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Topic: Methane hydrate

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	Methane clathrate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Methane hydrates are believed to form by migration of gas from depth along geological faults, followed by precipitation, or crystallization, on contact of the rising gas stream with cold sea water.
		Methane clathrates remain stable at temperatures up to 18 °C. The average methane clathrate hydrate composition is 1 mole of methane for every 5.75 moles of water, though this is dependent on how many methane molecules "fit" into the various cage structures of the water lattice.
		Methane clathrates in continental rocks are trapped in beds of sandstone or siltstone at depths of less than 800m.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Methyl_hydrate (888 words)

	Methane - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The strength of the carbon-hydrogen covalent bond in methane is among the strongest in all hydrocarbons, and thus its use as a chemical feedstock is limited.
		Methane is typically found on Earth, when not in gas deposits, in methane hydrate deposits under high pressure under the deep abyssal plains of oceans, produced from the decay of sinking biotic materials at shallow levels.
		Methane is the main gas that is released by mud volcanoes, eventually accompanied by helium, nitrogen and brines with bromine, iodine and liquid bitumen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Methane (1033 words)

	USGS Fact sheet: Gas (Methane) Hydrates -- A New Frontier
		Methane trapped in marine sediments as a hydrate represents such an immense carbon reservoir that it must be considered a dominant factor in estimating unconventional energy resources; the role of methane as a 'greenhouse' gas also must be carefully assessed.
		Hydrates store immense amounts of methane, with major implications for energy resources and climate, but the natural controls on hydrates and their impacts on the environment are very poorly understood.
		Methane hydrate is stable in ocean floor sediments at water depths greater than 300 meters, and where it occurs, it is known to cement loose sediments in a surface layer several hundred meters thick.
	marine.usgs.gov /fact-sheets/gas-hydrates/title.html (989 words)

	CRS Report: RS20050 - Methane Hydrates: Energy Prospect or Natural Hazard? - NLE
		Methane hydrate is a methane-bearing, ice-like material that occurs in marine sediments and in permafrost regions.
		Methane hydrate is a mixture of methane and water that is frozen into an ice.
		Methane hydrates form in generally two types of geologic environments, in permafrost regions (where cold temperatures dominate) and beneath the sea in sediments of the outer continental margins (where high pressures dominate).
	www.ncseonline.org /NLE/CRSreports/energy/eng-46.cfm?&CFID=57684&CFTOKEN=23833542 (2022 words)

	MBARI - Ocean Chemistry of Greenhouse Gases
		Gas hydrates are a solid ice-like phase formed at low temperature and high pressure by van der Waals forces between gas and water molecules, with the "host" water molecules forming a molecular cage which confines the "guest" gas molecules through their mutual electrostatic interaction.
		In the ocean, gas hydrates composed dominantly of methane are common constituents of the shallow marine geosphere (Kvenvolden, 1993), and they occur both in deep sedimentary structures (Dickens et al., 1997), and as outcrops on the ocean floor (MacDonald et al., 1994).
		Gas hydrate formation in the ocean does not involve shaking, and ice crystals are not part of the natural deep sea environment, and therefore laboratory experiments carried out to date have not been able to simulate natural processes.
	www.mbari.org /ghgases/geochem/gas_hydrates.htm (517 words)

	Runaway Methane Global Warming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The accelerated global warming described in article 1 could lead to a runaway methane global warming effect due to the release of methane currently trapped in unstable methane hydrate deposits in the arctic that could be destabilised by accelerated global warming effects.
		Methane is 60 times more powerful than CO2 as a greenhouse gas but only remains in the atmosphere for about ten years and so looses it's greenhouse effect quickly compared to CO2 which remains in the atmosphere for 100 years.
		Methane can also be trapped by permafrost layers which over-lay lower unfrozen layers of vegetable material that is decaying and producing methane which remains trapped by the frozen permafrost on top.
	www.hydrogen.co.uk /h2_now/journal/articles/3_Methane.htm (1130 words)

	Methane hydrates
		Methane hydrates, a promising natural gas resource, are believed to reside throughout the globe in sea-floor sediments and permafrost.
		Methane hydrates, which form at low temperature and high pressure, are found in sea-floor sediments and the arctic permafrost.
		Hydrates are being evaluated as a potential storage mechanism for CO2 sequestration and for storing methane for use as a transporation fuel.
	www.ornl.gov /info/reporter/no16/methane.htm (800 words)

	Science News Online (11/9/96): The Mother Lode of Natural Gas
		Although chemists first discovered gas hydrates in the early part of the 19th century, geoscientists have only recently started documenting their existence in underground deposits and exploring their importance as a potential fuel.
		The cost of accessing hydrates has served as a barrier in the past, but some energy-hungry nations lacking conventional fossil fuels are extremely interested in future use of hydrates.
		Because methane is a powerful greenhouse gas--about 10 times as strong as carbon dioxide--massive melting of hydrates and the ensuing release of methane gas could raise Earth's surface temperature.
	sciencenews.org /sn_arch/11_9_96/bob1.htm (1970 words)

