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Topic: Metaldehyde

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	Metaldehyde
		Metaldehyde is a molluscicide used to attract and kill slugs and snails (1, 4).
		The oral LD50 for metaldehyde in rats is 227 to 690 mg/kg, in cats is 207 mg/kg, in dogs is 100 to 1,000 mg/kg, in mice is 200 mg/kg, in guinea pigs is 175 to 700 mg/kg, and in rabbits is 290 to 1,250 mg/kg (1, 13).
		Metaldehyde is a white or colorless crystalline solid with a mild characteristic odor and a powdery appearance (1, 9, 12).
	pmep.cce.cornell.edu /profiles/extoxnet/haloxyfop-methylparathion/metaldehyde-ext.html (1635 words)

	Metaldehyde - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Metaldehyde is a chemical that is commonly used as a pesticide against slugs and other gastropods.
		Metaldehyde is classed as a ‘moderately hazardous’ pesticide by the World Health Organization and is toxic to all animals that ingest it.
		Metaldehyde is highly toxic by inhalation, moderately toxic by ingestion and slightly toxic by dermal absorption.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Metaldehyde (287 words)

	EXTOXNET PIP - METALDEHYDE
		Metaldehyde is a molluscicide used in a variety of vegetable and ornamental crops in the field or greenhouse, on fruit trees, small-fruit plants, or in avocado or citrus orchards, berry plants, and banana plants.
		Acute toxicity: Metaldehyde is slightly to moderately toxic by ingestion, with reported oral LD50 values of 227 to 690 mg/kg in rats, 207 mg/kg in cats, 100 to 1000 mg/kg in dogs, 200 mg/kg in mice, 175 to 700 mg/kg in guinea pigs, and 290 to 1250 mg/kg in rabbits [8,185].
		Appearance: Metaldehyde is a white or colorless crystalline solid with a mild characteristic odor and a powdery appearance [1].
	extoxnet.orst.edu /pips/metaldeh.htm (1253 words)

	Metaldehyde
		Metaldehyde is applied as a molluscicide bait for controlling slugs and snails in a very wide range of agricultural and horticultural crops, and by members of the public to control slugs and snails in their gardens and allotments.
		Metaldehyde is highly toxic by inhalation, moderately toxic by ingestion and slightly toxic by dermal absorption.
		Metaldehyde is toxic to all organisms that ingest it, either directly or as a result of secondary poisoning from consuming poisoned prey.
	www.pan-uk.org /pestnews/Actives/Metaldeh.htm (1047 words)

	METALDEHYDE (PDS 93)
		Metaldehyde is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and may be absorbed from the skin or lungs.
		Metaldehyde is a molluscicide of moderate mammalian toxicity.
		Analysis of metaldehyde following conversion to acetaldehyde, which is estimated by reaction with sodium hydrogen sulfite and titration with iodine or by reaction with hydroxyammonium chloride and acid-base titration.
	www.inchem.org /documents/pds/pds/pest93_e.htm (2163 words)

	Slugs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Metaldehyde is said to be more effective than metaldehyde under cooler wetter conditions, although this is disputed - recent trials have shown little difference in the overall effectiveness of the two chemicals.
		Metaldehyde mainly poisons pets, especially dogs, when the latter have access to packets of pellets or when pellets are wrongly applied.
		Metaldehyde tapes and pads have been developed in recent years to try to retain the benefits of using this chemical while eliminating some of the disadvantages.
	www.cardiff.ac.uk /biosi/research/biodiversity/staff/wocs2.html (6970 words)

	Less toxic iron phosphate slug bait proves effective
		Metaldehyde has been an active ingredient in slug and snail baits since the 1930s.
		Classified as a “slightly toxic compound,” metaldehyde “may be fatal to dogs or other pets if eaten.” The deaths of birds feeding in metaldehyde-treated areas have been reported in the scientific literature.
		The 4 percent pelleted metaldehyde bait, a concentration commonly sold to home gardeners is reported to be toxic to wildlife, according to the E.P.A. Gardeners who are frustrated with battling slugs need to keep in mind that pest control using baits is very different from using an herbicide or insecticide.
	extension.oregonstate.edu /news/story.php?S_No=805&storyType=garden&cmd=pf (750 words)

