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Topic: Metastases

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	Dr. Koop - Adenocarcinoma of the Lung and Brain Metastases- Health Encyclopedia and Reference
		The treatment of brain metastases depends on factors such as the tumor of origin (for example, adenocarcinoma of the lung), the number and location of the lesions within the brain, and the extent of cancer in places other than the brain.
		Patients with brain metastases from lymphoma, leukemia or small cell cancer are generally given radiation therapy to the entire brain, although these tumors may also be treated with systemic chemotherapy.
		In patients with multiple metastases or widespread disease, the prognosis is often gloomy and treatment is palliative (reducing the severity of symptoms).
	www.drkoop.com /encyclopedia/93/363.html (560 words)

	Brain Metastases
		Metastases to the brain are the commonest intracranial tumors, outnumbering primary brain tumors by at least 10 to 1.
		Metastases from colon, breast, and renal cell carcinoma are often single, whereas malignant melanoma and lung cancer have a greater tendency to produce multiple cerebral lesions.
		Metastases to the brain are usually symptomatic, and more than two thirds of patients with brain metastases have some neurologic symptoms during the course of their illness (Tables 2 and 3).
	www.aboutcancer.com /brain_metastases_arnold.htm (6851 words)

	Management of Cerebral Metastases: The Role of Surgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Cerebral metastases are by far the most common intracranial tumors in adults, and their overall incidence is increasing as systemic cancer therapies have improved and thus have extended patients’ lives.
		Of the many primary cancers able to metastasize to the brain, carcinomas of the lung and breast, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and colon cancers are the predominant brain metastasis types seen clinically, whereas those from sarcomas and primary carcinomas of the prostate, ovary, and bladder are infrequently observed.
		Metastases from primary cancers of certain histologic types such as small-cell lung cancer, lymphoma, and germ-cell tumors are especially sensitive to radiation and/or chemotherapy and are likely to respond better to these modalities than to surgery.
	www.moffitt.usf.edu /pubs/ccj/v5n2/article3.html (3423 words)

	eMedicine - Brain, Metastases : Article by Anil Khosla, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Brain metastases are an increasingly important cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients.
		Brain metastases are less frequent in children, with an approximate incidence of 6%.
		False Positives/Negatives: Angiography is nonspecific for the diagnosis of metastases.
	www.emedicine.com /radio/topic101.htm (3946 words)

	Survival of patients with metastases from uveal melanoma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Survival of patients with metastases from uveal melanoma.
		The authors evaluated a series of 145 consecutive patients with metastases from uveal melanoma, after proton beam irradiation, to assess the effect of early diagnosis and treatment for metastases on survival.
		Metastases were diagnosed between 7 weeks and 8.3 years (median, 2.4 years) after proton beam irradiation.
	www.meb.uni-bonn.de /cgi-bin/mycite?ExtRef=MEDL/91219142 (197 words)

	Distant metastases after irradiation alone in carcinoma of the uterine cervix (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This is a retrospective analysis of 1211 patients with invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated with irradiation alone from 1959 through 1986, of whom 322 developed distant metastases during the course of the disease.
		The 10-year actuarial incidence of distant metastases was 3% in Stage IA (34 patients), 16% in Stage IB (384 patients), 31% in Stage IIA (128 patients), 26% in Stage IIB (353 patients), 39% in Stage III (292 patients), and 75% in Stage IVA (20 patients).
		A multivariate analysis of factors influencing the incidence of distant metastases showed clinical stage, endometrial extension noted by dilatation and curettage (DandC) prior to therapy, and pelvic tumor control within each stage to be significant indicators of distant dissemination; histology, volume of disease, and age of patient were not significant.
	www.meb.uni-bonn.de /cgi-bin/mycite?ExtRef=MEDL/92406565 (373 words)

	M1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The frequency of metastases are less for squamous cell carcinomas than the adenocarcinomas.
		In resected patients with Stage I cancers, metastases occurred in 15% with squamous cell carcinoma vs 27% with adenocarcinomas.
		Analysis of published studies on the detection of extrathoracic metastases in patients presumed to have operable non-small cell lung cancer.
	www.chestx-ray.com /StagingLungCa/M1.html (204 words)

	eMedicine - Bone Metastases : Article by Wilfred CG Peh, MBBS, MHSM, MD, FRCPE, FRCPG, FRCR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		If bone metastases are present or suspected, further imaging or imaging-guided techniques may be required to confirm the diagnosis, to establish the extent of the disease, and to find the primary tumor.
		For example, metastases to the bones of the hands and feet are rare, but 50% of hand metastases originate from lung neoplasms (see Image 1).
		Metastases from certain primary sites (eg, renal cell or thyroid carcinomas) are almost always osteolytic, whereas those from other sites (eg, prostatic carcinoma) are predominantly sclerotic (see Image 6).
	www.emedicine.com /radio/topic88.htm (5341 words)

