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Topic: Methemoglobinemia

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	Methemoglobinemia, beta-globin type - Genetics Home Reference
		Beta-globin type methemoglobinemia is an inherited blood disorder that disrupts the function of hemoglobin, the molecule in red blood cells that delivers oxygen to cells in the body.
		Methemoglobinemia is characterized by increased levels of an abnormal form of hemoglobin that is unable to deliver oxygen effectively.
		In most individuals with beta-globin type methemoglobinemia, the only symptom is cyanosis, a bluish tint of the skin, mucous membranes, or area underneath the fingernails due to a lack of oxygen in the blood.
	ghr.nlm.nih.gov /condition=methemoglobinemiabetaglobintype (603 words)

	nbc6.net - Health Encyclopedia - Methemoglobinemia
		Methemoglobinemia is a condition in which the iron in the hemoglobin molecule (the red blood pigment) is defective, making it unable to carry oxygen effectively to the tissues.
		In patients with acquired methemoglobinemia from chemical or drug exposure: headache, fatigue, shortness of breath, lack of energy, and potentially shock, seizures, and death.
		Cyanosis caused by exposure to an offending chemical is treated by avoiding that chemical, blood or exchange transfusion for a patient in shock, and repeated doses of IV methylene blue.
	www.nbc6.net /encyclopedia/6860329/detail.html (709 words)

	METHEMOGLOBINEMIA — A CASE REPORT
		Thus, she was diagnosed as a case of Methemoglobinemia due to ingestion of monosodium glutamate.
		Methemoglobinemia is a condition in which ferrous iron within hemoglobin is oxidized to ferric iron resulting in impaired oxygen and carbon dioxide transport leading to cyanosis.
		Congenital methemoglobinemia is due to either presence of altered hemoglobin (Hemoglobin M) or NADH reductase deficiency.
	www.pediatriconcall.com /fordoctor/casereports/methemoglobinemia.asp (567 words)

	Methemoglobinemia
		"Methemoglobinemia as a complication of 20% benzocaine spray for endoscopy." Gastroenterology 98(1): 211-3.
		Collins, J. "Methemoglobinemia as a complication of 20% benzocaine spray for endoscopy." Gastroenterology 98(1): 211-3.
		In both cases the presence of methemoglobinemia was suggested by a discrepancy between the arterial oxygen tension and the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, as measured spectrophotometrically.
	www.wolfetory.com /education/Benzocaine_methemoglobin.htm (2217 words)

	ATSDR - Health Consultation - Laboratory for Energy Related Health Research, Davis, Yolo County, California (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Although methemoglobinemia from drinking water is generally thought to affect only infants, there are reportedly some data from the Soviet Union that suggest increased methemoglobinemia concentrations in school children drinking nitrate-contaminated water (10).
		Copper is an emetic and a gastrointestinal irritant, and the child's methemoglobinemia was thought to have been induced by the combined exposure to nitrate and copper (14).
		Unfortunately, nitrate-related methemoglobinemia is not a reportable illness, nor is there a code specific enough to identify ingestion of nitrate-contaminated water as a cause of methemoglobinemia.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /hac/pha/laborat/lab_p2.html (1256 words)

	Methemoglobinemia Following Unintentional Ingestion of Sodium Nitrite --- New York, 2002
		Methemoglobinemia is an unusual and potentially fatal condition in which hemoglobin is oxidized to methemoglobin and loses its ability to bind and transport oxygen.
		The most common cause of methemoglobinemia is the ingestion or inhalation of oxidizing agents such as nitrates or nitrites (e.g., sodium nitrite, which is used commonly as a preservative in curing meats and fish).
		Methemoglobinemia is acquired most commonly after ingestion or inhalation of an oxidizing agent, such as nitrates or nitrites.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5129a2.htm (1739 words)