	GreenHouse Gas Online - Greenhouse Gas News, Research and Resources
		Methane hydrates are thought to be responsible for between 5 and 10 million tonnes of methane emissions to the atmosphere each year.
		Methane hydrates occur as solid deposits in marine sediments and in polar regions.
		Though there is little potential for direct control of methane emission from methane hydrates, limiting further global warming may be crucial to prevent a run-away scenario of methane release and warming.
	www.ghgonline.org /methanehydrates.htm (254 words)

	METHANE HYDRATE AND BSRS
		A methane hydrate is an ice-like, crystalline lattice of water molecules in which gas molecules are trapped physically without the aid of direct chemical bonds.
		In the first, methane is assumed to be generated locally from organic material at the depth of the hydrate.
		As the zone of methane hydrate thickens and deepens, its base eventually subsides into a temperature region where the hydrate is unstable.
	sepwww.stanford.edu /public/docs/sep79/christin/paper_html/node2.html (418 words)

	Methane Hydrates: Methane Hydrates: All About Hydrates: Natural Methane Hydrate
		Methane hydrate is the most abundant natural form of clathrate, a unique class of chemical substance in which molecules of one material (in this case, water) form an open solid lattice that encloses, without chemical bonding, appropriately-sized molecules of another material (in this case, methane).
		As the understanding of natural methane hydrate grew, scientists realized that, given the ubiquity of both methane (the common by-product of bacterial breakdown of organic matter) and water in nature, methane hydrate could be present in vast quantities in any environment with suitable pressures and temperatures.
		Recent studies clearly indicate that the global methane hydrate reservoir is in constant flux, absorbing and releasing methane in response to ongoing natural changes in the environment.
	www.netl.doe.gov /scngo/NaturalGas/hydrates/about-hydrates/about_hydrates.htm (440 words)

	Science News Online (11/9/96): The Mother Lode of Natural Gas
		Unlike ordinary water ice, methane hydrate consists of single molecules of natural gas trapped within crystalline cages formed by frozen water molecules.
		Methane below the hydrate layer remains in gaseous form because the temperatures there are too high to support freezing.
		n nature, methane hydrates are fickle molecules, liable to melt whenever the pressure drops slightly or the temperature creeps upward.
	www.sciencenews.org /sn_arch/11_9_96/bob1.htm (1970 words)

	Methane Hydrate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Core samples and soundings taken off the east coast of Florida indicate that massive amounts of methane, stored as frozen hydrate in sediments on the ocean floor was feed at about the same time as a rapid warming of the global climate.
		Release of methane may have contributed to the rapid warming that ended the last ice age in less than 20 years about 13,000 years ago.
		Methane levels were fairly stable up until the industrial revolution 200 years ago, said Dr.
	www.healthandenergy.com /methane_hydrate.htm (490 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Methane hydrate crystallized at 0.2--0.3 GPa from liquid, and it was compressed continuously until 2.3 GPa, maintaining structure 1.
		At 1.5 GPa methane hydrate partly decomposed to ice 4 and fluid methane.
		At this pressure, structure 1 of methane hydrate was still maintained, and an additional change of cage occupancy occurred.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=20017523 (280 words)

	Troppo Armadillo: More news from Chicken Little.
		According to a US Naval research map it appears that most of the methane hydrate deposits are in the northern hemisphere (although it appears that the occupants of Jade stadium may have a problem).
		The magnitude of this previously unknown global storehouse of methane is truly staggering and has raised serious inquiry into the possibility of using methane hydrate as a source of energy.
		As for methane hydrates - their explosive eruption from the sea floor sediments is a scenario which has not been observed - so one wonders on basis Monbiot's scenarios are based - certainly not on observed fact.
	troppoarmadillo.ubersportingpundit.com /archives/006027.html (1388 words)

	W0127: Neutron Diffraction Studies of Methane Hydrate Formation and Methane/CO2 Exchange (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The kinetics of methane hydrate formation was investigated by in situ time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction.
		Further reaction is limited by the growth of the hydrate layer and inward-diffusion of methane molecules through the hydrate layer to the unreacted ice core.
		when methane hydrate is immersed in liquid CO Furthermore, our data clearly show that most of the exchange occurs with methane molecules in the large 14-hedra cavities, whereas the methane in the smaller 12-hedra cavities remain largely unaffected.
	www.hwi.buffalo.edu /ACA/ACA02/abstracts/text/W0127.html (295 words)

	Hydrates From Ice (HyFI), Results, Thermal Conductivity Measurements in Structure I Methane and Structure II ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Purpose: The purpose of our THF and methane hydrate experiments is to first verify the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity in THF hydrate, a common analog for methane hydrates, then measure the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity in methane hydrate directly.
		The thermal conductivity of methane gas does decrease with increasing temperature (Vargaftik and others, 1993), so it is necessary to separate the methane gas and methane hydrate contributions to the overall measured thermal conductivity.
		Though the presence of pore gas in the methane sample means we cannot conclusively say thermal conductivity decreases with increasing temperature, we can say the magnitude of the temperature dependence in both THF and methane hydrate is weak.
	woodshole.er.usgs.gov /operations/hi_fi/pure_hydrate (952 words)