	Metastatic Tumors to the Brain and Spine
		Thus lung cancer commonly metastasizes to the brain; colon cancer commonly metastasizes to the liver.
		Central nervous system metastases may be present before cancer is found elsewhere; when you are first diagnosed with cancer; or most commonly, after your cancer has been found and treated.
		Symptoms of spinal fluid metastases are caused by irritation or compression of the brain and/or spinal cord and increased intracranial pressure.
	neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu /abta/mets.htm (6591 words)

	solitary contralateral adrenal metastases after nephrectomy for renalcell carcinoma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		These types of metastases are usually asymptomaticthey do not appear with signs of adrenal insufficiency, they are detectedincidentally and the diagnosis is confirmed mainly with CTscan, whichcomprises the method of choice for the detection of such types of metastases.Many adrenal metastases probably have been overlooked in the past whenadvanced imaging techniques were not available.
		In conclusion, contralateral solitary metastases in the adrenals, afternephrectomy for renal cancer, although rare, are asymptomatic.
		Wright FW: Adrenal metastases from renal carcinoma diagnosed by selectiverenal angiography.
	www.duj.com /Article/Antoniou.html (1068 words)

	Liver Resections for Metastases - G. Nuzzo. IJSS 1995 Vol 2 NO 3 pp 94-99 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The third case was a patient, with metachronous metastases from retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma, submitted to a resection of a lesion located close to the inferior vena cava (TVE, 7 min.) and of the III segment; after sixteen months a re-resection of segments IV-V-VI was performed for recurrent liver metastasis.
		In those patients with synchronous metastases, submitted to simultaneous hepatic and primary tumour resection, the morbidity was similar to that of patients who underwent a liver resection alone (21.4% vs. 22.4%) (Table III).
		Number and size of metastases influenced long-term results only in cases with metachronous metastases: in these, 5-year survival rate was significantly higher in patients with solitary lesions, less than 4 cm in size (Table V).
	www.eass.it /ijss/3.199/Nuzzo.htm (2959 words)

	Management of Bone Metastases -- Coleman 5 (6): 463 -- The Oncologist
		Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal complications in patients with breast cancer and lytic bone metastases.
		Pamidronate prevents skeletal complications and is effective palliative treatment in women with breast cancer and osteolytic bone metastases: long-term results of two randomised, placebo-controlled trials.
		Adjuvant clodronate reduces the incidence of bone metastases in patients with primary operable breast cancer.
	theoncologist.alphamedpress.org /cgi/content/full/5/6/463 (3886 words)

	Metastases (mets) or how cancer spreads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Tumors are called "malignant" because they have the ability to invade normal tissues (replacing healthy cells with cancer cells) and to metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body.
		Metastases takes place in many ways: through the lymphatic system, through the bloodstream, by spreading through body spaces such as the bronchi or abdominal cavity, or through implantation.
		For example cancers rarely metastasize to the skin, but they often metastasize to the liver and lungs.
	www.phoenix5.org /Basics/mets.html (866 words)

	Decisions for Patients with Brain Metastases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Traditionally, surgical resection has been offered rarely to patients with multiple metastases, because the morbidity of resection in multiple brain locations was believed to be excessive, and the risk for developing additional tumors perceived to be high (4,28,29,31).
		A report by Hazuka et al found only a 5 month average survival with resection of multiple metastases (n=18), but only one of their patients had total resection of all metastases, and that patient lived 48 months (17).
		Multiple brain metastases are associated with poor survival in patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy.
	www.neurosurgery.pitt.edu /imageguided/papers/decision.html (3505 words)

	Bone and Vertebral Metastases
		Tumor metastases in bone develop from interactions between the bone cells and the tumor cells, destroying the bone's ability to bear loads, initially in disruption of the bone structure and microfractures, but finally in total loss of bone integrity.
		While Bone Isotope Scans and PET scans are useful adjuncts to indicate strong suspicious of metastases to bone, it is the MRI which is the definitive examination to give clear delineation of the bone tumor and its extent.
		Usually bone metastases are lytic lesions, ones in which the bone is destroyed and replaced with tumor tissue.
	www.bctonline.com /~dwhiting/lms/metsbone1.htm (3054 words)