	Snails and Slugs Management Guidelines--UC IPM
		Metaldehyde baits are particularly poisonous to dogs and cats, and the pelleted form is especially attractive to dogs.
		Metaldehyde snail baits should not be used where children and pets cannot be kept away from them.
		Metaldehyde does not kill snails and slugs directly unless they eat a substantial amount; rather, it stimulates their mucous-producing cells to overproduce mucous in an attempt to detoxify the bait.
	www.ipm.ucdavis.edu /PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7427.html (2398 words)

	Metaldehyyde-Slug Pellets
		/LC Acute toxicity: Metaldehyde is slightly to moderately toxic by ingestion, with reported oral LD50 values of 227 to 690 mg/kg in rats, 207 mg/kg in cats, 100 to 1000 mg/kg in dogs, 200 mg/kg in mice, 175 to 700 mg/kg in guinea pigs, and 290 to 1250 mg/kg in rabbits.
		Metaldehyde is moderately toxic by inhalation; the 4-hour inhalation LC50 in rats is 0.2 mg/L, and the 2-hour inhalation LC50 in mice is 0.35 mg/L. Irritation of the skin, eye, and mucous membranes of the upper airways and gastrointestinal tract may result from contact with metaldehyde.
		Metaldehyde is of low persistence in the soil environment, with a half-life on the order of several days.
	www.the-piedpiper.co.uk /th11a(7).htm (1079 words)

	Rincon-Vitova Insectaries
		Metaldehyde slug bait, especially in pellet form, is attractive and poisonous not only to slugs but also to cats, dogs, and small children.
		Metaldehyde is sometimes sold in combination with carbaryl in order to kill more pests at once.
		Mesurol granules are much more poisonous than metaldehyde (to both slugs and nontarget species); therefore they cannot be used near food plants.
	www.rinconvitova.com /slugging_it_out_Horticulture.htm (1396 words)

	Animal Help: Pets Home
		Metaldehyde causes some irritation of the stomach, so give him soft, easy-to-digest food.
		Your dog may also have a slightly sore throat for a day or two if your veterinarian has to put him under general anesthesia with an endotracheal tube to ensure his airway is clear.
		Since your dog has eaten metaldehyde once, be vigilant that he does not get access to it again, in case he is one of those dogs.
	www.animalhelp.com /pets/columndetail.cfm?colid=73 (347 words)

	Metaldehyde - slug baits
		Metaldehyde is a white crystalline substance isomeric with, and obtained from, acetic aldehyde by polymerization, and reconvertible into the same.
		Metaldehyde baits can be used around food plants as long as the edible parts of the plant do not contact the bait.
		Metaldehyde is known to be an effective molluscicide against slugs and snails of economic importance.
	www.greatvistachemicals.com /agrochemicals/metaldehyde.html (604 words)

	detection method of metaldehyde
		The impurity of metaldehyde product are acetaldehyde, trimeric acetaldehyde, water and stabilizing agent.
		The percent of metaldehyde content is that 100 percent minus the percent of acetaldehyde content minus the percent of trimeric acetaldehyde content minus the percent of stabilizing agent content
		(metaldehyde)% =100 ― (acetaldehyde)% ― (trimeric acetaldehyde)% ―0.2
	www.freewebs.com /zhaofengchem/md/fenxi_metaldehyde_en.htm (158 words)

	Metaldehyde (PIM 332)
		Metaldehyde is absorbed (1 to 2 hours) from the gastrointestinal tract and is also secreted back (enterohepatic circulation) into the gastrointestinal tract (Dreisbach, 1987).
		Metaldehyde was found in plasma and urine of dogs given a single oral dose of 600 mg/kg.
		Significant amounts of metaldehyde were detected in both serum and urine by gas chromatography, in a case where a 37-year-old man took an overdose of a liquid containing metaldehyde (Moody & Inglis, 1992).
	www.inchem.org /documents/pims/chemical/pim332.htm (2648 words)

