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Topic: Metazoa

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	VI The Cambrian explosion
		Metazoa Cambrian radiation constitutes one of the history of the live most significant events with the apparition of most of the plans of organization associated with the most essential innovations with the living organisms (mineralized skeletons, intestines, jaws, gills, etc...)..
		a) Intrinsic causes: genetic flexibility, metazoa Hox genes complexification (1 in the sponges, 6 in the flies, 8 in the arthropods, 38 in the mammals...
		The influence of the level of stimulus molecular free oxygen in atmosphere or dissolved in the oceans is of primary importance in the living organisms physiology and morphology and in particular of the metazoa.
	dinosaurs.ifrance.com /sixthecambrianexplosion.htm (2953 words)

	METAZOA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Metazoa is in de taxonomie de wetenschappelijke benaming voor het dierenrijk.
		Ook uit het fossiele archief komt verrassende informatie.
		De eerste metazoa duiken pas in het Vendian, de allerlaatste fase van het Neoproterozoicum op en dan wel zo ongeveer alle phyla te gelijk.
	www.thumpershollow.com /encyclopedia/M/Metazoa (302 words)

	metazoa - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about metazoa
		It reflects a former system of classification, in which there were two main divisions within the animal kingdom, the multicellular animals, or metazoa, and the single-celled ‘animals’ or protozoa.
		The protozoa are no longer included in the animal kingdom, so only the metazoa remain.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Metazoa (96 words)

	Learn more about Animal in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		When they were first discovered, the Protozoa were considered as an animal phylum or subkingdom, but as they are generally unrelated and often as similar to plants as animals, a new kingdom, the Protista, was devised to hold them.
		Aside from these, all animals belong to a monophyletic group called the Metazoa (called the Eumetazoa when the name Metazoa is used for all animals), characterized by a digestive chamber and separate cell layers that differentiate into various tissues.
		The outer layer (ectoderm) corresponds to the surface of the blastula and the inner layer (endoderm) is formed by cells that migrate into the interior.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /a/an/animal.html (1497 words)

	Metazoa - Wikipedia
		Metazoa verwijst gewoonlijk naar de dieren met volledig gedifferentieerde weefsels.
		In oudere teksten wordt Metazoa vaak als synoniem beschouwd met Animalia (Dieren), slechts exclusief de eencellige Protozoa.
		Formeel wordt het als onderrijk genomen, maar deze relatieve rank kan behoorlijk verschillen.
	nl.wikipedia.org /wiki/Metazoa (81 words)

	Palaeos Invertebrates: Metazoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Animal Kingdom (Metazoa) is usually considered to include multi-cellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes in which (unlike Plants) the cells are without cell walls.
		This includes basically everything from sponges and jellyfish to insects and vertebrates included under the heading of to be "Metazoa", and considered to have evolved from a single unicellular choanoflagellate ancestor, sometime during the Ediacaran period.
		It used to be thought that sponges evolved from a different single celled organism to higher animals (in which case the Metazoa are a polyphyletic taxon), but recent molecular phylogenetic evidence indicates this is not the case.
	www.palaeos.com /Invertebrates (1516 words)

	Water Science & Technology 44:10 (2001) 197-202 - B.S. Luxmy et al. - Sludge reduction potential of metazoa in membrane ...
		It was found that the presence or absence of the metazoa population did not have any significant effect on the increasing pattern of MLSS.
		So, metazoa population especially the attached one in the membrane plays an effective role in fouling control of the membrane.
		A steady metazoa population was observed in the system but the accumulation of sludge in the attached media was the same as before.
	www.iwaponline.com /wst/04410/wst044100197.htm (363 words)

	Metazoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The rest of the animals -- including fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles and mammals -- are all multicellular and are collectively referred to as the Metazoa.
		Unlike other Metazoa, sponges do not have muscles or nerves and therefore do not move except at the level of the individual cell.
		Metazoa are considered monophyletic, meaning that all organisms developed from a common ancestral form.
	www.sciencemag.org /feature/data/tol/metazoa.html (130 words)

	Update of MmtDB: a Metazoa mitochondrial DNA variants database -- Attimonelli et al. 26 (1): 120 -- Nucleic Acids ...
		The idea to create a Metazoa mtDNA variants specialised database (MmtDB) originated from the awareness that a large mass of information associated to mtDNA sequences is not stored in the primary databases which instead contain redundant information (e.g., bibliographic and taxonomic).
		A variant is therefore, for each species of the class Metazoa, a fragment where nucleotide differences (variations) are detected as compared to a reference sequence.
		The Metazoa mitochondrial sequences are retrieved from the EMBL (19) and GenBank (20) primary databases.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/26/1/120 (2277 words)