	Bone metastases
		Bone metastases are a common cause of morbidity in cancer patients.[1] The debilitating pain that occurs in many patients with advanced malignancies is primarily produced by bone metastases.
		The management of bone metastases depends on a number of factors: the location and extent of bony destruction, the severity of morbidity, the availability of effective systemic therapies (hormonal or chemotherapy), and the overall status of the patient.
		If bone metastases are not complicated by pathologic fracture or do not involve the spinal cord or nerve roots, treatment is dictated by symptoms, the risk of pathologic fracture, and the potential for effective systemic therapy.
	cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk /cancernet/103857.html (1179 words)

	Liver metastases
		The portal vein drains the abdominal viscera and is presumably the conduit for metastases from tumors of the colon and rectum, stomach, pancreas, biliary tree, and small intestine.
		Hepatic resection for resectable colorectal hepatic metastases produces a 5-year survival rate of 20%-30%, although relatively few patients are candidates for resection.[1-3] Patients who present with a higher bulk of hepatic metastases (variously defined), with positive pathologic margins, with bilobar metastases, and with rectal primaries have higher rates of relapse and shorter survivals.
		Patients with unresectable hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer have been treated with: systemic fluorouracil alone or in combination with other chemotherapy and intrahepatic infusions of FUDR, infusions of combinations of FUDR, and other agents.[6,7] In general, regional treatment of the liver produces a higher rate of tumor regression than does systemic, intravenous chemotherapy.
	www.uoc.muni.cz /guidelines/18sekund/MTSLIVER.htm (885 words)

	Lung Cancer Online: Metastatic Disease - Brain Metastases
		The study concluded that gamma knife surgery significantly reduced the incidence of mortality from brain disease by effectively accomplishing local tumor control in patients with metastatic lung cancer.
		Local control and freedom from new brain metastases is not influenced by prior external-beam radiotherapy.
		Examines the efficacy of gamma knife radiosurgery for treating metastases to the brain from NSCLC and evaluates factors affecting long-term survival.
	www.lungcanceronline.org /treatment-mets/brain.html (520 words)

	Pharmacyclics.com - Brain Metastases smart clinical trials, motexafin gadolinium, xcytrin
		We conduct brain Metastases clinical trials, non small cell lung cancer treatment and smart trial using xcytrin and motexafin gadolinium.
		Informal conversations between the two about how Sessler, who was at that time a graduate student in chemistry at Stanford, might apply his knowledge to create novel treatments for cancer led to more focused laboratory experiment and conducting brain metastases clinical trials.
		Time to neurologic progression is a clinical benefit endpoint of special importance in patients with brain metastases since the majority of these patients experience neurologic decline despite the use of whole brain radiation therapy.
	www.pharmacyclics.com (707 words)

	LiverTumor.org - About Liver Cancer - Colorectal Liver Metastases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In 30-40% of those patients with metastases, it is still confined to the liver at the time of metastatic diagnosis.
		Of the patients with colorectal metastases confined to the liver, only 25% are surgical candidates due to size, distribution or accessibility of the tumor(s).
		Surgical resection is now a widely accepted treatment for colorectal metastases to the liver.
	www.livertumor.org /about_colorectal.asp (340 words)

	Diagnosis and Management of Central Nervous System Metastases from Breast Cancer -- Chang and Lo 8 (5): 398 -- The ...
		The palliation of brain metastases in a favorable patient population: a randomized clinical trial by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.
		Choroidal metastases from breast carcinoma: a survey of 42 patients and the use of radiation therapy.
		Functional vision is improved in the majority of patients treated with external-beam radiotherapy for choroid metastases: a multivariate analysis of 188 patients.
	theoncologist.alphamedpress.org /cgi/content/full/8/5/398 (5738 words)

	Clinical Approaches to Osseous Metastases in Prostate Cancer -- Morris and Scher 8 (2): 161 -- The Oncologist
		metastases, so the model is based on relatively few events.
		Sr therapy for painful bone metastases from prostate cancer: a randomized clinical trial.
		Expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein and its receptor in bone metastases from prostate cancer.
	theoncologist.alphamedpress.org /cgi/content/full/8/2/161 (6542 words)

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