	Phenazopyridine \| Poison Control Center - Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
		Methemoglobinemia is a serious complication which can occur with acute phenazopyridine ingestions.
		Methemoglobinemia is treated with methylene blue which converts methemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin.
		Acute methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia with phenazopyridine: possible relation to acute renal failure.
	www.chop.edu /consumer/jsp/division/generic.jsp?id=72611 (1035 words)

	eMedicine - Methemoglobinemia : Article by Mudra Kumar, MD, MBBS, MRCP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Methemoglobinemia in children usually results from exposure to oxidizing substances (such as nitrates or nitrites, aniline dyes, or medications including lidocaine, prilocaine, Pyridium, and others), or it is the result of inborn errors of metabolism (especially glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and cytochrome b5 oxidase deficiency) or severe acidosis, which impairs the function of cytochrome b5 oxidase.
		Methemoglobinemia occurs if the rate of oxidation is increased significantly and overwhelms the protective and reductive capacities of the cells, the structure of hemoglobin is altered and is resistant to reduction, or the rate of reduction of methemoglobin is decreased.
		Hereditary methemoglobinemias may be divided into 2 categories, methemoglobinemia due to an altered form of hemoglobin (hemoglobin M) and enzyme deficiency (NADH reductase deficiency) that decreases the rate of reduction of iron in the hemoglobin molecule.
	www.emedicine.com /PED/topic1432.htm (2929 words)

	METHEMOGLOBINEMIA INDUCED BY ACCIDENTAL INGESTION OF NITRITE
		Methemoglobinemia is a known complication of exposure to nitrites, and has been reported in relation to ingestion
		Acquired methemoglobinemia may be suspected from a history of exposure to a potential causative agent and failure of the apparent cyanosis to respond to oxygen therapy.
		Methemoglobinemia and carboxyhemoglobinemia affect this absorbance and therefore lead to inaccurate oxygen saturation values.
	www.kfshrc.edu.sa /annals/181/97-241.html (1073 words)

	Benzocaine Sprays marketed under different names, including Hurricaine, Topex, and Cetacaine
		Methemoglobinemia is a condition where too much of the hemoglobin in red blood cells becomes unable to bind and carry oxygen.
		Patients with methemoglobinemia can suffer effects ranging from headache to cyanosis (turning blue due to lack of oxygen) that can be life-threatening in the most severe cases.
		The VA health system has announced its decision to remove benzocaine sprays from their practice because they believe other topical anesthetics are less likely to cause methemoglobinemia and because the procedures themselves might cause similar signs, suggesting that methemoglobinemia may occur but go unrecognized in some cases.
	www.fda.gov /CDER/drug/advisory/benzocaine.htm (753 words)

	Drinking Water: Nitrate and Methemoglobinemia ("Blue Baby" Syndrome), G98-1369
		Methemoglobinemia is a blood disorder caused when nitrite interacts with the hemoglobin in red blood cells.
		Methemoglobinemia prevention is especially important for infants under six months of age, although preventative measures are also encouraged for pregnant women, women who are breast feeding and other high-risk individuals.
		The methemoglobinemia hazard from drinking water with nitrate-nitrogen occurs when bacteria in the digestive system transform nitrate to nitrite and the nitrite oxidizes iron in hemoglobin of red blood cells to form methemoglobin.
	www.p2pays.org /ref/20/19714.htm (1205 words)

	EHP 109-1, 2001: Correspondence
		The diagnosis of methemoglobinemia in case 1, however, is completely speculative: a doctor did not examine the infant, and blood methemoglobin concentrations were not measured during the observed anoxia.
		Dietary protein intolerance in infants with transient methemoglobinemia and diarrhea.
		Life-threatening methemoglobinemia in infants with diarrhea and acidosis.
	www.ehponline.org /docs/2001/109-1/correspondence.html (2551 words)

