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Topic: Metallic hydrogen

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	Hydrogen - MSN Encarta
		Hydrogen is the first element in the periodic table of the elements and is represented by the symbol H (see Periodic Law).
		Hydrogen accounts for about 73 percent of the observed mass of the universe and is the most common element in the universe.
		Hydrogen is usually listed in the periodic table in the first column, with the elements called alkali metals (the elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium).
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761552913/Hydrogen.html (2318 words)

	hydrogen. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The flame produced by a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen gases (as in the oxyhydrogen blowpipe) is extremely hot and is used in welding and to melt quartz and certain glasses.
		Hydrogen gas must be used with caution because it is highly flammable; it forms easily ignited explosive mixtures with oxygen or with air (because of the oxygen in the air).
		Hydrogen is prepared commercially by catalytic reaction of steam with hydrocarbons, by the reaction of steam with hot coke (carbon), by the electrolysis of water, and by the reaction of mineral acids on metals.
	www.bartleby.com /65/hy/hydrogen.html (1067 words)

	Principal Metals-Hydrogen
		Named by Lavoisier, hydrogen is the most abundant of all elements in the universe, and it is thought that the heavier elements were, and still are, being built from hydrogen and helium.
		Hydrogen is thought to be a major component of Jupiter and that at some depth in the planet's interior the pressure is so great that solid molecular hydrogen is converted to solid metallic hydrogen.
		On earth, hydrogen occurs chiefly in combination with oxygen in water, but it is also present in organic matter such as living plants, petroleum, coal, etc. It is present as the free element in the atmosphere, but only to the extent of less than 1 ppm by volume.
	www.principalmetals.com /utilities/1.htm (783 words)

	Metallic Hydrogen Fact Sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Additionally, solid metallic hydrogen is predicted to contain a large amount of energy that might be released quickly as an explosive or relatively slowly as a lightweight rocket fuel.
		Because hydrogen is the lightest and simplest off all elements and composes about 90% of the atoms in the visible universe, scientists have a broad spectrum of interest in its properties and phases.
		In the case of astrophysics, metallic hydrogen is thought to exist in the interior of Jupiter and Saturn.
	www-phys.llnl.gov /H_Div/GG/metalhydrofact.html (1001 words)

	cars - Hydrogen
		Hydrogen (Latin: hydrogenium, from Greek: hydro: water, genes: forming) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol H and atomic number 1.
		A hydrogen atom is an atom of the element hydrogen.
		Hydrogen can be prepared in several different ways: steam on heated carbon, hydrocarbon decomposition with heat, reaction of a strong base in an aqueous solution with aluminium, water electrolysis, or displacement from acids with certain metals.
	www.carluvers.com /cars/Hydrogen (1762 words)

	No Metallic Hydrogen Yet
		The possibility of metallic hydrogen is of enormous importance because of the material's potential as a superconductor, conducting electricity with little or no resistance, resulting in huge energy savings.
		Ruoff and his team also believe the metal could be relevant to the study of the interiors of larger planets, such as Jupiter, where metallic hydrogen is thought to be in abundant supply.
		Such incredible pressures were achieved by compressing the hydrogen in a diamond anvil cell, a small device consisting of pairs of the highest quality diamonds with tips beveled to one-fourth the diameter of a human hair.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1998-05/CUNS-NMHY-070598.php (610 words)

	Hydrogen - Gurupedia
		Hydrogen is the lightest chemical element with its most common isotope consisting of just a single proton and electron.
		Since hydrogen is fourteen and a half times lighter than air, it was once widely used as a lifting agent in balloons and airships.
		Hydrogen has an electronegativity of 2.2, so it forms compounds where it is the more non-metallic and where it is the more metallic element.
	www.gurupedia.com /h/hy/hydrogen.htm (1148 words)

	Hydrogen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Hydrogen (Latin: hydrogenium) is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol H and atomic number 1.
		Hydrogen (French for water-maker from Greek hudôr "water" and gennen "generate") was first recognized as a substance in 1776 by Henry Cavendish.
		Hydrogen can be prepared in several different steam on heated carbon hydrocarbon decomposition with heat reaction of a base in an aqueous solution with aluminium water electrolysis or displacement from acids with certain metals.
	www.freeglossary.com /Hydrogen (1602 words)

