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	Sea and Sky: Charles Messier
		Charles Messier, was a French Astronomer whose work on the discovery of comets led to the compilation of a catalog of deep sky objects known today as the Messier Catalogue of nebulae and star clusters.
		Messier was born in Lorraine, France on June 26, 1730.
		Messier determined the positions of the Orion Nebula (M42 and M43), the Beehive cluster (M44) and the Pleiades (M45) on March 4, 1769.
	www.seasky.org /spacexp/sky5e06.html (673 words)

	Charles Messier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Charles Messier ( June 26, 1730 â“ ( April 12, 1817) was a French astronomer who in 1774 published a catalogue of 45 deep sky objects such as nebulae and star clusters.
		The purpose of the catalogue was to help comet hunters (like himself) and other astronomical observers to distinguish between permanent and transient objects in the sky.
		The Messier crater on the Moon and the asteroid 7359 Messier were named in his honour.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Charles_Messier (125 words)

	Messier object - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Messier objects are a set of astronomical objects catalogued by Charles Messier in his catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters first published in 1774.
		The original motivation behind the catalogue was that Messier was a comet hunter, and was frustrated by objects which resembled but were not comets.
		The final catalogue was published in 1781 and printed in the Connaissance des Temps in 1784.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Messier_object (227 words)

	Charles Messier Summary
		Messier was born in Badonviller (in the Lorraine région of France), the 10th of 12 children of catchpole Nicolas Messier and Francoise b.
		The first version of Messier's catalogue contained 45 objects and was published in the 1774 journal of the Academy of Sciences in Paris.
		A few Messiers are naked eye objects: examples include a globular cluster, M13 in Hercules, and more readily, M31, the Andromeda Galaxy, as well as M42, the Orion Nebula, and M45, also known as the Pleiades or Seven Sisters.
	www.bookrags.com /Charles_Messier (754 words)

	The Open Door Web Site : History of Science and Technology : Charles Messier
		Messier was not the first to see Halley’s Comet that became visible in December 1757 but he did find it a few months later.
		Messier realised that there were other “objects” in the sky that could easily be mistaken for comets but, in fact, were in fixed positions.
		Messier’s catalogue was first published in 1771 when it contained forty five references, M1 to M45.
	www.saburchill.com /HOS/astronomy/022.html (718 words)

	Messier M103 - NGC581; Open Cluster
		M103, is a loose open cluster in Cassiopeia, one of the more remote in Messier's catalogue.
		Messier himself never managed to observe the object prior to the first publication of his catalogue, relying solely on Méchain's report.
		M103 was the last object to be included in the first publication of Messier's catalogue.
	www.r-clarke.org.uk /messier/m103.htm (108 words)

	Modern World to 1900
		Messier created the catalogue because he was actually looking for comets - discovering comets was a way to make a name for oneself in astronomy at the time.
		Messier later added M104, and objects that were associated with some of his findings received numbers M105-M110 later on.
		At the time of Messier, it was not known that the universe contained a myriad of galaxies - that would have to wait for the 1920s and Edwin Hubble.
	filer.case.edu /~sjr16/advanced/pre20th_modern.html (867 words)

	KR Astronomy: The Messier Catalogue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Messier Catalogue was compiled by Charles Messier in the 1700's as he searched for comets, but in order to understand the catalogue it is important to understand the man behind it.
		After the publication of his second catalogue Messier continued to find objects but a catalogue was being made by William Herschel (1786) and Messier felt that a further catalogue would be unnecessary.
		You are in KR > Astronomy > The Messier Catalogue
	www.kopernekus.com /astronomy/messier.asp (513 words)

	Royal Astrononomical Society of Canada - Observing \| Certificates \| Messier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Messier Catalogue was developed in the 1700's by Charles Messier (1730-1817).
		Messier was a comet hunter working with speculum metal reflectors and small refractors that were the equivalent of a modern 80 - 100 mm reflector.
		If Messier were alive today he would no doubt be astonished at the size, distance and complexity of the various objects that he catalogued.
	www.rasc.ca /messier/index.shtml (436 words)

	SPACE.com -- Spacewatch Friday: Charles Messier, the 'M' Behind M13 and Other Objects
		Messier was deeply interested in discovering comets, but he was plagued by the same trouble that besets all comet hunters: He kept finding "comets" that were not comets at all but only star clusters and nebulae.
		The 13 comets that Messier discovered and of which he was so proud of are long gone from the inner solar system and forgotten now.
		It has been written by many that Messier had consummate skill in making astronomical observations, even though by contemporary standards the telescopes he utilized were inefficient and crude (that fact is made obvious by his description of the Great Cluster in Hercules).
	www.space.com /spacewatch/messier_13_020816.html (1010 words)