	Methemoglobinemia \| AHealthyMe.com
		Infants have a higher risk of acquiring methemoglobinemia because infant hemoglobin is more prone to be oxidized to methemoglobin.
		Though congenital methemoglobinemia is usually benign, the form due to a defective reducing system can be treated with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) taken daily.
		For people with congenital methemoglobinemia medications or other things that are known to oxidize hemoglobin should be avoided.
	www.ahealthyme.com /topic/topic103549124 (557 words)

	METHEMOGLOBINEMIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		An additional source of acquired methemoglobinemia of particular interest to the respiratory care professional is that acquired from topical anesthetics.
		One of the key indicators of methemoglobinemia is the inability of this chocolate-brown blood to change to red when exposed to oxygen.
		Cawein, Madison and E.J. Lappat, "Hereditary Methemoglobinemia" in Hemoglobin, Its Precursors and Metabolites, ed.
	www.mc.uky.edu /ahec/skyahec/methem-CE.htm (4358 words)

	Toxic Methemoglobinemia Due to Prilocaine Injection After Circumcision
		Methemoglobinemia may arise from hereditary disorders, but exposure to medication is the most common cause of methemoglobinemia.
		Methemoglobinemia manifests clinically by cyanosis if more than 1% of the hemoglobin pool is oxidized to the ferric form.
		In conclusion, methemoglobinemia, a life-threatening condition, usually arises from use of oxidizing agents such as prilocaine in newborns and during early childhood, because infants less than 3 months of age are more susceptible to prilocaine.
	www.cirp.org /library/complications/odemis1 (884 words)

	Benzocaine-Containing Topical Sprays and Methemoglobinemia
		The FDA MEDWATCH database contains about 100 reports of methemoglobinemia related to the use of benzocaine, the most common topical anesthetic associated with this reaction.1 However, this is probably only a small fraction of actual cases experienced in the US.
		In reviewing reported cases of methemoglobinemia, clinicians often used multiple sprays of benzocaine and sprays of longer duration than recommended.
		Since some products are available without a prescription (e.g., Hurricane), a patient could, for example, apply too much spray or gargle too often with a liquid formulation (or swallow the solution), especially since the directions for use may be vague (e.g., "apply a small amount").
	www.ismp.org /MSAarticles/sprays.htm (429 words)

	Drinking-Water Nitrate, Methemoglobinemia, and Global Burden of Disease: A Discussion
		I conclude that, given the apparently low incidence of possible water-related methemoglobinemia, the complex nature of the role of nitrates, and that of individual behavior, it is currently inappropriate to attempt to link illness rates with drinking-water nitrate levels.
		Methemoglobinemia has several causes, as shown in Table 2, including exposure to nitrite or nitrate through the diet (although high dietary nitrate levels are generally accompanied by high nitrite levels).
		L'hirondel and L'hirondel (2002) suggested that in cases where methemoglobinemia has been associated with infant formula made with drinking water containing elevated nitrate or carrot soup preparations, it is possible that bacterial growth within the bottle or stored soup and exogenous conversion of nitrate to nitrite is the source of the problem.
	www.ehponline.org /members/2004/7216/7216.html (2825 words)

	Perioperative methemoglobinemia/La methemoglobinemie perioperatoire -- Johnson 52 (7): 665 -- Canadian Journal of ...
		Methemoglobinemia more than 50% of total hemoglobin is life-threatening.
		Acquired methemoglobinemia: a retrospective series of 138 cases at 2 teaching hospitals.
		Methemoglobinemia associated with a prilocaine-lidocaine cream and trimetoprim-sulphamethoxazole.
	www.cja-jca.org /cgi/content/full/52/7/665 (1444 words)

	Methemoglobinemia in critically ill burned patients American Journal of Critical Care - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Methemoglobinemia is an uncommon cause of arterial hemoglobin desaturation, that should be suspected whenever a patient's low oxygen saturation (typically ~85%) as measured by pulse oximetry cannot be readily attributed to other, more expected causes.
		Although susceptibility to methemoglobinemia currently cannot be predicted, the relationship between dose of local anesthetics and extent of methemoglobinemia has been established.
		Multiple reports of methemoglobinemia after exposure to a cream containing a eutectic mixture of local anesthetics, a topical skin anesthetic composed of 2.5% lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine, point to the methemoglobinemic potential of prilocaine.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0NUB/is_2_14/ai_n13794931 (722 words)