	The Elements: Hydrogen
		On earth, hydrogen occurs chiefly in combination with oxygen in water, but it is also present in organic matter, such as living plants, petroleum, coal, etc. It is present as the free element in the atmosphere, but only to the extent of less than 1 part/million, by volume.
		Liquid hydrogen is important in cryogenics and in the study of superconductivity as its m.p.
		Quite apart from isotopes, it has been shown that hydrogen gas under ordinary conditions is a mixture of two kinds of molecules, known as ortho and para hydrogen, which differ from one another by the spins of their electrons and nuclei.
	www.cmbi.kun.nl /~ott/elements/hydrogen.html (694 words)

	Hydrogen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Hydrogen is the most abundant of all elements in the universe, and it is thought that the heavier elements were, and still are, being built from hydrogen and helium.
		It is thought that hydrogen is a major component of the planet Jupiter and that at some depth in the planet's interior the pressure is so great that solid molecular hydrogen is converted into solid metallic hydrogen.
		Great quantities of hydrogen are required commercially for the fixation of nitrogen from the air in the Haber ammonia process and for the hydrogenation of fats and oils.
	www.sunysccc.edu /Academic/mst/ptable/h.html (834 words)

	Hydrogen
		Predictions say that metallic hydrogen may be metastable; others have predicted it would be a superconductor at room temperature.
		Hydrogen gas is so light that uncombined Hydrogen will gain enough velocity from collisions with other gases that they will quickly be ejected from the atmosphere.
		The ordinary isotope of hydrogen, H, is known as Protium, the other two isotopes are Deuterium (a proton and a neutron) and Tritium (a protron and two neutrons).
	cse.ssl.berkeley.edu /chips_epo/hydrogen.htm (803 words)

	Jumpin' Jupiter!
		Metallic character is most directly established by electrical conductivity measurements, which are not yet possible in diamond anvil cells with hydrogen samples at any pressure.
		Our data indicate a continuous transition from a semiconducting to metallic diatomic fluid at 1.4 Mbar, nine-fold compression of initial liquid density, and 3,000 K. Some theorists have speculated that metallic hydrogen produced under laboratory conditions might remain in that state after the enormous pressures required to create it are removed.
		At metallization, we calculate that only about 5% of the original molecules have separated into individual atoms of hydrogen, which means that our metallic hydrogen is primarily a molecular fluid.
	www.llnl.gov /str/Nellis.html (2729 words)

	Sympathetic Vibratory Physics - John W. Keely's Sacred Science.
		Hydrogen is prepared by * steam on heated carbon, * decomposition of certain hydrocarbons with heat, * action of sodium or potassium hydroxide on aluminum * electrolysis of water, or * displacement from acids by certain metals.
		Forms Quite apart from isotopes, it has been shown that under ordinary conditions hydrogen gas is a mixture of two kinds of molecules, known as ortho- and para-hydrogen, which differ from one another by the spins of their electrons and nuclei.
		Isotopes The ordinary isotope of hydrogen, H, is known as Protium, the other two isotopes are Deuterium (a proton and a neutron) and Tritium (a protron and two neutrons).
	www.svpvril.com /svpnotes/HYDROGEN,_77449.html (919 words)

	Metallic hydrogen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Metallic hydrogen results when hydrogen is sufficiently compressed and undergoes a phase change; it is an example of degenerate matter.
		Metallic hydrogen consists of a crystal lattice of atomic nuclei (namely protons), with a spacing that is significantly smaller than a Bohr radius; indeed, the spacing is more comparable with an electron wavelength (see De Broglie wavelength).
		Metallic hydrogen is present in tremendous amounts in the gravitationally compressed interiors of Jupiter, Saturn, and some of the newly discovered extrasolar planets.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Metallic_hydrogen (795 words)

	Halfbakery: Metallic Hydrogen
		When the hydrogen is compressed sufficiently, zap it with a laser, at a frequency specially tuned to momentarily ionize some of the hydrogen.
		The standard notion for squishing hydrogen into a metal is exactly and simply that: Just pile on the pressure until the intermolecular and/or interatomic chemical bonds give way, after which they should naturally reform into the kind of bonds typical of metals.
		Getting back to metallic hydrogen, it is theorized to also have a metastable zone, such that it may be reasonably stable at ordinary temperatures and pressures.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Metallic_20Hydrogen (2152 words)

	Re: Does hydrogen count as a metal?
		In this chemical sense, a metallic element is one near the left hand side of the periodic table, that takes part in chemical reactions where it loses electrons to form positive ions, particularly in aqueous solution, or in salt crystals.
		Jupiter question In the chemical sense, hydrogen is regarded as a non-metallic element, in spite of its position on the periodic table.
		Hydrogen chlorine is a gas, for example, where sodium chloride or copper chloride are crystalline salts.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/may98/893186142.Ch.r.html (601 words)