	ASTR 106 - Messier Catalogue
		This list of galaxies, nebulae, and star clusters was compiled by Charles Messier (1730-1817) and his colleague, Pierre Mechain as a by-product of their attempt to discover comets.
		Due to Messier recording it at a location 4 degrees away, it was considered "missing" for long time until his descriptions were paired up with the object NGC2548.
		Messier discovered M88 in 1781, and described it merely as a "nebula without a star".
	astro.wku.edu /astr106/messier.html (3984 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Messier Objects
		There are two types in Messier's catalogue: diffuse nebulae, which are clouds of interstellar gas and dust; and planetary nebula, which are essentially shells of gas expelled by a star as it shrinks from a red giant to white dwarf.
		There is some speculation that Messier included this in his catalogue to 'pad' the number of objects as it is not one of the typical fuzzy patches of light that could be mistaken for a comet.
		M76 - Among the faintest of the Messier objects, this planetary nebula shines at magnitude 10.1 in the constellation of Perseus.
	www.bbc.co.uk /h2g2/guide/A480502 (4790 words)

	Charles Messier, astronomer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Messier was a French astronomer with a keen interest in comets.
		The reason Messier compiled his catalogue (1760-84) was to save time while comet hunting.
		Charles Messier's Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters.
	www.todayinsci.com /M/Messier_Charles/Messier_Charles.htm (380 words)

	eNature: Articles: Detail
		These objects have been catalogued by astronomers, the most famous of whom was probably a late-eighteenth-century Frenchman named Charles Messier, who was known as the "comet ferret" to his associates.
		In his effort to find comets, Messier was often fooled by "fuzzy objects" that we now recognize as star clusters, nebulas, and galaxies.
		Among the Messier objects that can be seen in fall and winter are the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) in the constellation Andromeda; the Pleiades, or Seven Sisters, star cluster (M45) in Taurus; and the Orion Nebula (M42), a smudge of brightness in the middle of Orion's sword (which hangs down from the three-star belt).
	www.enature.com /articles/detail.asp?storyID=414 (750 words)

	Charles Messier's Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Catalogue des Nébuleuses and des amas d'Étoiles, que l'on découvre parmi les Étoiles fixes sur l'horizon de Paris; observées à l'Observatoire de la Marine, avec differens instruments.
		By M. Messier, clerk of the Depot of Maps of the Navy, the Academies of England, of Holland and Italy.] On comet 1P/Halley, 1P/1758 Y1 (1759I, 1759) Palitzsch.
		Messier's 8th and 9th comet, the 55th and the 56th with a calculated orbit.
	www.moonguy.com /messier/xtra/history/m-pub.html (5762 words)

	Stargazer Online \|\| Charles Messier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Messier's descriptions of his telescopes are rather unsatisfying; he usually says something like "easily visible in a telescope of two feet" (focal length).
		Messier would then observe the new objects and add them to his list in the order he (Messier) observed them.
		As the political situation stabilized, Messier was elected to the new Academy of Sciences, and received the Legion of Honor from Napoleon.
	my.voyager.net /~stargazer/cmessier.html (1265 words)

	(Yet Another) Messier Catalogue
		Although Messier observed from the northern hemisphere, so most of his catalogue objects are northerly, greater attention is here given over to those objects visible from mid latitudes in the southern hemisphere (~40S).
		The Crab was not what Messier was seeking: he was an avid comet hunter, and the various nebulae and clusters he encountered in his searches were only distractions to him because they often appeared to be comets viewed through the optical instruments of his day.
		Messier sought to eliminate confusion by recording the whereabouts of the Crab and other nebulae in a catalogue, which eventually enumerated some 110 objects.
	www.peripatus.gen.nz /Astronomy/MesCat.html (6035 words)

	Charles Messier's Original Catalog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Messier provided an introduction to his catalog, and following the catalog, a list was printed of objects reported by previous observers but not verified by Messier when he had looked for them, and Lacaille's Catalog of Nebulae of the Southern Sky.
		Messier has reported it on the chart of comet of 1779, which was included in the volume of the Academy of that year.
		Messier mistook this nebula for the comet of 1779 on the 5th, 6th, and 11th of May. On the 11th he found it was not a comet but a nebula which was on its path and in the same part of the sky.'
	astronomy.nju.edu.cn /astron/Messier/m-cat.html (7474 words)

	NSO: Astronomy: The Messier Catalogue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Messier decided to make a list of these "fuzzy" objects to avoid observing them when searching for new comets.
		We now know that this object is the remains of a star that underwent a massive explosion (supernova) in 1054 and which was seen by the Chinese.
		These days there are many catalogues of deep sky objects, such as the New General Catalogue (NGC Numbers), with millions of objects listed, but the 110 Messier objects are still the objects most people start looking for when they get their first telescope.
	www.schoolsobservatory.org.uk /astro/textb/phys/messier.htm (211 words)