	Methemoglobinemia definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Methemoglobinemia: The presence in the blood of methemoglobin, a form of hemoglobin that is useless for carrying oxygen and delivering it to tissues throughout the human body.
		Methemoglobinemia may be acquired anytime in life by exposure to a number of different chemical agents such as nitrites or it may be congenital due a genetic condition:
		Deficiency of the enzyme methemoglobin reductase which is required for the reduction of methemoglobin to normal oxyhemoglobin.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=15735 (366 words)

	Methemoglobinemia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Methemoglobinemia, also known as "met-Hb", is a usually genetic blood disorder characterized by the presence of a higher than normal level of methemoglobin in the blood.
		Acquired methemoglobinemia can be caused by the use of nitrite-containing drugs, such as amyl nitrite.
		Methemoglobinemia is treated with the use of methylene blue, which restores the hemoglobin to its normal oxygen-carrying state.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Methemoglobinemia (282 words)

	Laboratory Assessment of Oxygenation in Methemoglobinemia -- Haymond et al. 51 (2): 434 -- Clinical Chemistry
		Correlation of MetHb fraction and symptoms in methemoglobinemia.
		Methemoglobinemia due to ingestion of at most three pills of pyridium in a 2-year-old: case report and review.
		Cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency and enzymopenic hereditary methemoglobinemia.
	www.clinchem.org /cgi/content/full/51/2/434 (4397 words)

	EndoNurse
		My objective was to present endoscopy nurses with information related to the occurrence of benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia as documented in literature, the signs and symptoms of the condition, and appropriate nursing assessment, intervention and treatment of this rare but potentially fatal reaction.
		Stoiber (1999) reported a 71-year-old male received benzocaine prior to bronchoscopy and became cyanotic during the procedure and was diagnosed with benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia.
		Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia is considered an acquired or toxic form of methemoglobinemia.
	www.endonurse.com /articles/341feat5.html (2145 words)

	Severe Methemoglobinemia Complicating Topical Benzocaine Use During Endoscopy in a Toddler: A Case Report and Review of ...
		Cytochrome b5 reductase: the roles of the recessive congenital methemoglobinemia mutants P144L, L148P, and R159*.
		Methemoglobinemia as a complication of 20% benzocaine spray for endoscopy.
		Methemoglobinemia secondary to topical silver nitrate therapy: a case report.
	pediatrics.aappublications.org /cgi/content/full/117/4/e806 (1578 words)

	Product Label
		Methemoglobinemia ELITEK use has been associated with Methemoglobinemia.
		Methemoglobinemia In clinical studies, methemoglobinemia has been reported in 2 patients receiving ELITEK.
		It is not known whether patients with deficiency of cytochrome b5 reductase (formerly known as methemoglobin reductase) or of other enzymes with antioxidant activity are at increased risk for methemoglobinemia or hemolytic anemia.
	www.accessdata.fda.gov /scripts/cder/onctools/labels.cfm?GN=Rasburicase (2754 words)

	ENLmedical.com: Conditions And Concerns: Medical Encyclopedia: Methemoglobinemia
		The autosomal recessive condition results from an absence of an enzyme that normally converts methemoglobin back to normal hemoglobin thereby leading to an increase in methemoglobin and a decrease in the ability of blood to carry oxygen.
		People with methemoglobinemia should avoid exposure to chemicals that could precipitate a cyanotic crisis.
		With the exception of Type II cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency, cyanosis should be the only significant symptom barring exposure to chemicals that might cause a crisis.
	www.enlmedical.com /article/000562.htm (269 words)

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