	Hydrogen - The Periodic Table of the Elements - Formation Inc. - The Information Corporation
		Hydrogen is the simplest Element or Molecule, consisting essentially of a Proton and an Electron (Atomic Hydrogen) or a pair of Protons and Electrons (Molecular Hydrogen).
		Hydrogen is also expected to become Metallic, and thus ultimately Superconducting, at extremely high pressures, such as in the degenerate cores of the gas giant planets and the white dwarf stars.
		Hydrogen can thus be equally considered to be an alkali metal or a halide salt (as the Hydride ion), and therefore it is represented in two opposite columns in the Periodic Table of the Elements.
	webpages.charter.net /tsiolkovsky/elements/hydrogen.htm (1277 words)

	Metallic Hydrogen
		The difference between metals and non-metals has to do with how hard, or easy, it is to move electrons around in the outer part of an atom, or from one atom to another.
		HOWEVER, deep inside Jupiter, the weight compressing the gas (hydrogen) is tens of times the weight compressing the core of the Earth, and the liquid hydrogen is compressed to ten, twenty, maybe even thirty or forty times the normal density of liquid hydrogen.
		But if you have 30 or 40 hydrogen atoms in the space normally occupied by ONE atom, each of the electrons in each of those atoms must be around 3 times closer to the nuclei of other hydrogen atoms than they normally are, to their own nucleus.
	cseligman.com /text/planets/metallichydrogen.htm (841 words)

	Is hydrogen a metallic element? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Response #: 1 of 2 Author: woodford Text: Hydrogen is not a metallic element despite the placement on the left side of the periodic chart.
		Hydrogen certainly meets this criteria, however it is physical properties are more consistent with the gases grouped at the upper right.
		The most common phase of hydrogen (that is, pure hydrogen) is hydrogen gas.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /newton/askasci/1993/chem/CHEM041.HTM (252 words)

	Metallic hydrogen
		Hydrogen, as any materials scientist will tell you, is a tough nut to crack.
		This latest research into solid metallic hydrogen, the holy grail of high-pressure physics, is reported the May 7 issue of the magazine Nature.
		Ruoff said that the theoretical explanation of this is that as the hydrogen is squeezed, the molecule decomposes and forms a lattice of protons surrounded by electrons.
	www.news.cornell.edu /Chronicle/98/5.14.98/hydrogen.html (652 words)

	NASA's Solar System Exploration: Multimedia: Gallery: Gas Giant Interiors
		Below this, the saturnian surface is a stratum of liquid hydrogen (as in the case of Jupiter) underlain with a layer of liquid metallic hydrogen.
		It is believed that the liquid hydrogen layer of Saturn is thicker than that of Jupiter, while the liquid metallic hydrogen layer may be thinner.
		Uranus is gaseous in composition, mainly comprising hydrogen and helium as in the case of Jupiter and Saturn.
	solarsystem.nasa.gov /multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=166 (350 words)

	Metallic Corrosion - Hydrogen Damage
		Hydrogen can also be generated from cathodic reactions during corrosion in service and from cathodic protection measures by sacrificial anodes and impressed current.
		The effects of hydrogen are well known in ferritic and martensitic steels, where it can diffuse to suitable sites in the microstructure and develop local internal pressure resulting in the characteristic form of hydrogen embrittlement.
		The sites at which hydrogen is trapped include the original austenite grain boundaries and the interfaces between the matrix and non-metallic inclusions, for example manganese sulphides.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?ArticleID=104 (353 words)

	Hydrogen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hydrogen is the most abundant of the chemical elements, constituting roughly 75% of the universe's elemental mass.
		Hydrogen solubility in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the metal crystal lattice.
		Spectroscopy of superheavy hydrogen isotopes in stopped-pion absorption by nuclei.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hydrogen (4420 words)

	Physics News Update Number 263 - METALLIC HYDROGEN HAS BEEN ACHIEVED (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Hydrogen atoms constitute the bulk of the universe's ordinary matter, so scientists have long sought to understand the properties and phases of this simplest of elements.
		Squeezing hydrogen atoms until they surrender their electrons has been tried ever since Eugene Wigner predicted in 1935 that hydrogen would metallize at sufficiently high pressure.
		It was long thought that the road to metallic hydrogen lay with crystalline hydrogen rather than with the disordered fluid phase.
	www.aip.org /pnu/1996/split/pnu263-1.htm (251 words)

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