	Consolidated DSO Catalogues (Clark, Herschel400, etc.) with Cross-reference tables - project homepage
		A V magnitude of "99" means that no reliable magnitude catalogue entry could be found, or, in the case of dark clouds, that an emissive magnitude is not applicable.
		While astronomical journals and catalogues were searched in order to assign a supportable distance to the objects in the consolidated catalogue, the reader should view such distances as general low-precision estimates.
		Catalogues that were utilized are listed in Bibliography and the Distance Bibliography.
	members.csolutions.net /fisherka/astronote/Clarkxref/ClarkXrefProject.html (9499 words)

	Sea and Sky's Astronomy Resources: Messier Catalog
		The first object he observed was the remnant of a supernova explosion known as the Crab Nebula (M1).
		Over the next few years, Messier and his colleagues would catalog a total of 110 nebulae, galaxies, and star clusters.
		Today, the "Messier Marathon" is somewhat of a rite of passage for amateur astronomers.
	www.seasky.org /astronomy/astronomy_messier.html (162 words)

	Charles Messier's Original Catalog
		Messier mistook this nebula for the Comet of 1779, on the 5th, 6th and 11th of May; on the 11th he recognized that this was not the Comet, but a nebula which was located on its path and in the same point [place] of the sky.'
		Messier looked for it on the 4th and 5th October following: the light is as faint as for the preceding [M71]; near it is a small telescopic star: the position was determined from the star Nu Aquarii, of fifth magnitude.' (diam 2')
		Messier looked for it on the following October 5, and on October 18, compared it [i.e., its position] with the star 4 Capricorni, of sixth magnitude, according to Flamsteed: it seemed to M. Messier to be composed of nothing but very small [faint] stars, containing nebulosity: M. Méchain reported it as a nebula without stars.
	www.seds.org /messier/xtra/history/m-cat.html (8357 words)

	Sutherland Astronomical Society: Areas of Interest - Star Gazing
		The Messier Catalogue was a consequence of Charles' avid interest for hunting comets (he discovered 20 comets in his lifetime) providing a means to help identify nebulous objects that could otherwise be misinterpretated as comets by observers.
		It is interesting to note that the Catalogue has often been the subject of strong debate for both amateur and professional astronomers in the interpretation of true 'Messier' objects.
		The goal of the Messier Marathon is to systematically (and quickly) observe as many objects from the Catalogue on a given night.
	www.sasi.net.au /messier.html (587 words)

	Messier Catalog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		His aim was to catalogue these objects so they would not be confused for comets in the future.
		This was M1, the Crab Nebula, a supernova remnant seen 6000 years earlier by Chinese astronomers as the brightest star in the sky.
		Charles Messier presumed that all objects that looked like nebula, were nebula perhaps Hundreds or even Thousands of light years away, little did he know that 40 of these objects were other galaxies, islands in space, tens of millions of light years away.
	www.astronomyinfo.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /messier_catalog.htm (242 words)

	Messier's Catalogue
		Messier has reported it in the chart of the comet of 1763.
		It was while observing the Comet of 1772 that M. Messier observed this cluster.
		Messier reported this patch of light on the chart of the comet of 1779.
	www.messiermarathon.com /messier's_catalogue.htm (7050 words)

	Astronomy For Beginners...Astronomy Basics...The Messier and other Catalogues
		The Messier Catalogue is a list of interesting objects in the sky, distinguished from ordinary stars.
		The Messier catalogue is of interest to amateur astronomers because, as these objects were discovered in the 18th century, they are usually bright enough to be enjoyed with a modest telescope.
		One of the earliest attempts to catalogue the stars was the greek-letter system, devised in the early 17th century.
	www.astronomyforbeginners.com /astronomy/messier.php (432 words)

	Astronomy Information - Messier Objecs Description (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		First of all, the creator, Charles Messier, was a comet hunter.
		All 110 objects in the Messier Catalogue are spectacular sights.
		Observing all of the objects during one night is called a Messier Marathon.
	www.johnvbs.com /index.php?do=mobjects (209 words)

	Astronomy & Space
		Messier Objects Charles Messier (1730-1817) Published in 1781, Charles Messier, the French astronomer, made a list of 103 "fuzzy-looking" objects that might be mistaken for comets.
		Messier In The Night Sky In Full Color In the 18th century, comet hunting was very popular in the field of astronomy.
		Charles Messier (1730-1817) Charles Messier, was a French Astronomer whose work on the discovery of comets led to the compilation of the Messier Catalogue of nebulae and star clusters.
	groups.msn.com /AstronomySpace/messierobjects.msnw (973 words)

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