	A receptor tyrosine kinase from choanoflagellates: Molecular insights into early animal evolution -- King and Carroll ...
		The evolution of the Metazoa from protozoans is one of the major milestones in life's history.
		and Metazoa on the eukaryotic evolutionary tree (14, 20).
		Because the genomes of Metazoa and a choanoflagellate encode members of the receptor tyrosine kinase family of signaling molecules, the first RTK likely arose before their divergence (green and red box).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/26/15032 (3479 words)

	Discussion of usage: Metazoa and Kingdom Animalia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The use of the word "Metazoa" came up in yesterday's discussion (see thePPT slides on website); some of you commented that you never heard theword before (even in fresh biology), others said it might be outdated.
		Listed under Category in the table is Kingdom Animalia (Metazoa)", that is the word Metazoa is in parenthesis, followed by a list of 4 groups and associated phyla.
		To avoid further confusion on this issue, I have relabeled all the PPT slides: ftp://duedall.fit.edu/ocn1010/Spring2000/11aprilbio2.ppt shown yesterday from "Metazoa" to "Kingdom Animalia (Metazoa)".
	duedall.fit.edu /ocn1010eng/metazoa.htm (390 words)

	Metazoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Metazoa is the subkingdom in the tree of life that includes most of the multi-celled More specifically metazoa evolved differentiated cells including cells and muscles.
		Nutrition in the lower Metazoa: Proceedings of a meeting held at the University of Caen, France, 11-13 September 1979
		The Early Evolution of Metazoa and the Significance of Problematic Taxa
	www.freeglossary.com /Metazoa (131 words)

	Multi-celled Animals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Primitive metazoa can be grouped in three basic categories: sponge-like animals, cnidarians, and worms.
		Single-celled prokaryotes and eukaryotes in the oceans were eventually joined by metazoa, the first multi-celled animal life.
		The first metazoa were entirely soft-bodied (without shells or hard parts of any kind) and they evolved during a time called the Precambrian (older than 545 million years).
	geol.queensu.ca /museum/exhibits/oldanim/oldanim.html (774 words)

	Origin and Early Evolution of Metazoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The early Cambrian metazoa first appear in the fossil record around 540 Ma, considered to be the beginning of the Cambrian period.
		Nevertheless, Cambrian metazoa "explode" into the fossil record with their newly-developed skeletons.
		They are predominantly bilaterian in body symmetry, a major switch from the dominant radial symmetry of the Vendian metazoa.
	www.earth.rochester.edu /ees207/Zahradnick/zahradnik5.html (288 words)

	Comparative analysis of complete genomes reveals gene loss, acquisition and acceleration of evolutionary rates in ...
		Comparative analysis of complete genomes reveals gene loss, acquisition and acceleration of evolutionary rates in Metazoa, suggests a prevalence of evolution via gene acquisition and indicates that the evolutionary rates in animals tend to be conserved
		for Metazoa and fungi to the exclusion of the internal branches.
		The fraction of lost genes belonging to each category (red bars) is compared with the fraction of genes among all studied gene families belonging to the same functional category (blue bars).
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/32/17/5029 (3260 words)

	Evolution of Metazoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Suggest that diverse Metazoa were present without hard parts well before the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary.
		Most scientists agree that a Protist-like organism was the common ancestor of all Metazoa.
		Would require loss of cell wall, photosynthetic mechanisms in Metazoa, although an origin from a unicellular autotroph without a cell wall is a possibility.
	www.bios.niu.edu /Parrish/401.htm (793 words)

	Metazoa Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Looking For metazoa - Find metazoa and more at Lycos Search.
		Find metazoa - Your relevant result is a click away!
		Look for metazoa - Find metazoa at one of the best sites the Internet has to offer!
	www.folkartmuseum.com /search/encyclopedia/Metazoa (2003 words)

	GarageGames
		Metazoa Total Management System (TMS) is an asset, project, and configuration management solution for independent game developers, visual effects studios, and enterprise users that handles code, art, and everything in between.
		Metazoa will also be used to develop game titles within Futureworks beginning this fall starting with Hubrismania.
		If you are interested in this position, or would like more informaton, please contact Ahmaud (aka "Ray") Templeton at ahmaudt@fdfoundry.com, with the subject "Metazoa Developer", to submit your resume and schedule a phone or online interview.
	www.garagegames.com /index.php?sec=mg&mod=project&page=view.job&qid=3068 (379 words)

