the Lakedaimonians that assuredly they would be punished if they committed a crime against the suppliant of Zeus Ithomatos (of Ithome).
	www.theoi.com /Cult/ZeusCult2.html (4105 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 220 (v. 1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Now, the only historical personage of this name is the Damis who was made leader of the Messenians after the death of Aristodemus, towards the close of the first Messenian war.
		The conjecture of Reiske, therefore, that the Damis mentioned "by Anyte of Tegea is the same as the leader of the Messenians, scarcely deserves the contempt with which it is treated by Jacobs.
		This date may be thought too high to suit the style and sub jects of some of her epigrams.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/0229.html (954 words)

	Second Philippic by Demosthenes
		Hence is his vigilance awakened; his arm raised against the state: he courts some of the Thebans, and such of the Peloponnesians as have the same views with him; whom he deems too mercenary to regard anything but present interest, and too perversely stupid to foresee any consequences.
		But although they heard these things, and loudly expressed their approbation; though the like points were frequently urged by the ambassadors while I was present, and probably were afterward repeated, yet still they have no less dependence on the friendship and the promises of Philip.
		But it is not strange that the Messenians and some of the Peloponnesians should act contrary to the dictates of nature, reason, and reflection.
	www.4literature.net /Demosthenes/Second_Philippic/2.html (1041 words)

	Nafpaktos, Greece
		It was known to the Venetians as Lepanto, and became famous as the scene of the naval battle of Lepanto in 1571.
		The ancient town of Naupaktos in western Lokris was captured by Athens in 455 B.C. and was used by the Athenians to house the Messenians who had been expelled from their city by Sparta.
		At the end of the Peloponnesian War, however, the Messenians were once again expelled.
	www.planetware.com /greece/nafpaktos-gr-cen-nafp.htm (326 words)

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