	Print this Veterinary Partner Article
		Testing of stomach contents or urine for the presence of metaldehyde can be done but is generally not necessary.
		There is no direct antidote for metaldehyde toxicity; treatment is aimed at controlling the clinical signs.
		At home the yard should be hosed down with water to dissolve remaining metaldehyde and the dog should be restricted from the treated area for a 2-week period.
	www.veterinarypartner.com /Content.plx?P=PRINT&A=1423 (510 words)

	Slugs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Metaldehyde is attractive to slugs and causes intense irritation to them upon contact.
		Metaldehyde is rapidly inactivated by sunlight so spread it underneath leaves late in the day.
		Please note that Metaldehyde is attractive to an potentially hazardous to dogs.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/insect/05515.html (1024 words)

	Slug pellets - harm to wildlife. Safe to use
		What’s more, not only is the proportion of metaldehyde used very small, but the pellets are deliberately made unattractive to all non-target species using elements such as colour – blue being unattractive to birds – and bittering agents and animal repellents to deter animals."
		Equally, metaldehyde slug pellets will not affect beneficial garden creatures such as earthworms, carabid beetles and amphibians, nor plants or soil.
		Metaldehyde slug pellets should be used according to the instructions on the pack – distributed thinly and evenly over beds and borders, and not left in piles or clumps, with any spillages cleared immediately.
	www.gardenseeker.com /slug_pellets.htm (789 words)

	Under-reporting of animal poisoning incidents
		Metaldehyde slug pellets have killed another twelve dogs, five cats and an unknown number of wild mammals and birds, but, according to a senior MAFF scientist, approval for the pesticide is unlikely to be revoked.
		Metaldehyde is second only to carbofuran, a carbamate, as a cause of death to non-target animals – it is implicated in 26 confirmed incidents – and it could be killing numerous wild birds and mammals whose carcases are never found.
		But, if metaldehyde is anything to go by, institutional acceptance of the toxic costs of pesticides is all too clear.
	www.pan-uk.org /pestnews/Issue/pn48/pn48p14.htm (1000 words)

	Composition and method for killing snails and slugs - Patent 4058626
		A composition toxic to snails and slugs which comprises an amount of metaldehyde which is effective as the active toxic ingredient and an amount of benzyldiethyl-(2,6-xylylcarbamoylmethyl)-ammonium benzoate which is effective as the organoleptic denaturant.
		However, the metaldehyde is preferably present in a larger amount by weight than the benzyldiethyl-(2,6-xylylcarbamoylmethyl)-ammonium benzoate; for example, the compositions may preferably contain about 1 to 10 parts by weight of metaldehyde and about 0.005 to 0.5 parts by weight of benzyldiethyl-(2,6-xylylcarbamoylmethyl)-ammonium benzoate.
		For example, in a composition containing 0.01 to 0.05 parts by weight benzyldiethyl-(2,6-xylylcarbamoylmethyl)-ammonium benzoate, 3 to 7 parts by weight of metaldehyde, and 1 to 7 parts by weight of bait, there is present 17.95 to 95.94 parts by weight of non-bait additives.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4058626.html (1400 words)

	Slug and Snail Control in Gardens and Landsacpes
		Metaldehyde baits are a risk to pets and wildlife from accidental poisoning (see below).
		Metaldehyde is the active ingredient in some older slug and snail baits.
		Metaldehyde is usually formulated with bran or molasses that attracts slugs and snails but also is highly attractive to dogs, and some wildlife.
	www.livingwithbugs.com /slugs_2.html (579 words)

	Acetaldehyde - Polymers of Acetaldehyde (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Metaldehyde [9002-91-9], C8H16O4, Mr 176.214, is the cyclic tetramer of acetaldehyde:
		Metaldehyde is insoluble in water, acetone, acetic acid, and carbon disulfide.
		Metaldehyde decomposes slowly to acetaldehyde in the presence of acids, so ingestion may cause irritation of the gastric mucosa with vomiting.
	www.mindfully.org /Plastic/Monomers/Acetaldehyde-Polymers.htm (1757 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Metaldehyde Reregistration Eligibility Decision; Notice of Availability
		Metaldehyde is a molluscicide used to control snails and slugs on a wide variety of sites, including turf, ornamentals, berries, citrus, and vegetables.
		The uses of metaldehyde that are eligible for reregistration are: Ornamentals, citrus, cole crops, several leafy greens (including lettuce and spinach), tomato, strawberry, berries (including flberry, blueberry, currant, elderberry, gooseberry, and raspberries), artichoke, and grass grown for seed.
		Although the metaldehyde RED was signed on July 27, 2006, certain components of the document, which did not affect the final regulatory decision, are undergoing final editing at this time.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2006/August/Day-09/p12896.htm (2125 words)