	Origin and Early Evolution of Metazoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This period is characterized by the sudden emergence in the fossil record of the first metazoa, and their subsequent disappearance by the beginning of the Cambrian.
		The question of their origin is a key one--these first metazoa are fairly complex.
		Runnegar used the 'molecular clock' theory of genetic divergence to estimate the time of metazoan origin--his calculations suggested early metazoan radiation beginning ~300-400 million years before the Cambrian (around 800 Ma), indicating a lengthy unknown (that is, unfossilized) metazoan history.
	www.earth.rochester.edu /ees207/Zahradnick/zahradnik4.html (390 words)

	Comparative Protein Analysis
		The gene may have BlastP hits matching multiple kingdoms but it is added to the score as long as there is at least one BlastP alignment to each of the sets of kingdoms.
		For example, the cell (Metazoa, Viridiplantae) represents the total number of Neurospora crassa 3 genes that contain at least one BlastP alignment to the Metazoa kingdom and one BlastP alignment to the Plant kingdom.
		For example, the cell (Metazoa, Viridiplantae) represents the total number of Neurospora crassa 3 genes that contain at least one BlastP alignment with a minimum percent overlap of 60% to the Metazoa kingdom and one BlastP alignment to the Plant kingdom.
	www.broad.mit.edu /annotation/fungi/neurospora_crassa_3/taxanalysis.html (381 words)

	Metazoa: The Animal Kingdom - Animal Life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In essence, creatures in the Metazoa phyla are those which come from eggs.
		It doesn't matter if this egg then forms the baby within the mother's body, or whether the mother pushes the egg out for it to hatch later on.
		There are 36 types of Metazoa - or classifications.
	www.bellaonline.com /ArticlesP/art958.asp (288 words)

	Multicllular Animals The Phylogenetic System of the Metazoa, Vol. II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In a new approach to the phylogenetic order in nature this book strives for an objective systematization of the Metazoa.
		It seeks a new path in the field of research and academic teaching based on the theory and methodology of phylogenetic systematics.
		This volume covers the Metazoa from the Mollusca up to the Arthropoda; the last Volume III will treat the Nemathelminthes and the Deuterostomia.
	www.christ-media.de /buecher/Multicllular_Animals.htm (105 words)

	Animals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Conway Morris, S. The fossil record and the early evolution of the Metazoa.
		Phylogenetic analysis of complete small subunit ribosomal RNA coding region of Myxidium lieberkuehni: Evidence that Myxozoa are Metazoa and related to the Bilateria.
		Companion website to the PBS television series that reveals the dramatic rise of the animal kingdom through the breakthroughs of scientific discovery.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Animals&contgroup=Eukaryotes (1309 words)

	Update of MmtDB: a Metazoa mitochondrial DNA variants database (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Abstract: The present paper describes the improvements in MmtDB, a specialised database designed to collect Metazoa mitochondrial DNA variants.
		Priority in the data collection has been given to Metazoa for which a large amount of variants is available, e.g., for humans.
		Starting from the sequences available in the Nucleotide Sequence Databases, the redundant sequences have been removed and new sequences from other sources have been added.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /169509.html (382 words)

	Did homeodomain proteins duplicate before the origin of angiosperms, fungi, and metazoa? -- Bharathan et al. 94 (25): ...
		criteria and occur in angiosperms, fungi, and metazoa.
		to have evolved after divergence of angiosperms and metazoa (27).
		fungi, and metazoa) arose by the evolutionary assembly of an helix
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/94/25/13749 (2897 words)

	Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial ADP-ATP carriers: The Plantae/Fungi/Metazoa trichotomy revisited ...
		All analyses of the AAC locus support the grouping (shaded box) of Plantae (green) and Fungi (red) in a clade to the exclusion of Metazoa (blue).
		monophyly of [Metazoa + Plantae] and [Metazoa + Fungi] are the
		The AAC locus yields a strong signal possibly relevant for the resolution of the Plantae/Fungi/Metazoa trichotomy.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/18/10202 (4706 words)

	Animal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For the Muppet Show character, see Animal (Muppet).
		Animals are a major group of organisms, classified as the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa.
		In general they are multicellular, capable of locomotion and responsive to their environment, and feed by consuming other organisms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Metazoa (1889 words)

	Metazoa - Definition of Metazoa by Webster Dictionary
		Metazoa - Definition of Metazoa by Webster Dictionary
		The group comprises nearly all animals except the Protozoa.
		animal kingdom, Animalia, Cnidaria, Coelenterata, kingdom Animalia, metazoan, phylum Cnidaria, phylum Coelenterata, subkingdom, subkingdom Metazoa
	www.webster-dictionary.net /definition/Metazoa (108 words)

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