	Methane Hydrate
		Methane hydrate is a pink colored matter in crystalline form.
		With methane it is estimated in a ten year period the temperature of the earth can potentially rise 12 degrees.
		Methane gas plumes are also attributed to at least one plane disappearing, because it exploded when it entered the plume.
	atah.net /Creation/methane_hydrate.htm (435 words)

	NRL - Ocean Floor Methane Gas Hydrate Exploration
		This requires a broad range of scientific efforts to address the methane hydrate presence, develop mining strategies, and predict the impact on the environment and platform stability.
		Testing and Development of a Methane Sensor: Methane sensing is applied to identify potential hydrate-rich regions in the sediments and to study the flow of methane from these regions into the water column.
		Methane concentrations rise from a background level of ~0.1 µmols/l to a high of ~8.8 µmols/l.
	www.nrl.navy.mil /content.php?P=02REVIEW112 (574 words)

	POEMS- FAQ- Marine Biomass- Methane Hydrate Energy Power: Practical Ocean Energy Management Systems, Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Methane hydrate was discovered only a few decades ago, and little research has been done on it until recently.
		Because methane is also a greenhouse gas, release of even a small percentage of total deposits could have a serious effect on Earth's atmosphere.
		Figure 3: Methane hydrates are ubiquitous on the continental slopes in the oceans.
	www.poemsinc.org /FAQbiomass.html (698 words)

	NRL Hydrates ARI
		Methane Hydrates are ubiquitous; current distribution maps show that they are found along most continental margins.
		Because investigations to resolve methane hydrates have not been done in all localities where they are likely to occur, the following distribution map should be considered an indication of the minimal worldwide distribution of methane hydrates.
		Methane hydrates also represent a potential new source of energy, especially for countries that lack conventional hydrocarbon reserves.
	www7430.nrlssc.navy.mil /7432/hydrates (304 words)

	Methane Hydrates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		On a world-wide basis, it is estimated that methane hydrate reserves are 400 million trillion cubic feet, compared with 5,000 trillion feet in known gas reserves.
		That gas hydrates were first noticed in gas pipelines was no mere happenstance; pressurized lines contaminated with water happen to be a perfect environment for making the icy stuff.
		Holder said it might also be possible to produce methane directly from a gas hydrate deposit by drilling into it; the resulting depressurization would cause dissociation of the hydrates and release methane.
	puccini.che.pitt.edu /NOTW/hydrates1.html (702 words)

	Sediments in northern Gulf of Mexico not right for methane gas hydrate formation
		Methane gas hydrates are touted as a potential new source of natural gas, but scientists are also studying them because they may contribute to global warming and could represent a threat to deep-sea petroleum production.
		Methane is produced by the decomposition of organic material in the sediment or by thermal processes similar to those responsible for the formation of oil.
		As the methane moves through the sediment, it combines with water at the low temperatures and high pressures beneath the ocean to produce an ice-like solid.
	www.physorg.com /news3460.html (1390 words)

	Ocean: Cold Methane
		Methane hydrate is solid ("frozen") at the bottom of seas and oceans, even though the temperature is above what is sealevel freezing for this chemical - the pressure there allows the solid state to maintain despite a "non-freezing" temperature (but, never fear, it's cold anyway).
		There is estimated to be just one humongous lot of this methane hydrate just under the seafloor along the continental shelves and since methane is just the greenhouse gas par excellence, we better hope that the oceans don't warm up enough to turn the solid hydrate to gas.
		Methane hydrate is stable in ocean floor sediments at water depths greater than 300 meters and, where it occurs, it is known to cement loose sediments in a surface layer up to several hundred meters thick.
	www.resa.net /nasa/ocean_methane.htm (1840 words)

	non-utility electical generation The Energy Advocate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Its molecules consist of one carbon atom at the center of a triangular-pyramidal structure (tetrahedral structure) with hydrogen atoms at the four vertices.
		Methane is lighter than air and tends to rise.
		It is not easy either to gain access to the methane hydrate or to bring the methane to the surface, but the amount of it is tremendous.
	www.energyadvocate.com /fw77.htm (129 words)

	Methane Hydrate Research Act 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Methane Hydrate Research and Development Act would direct the Secretary of the Energy, in conjunction with the Secretaries of the Interior and Defense, and the Director of the National Science Foundation to establish a program of methane hydrate research and development.
		In addition, research will be conducted on the transport and storage of methane produced from methane hydrates, and the mitigation of the environmental impacts of hydrate degassing.
		Funds provided for this program may also be used to promote education and training in methane hydrate resources research, assist in developing technologies necessary for development of methane hydrate resources, and develop technologies to reduce the risks of drilling through methane hydrates.
	www.coreocean.org /methane.html (280 words)

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