	What's the scoop on slug bait formulations?
		Metaldehyde is classified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as a "slightly toxic compound that may be fatal to dogs or other pets if eaten." The deaths of birds feeding in metaldehyde-treated areas have been reported in the scientific literature.
		The 4 percent pelleted metaldehyde bait, a concentration commonly sold to home gardeners is reported to be toxic to wildlife, according to the U.S. Sometimes pesticide manufacturers add insecticides such as carbaryl to a metaldehyde bait to provide additional control of certain pest insects such as cutworms, army worms, pillbugs and earwigs, said Fisher.
		In recent trials, OSU entomologists found the metaldehyde bait more effective at killing gray garden slugs in the field than baits containing iron phosphates.
	extension.oregonstate.edu /news/story.php?S_No=99&storyType=garden&cmd=pf (466 words)

	Paghat's Garden: Slug control
		Iron phosphate is more effective than Metaldehyde because Metaldehyde ceases to be functional when it gets rained on or if you water the garden, whereas Iron phosphate remains active even with repeat wettings, easily up to two weeks.
		Metaldehyde is known to be fatally poisonous to dogs & wildlife even in the weak (4%) mixes sold as slug poison.
		You can go with a Metaldehyde bait poisonous to cats, dogs, wild animals, people, that cannot be used around vegetables, & which doesn't work if the weather is cold or wet, which may need reapplication as often as daily to have noticeable effect, & with only small effect even under ideal conditions.
	www.paghat.com /slugcontrol.html (1284 words)

	Pesticide usage: Abstracts: The usage of molluscicides in agriculture andhorticulture in great britain over the last 30 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Metaldehyde accounts for approximately 55% of the total, methiocarb for 40%, thiodicarb (introduced between 1990-1993) for 5% and aluminium sulphate/copper sulphate/sodium tetraborate for less than 1% (Table 1).
		Metaldehyde accounted for 88% of the molluscicide treated area on such grassland, methiocarb for 12% and thiodicarb the remainder.
		Metaldehyde was used on 89% of the molluscicide treated area of turnips and swedes, methiocarb again being used on the remainder.
	www.csl.gov.uk /science/organ/pvm/puskm/pusgabs8.cfm (3374 words)

	Slug and Pest Control, organic nematodes and other methods with pictures.
		Metaldehyde is poisonous to mammals so will damage or kill a wide variety of useful garden animals.
		For this reason, metaldehyde spray (as opposed to pellets) is not advisable at all for garden use.
		Metaldehyde tapes have been available for several years - they are sold as coils of paper which should be laid on the soil near the threatened plants.
	www.gardenaction.co.uk /techniques/pests/slugs.htm (1434 words)

	Parasite offers natural way to control leaf-eating slugs
		In a greenhouse, the researchers exposed one population of typical American slugs to metaldehyde, and another to the worms.
		Over the length of the study, slugs treated with metaldehyde were able to consume 18 percent of the leaves on the Hostas in their environment.
		One dose of metaldehyde for the same size area costs about $10, Grewal said, but several doses have to be applied over the course of one growing season.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-09/osu-pon091401.php (714 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Metaldehyde sales have increased at a better rate than other slug-control products in recent years (up 213% since 1998), suggesting growers are favouring its use over other products.
		Metaldehyde has proven efficacy in wet weather and field studies have shown that once a slug has consumed a lethal dose of the active ingredient it has no way of recovering.
		Metaldehyde slug pellets are available from all leading suppliers.
	www.agrisurf.com /agbizwire/files/0000484.doc (878 words)

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