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Topic: Methyl isocyanate

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Diphenylmethane diisocyanate

Isocyanate

Pesticide poisoning

Bhopal

Carbaryl

Bhopal disaster

Sodium nitrate

Tonne

MTBE

1888 in sports

1888 in science

Dyspnea

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Edema

1870 in rail transport

	Methyl Isocyanate \| Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Web site \| US EPA
		Methyl isocyanate is used to produce carbamate pesticides.
		Methyl isocyanate is extremely toxic to humans from acute (short-term) exposure.
		For methyl isocyanate: 1 ppm = 2.34 mg/m
	www.epa.gov /ttn/atw/hlthef/methylis.html (1201 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Methyl
		On the bioavailability of methyl isocyanate in the Bhopal gas leak.
		Methyl tertiary hexyl ether and methyl tertiary octyl ether as gasoline oxygenates: assessing risks from atmospheric dispersion and deposition.
		Life after methyl bromide: methyl bromide is one of the top five most widely used pesticides in the world.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Methyl (1250 words)

	Methyl isocyanate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Methyl isocyanate (MIC) is a clear, colorless, lachrymatory, sharp smelling liquid.
		A mixture of methyl isocyanate and two moles of hydrogen chloride is formed, but N-methylcarbamoyl chloride (MCC) forms as the mixture is condensed and leaves one mole of hydrogen chloride as a gas.
		Methyl isocyanate reacts with water to form 1,3-dimethylurea and carbon dioxide with the evolution of heat (325 calories per gram of MIC that reacts).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Methyl_isocyanate (933 words)

	ATSDR - MMG: Methyl Isocyanate
		Methyl isocyanate is incompatible with oxidizers, acids, alkalis, amines, iron, tin, and copper.
		Methyl isocyanate vapors are severely irritating and corrosive to the respiratory tract.
		Methyl isocyanate vapors are severely irritating and corrosive to the respiratory tract and eyes.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /MHMI/mmg182.html (4862 words)

	Isocyanate - Health Encyclopedia
		Methyl isocyanate is a colorless highly flammable liquid that evaporates quickly when exposed to the air.
		Methyl Isocyanate is a colorless liquid that has a sharp odor.
		Cyclohexyl isocyanate is stored under controlled conditions and there is limited, controlled transport.
	www.steadyhealth.com /encyclopedia/Isocyanate (127 words)

	Methyl isocyanate process - Patent 4082787
		C in a continuous vapor phase tubular reactor: ##STR1## Methyl isocyanate and HCl react in an equilibrium reaction (b) to form methyl carbamyl chloride: ##STR2## In equilibrium reaction (b), dissociation (dehydrochlorination) of methyl carbamyl chloride to methyl isocyanate and HCl approaches 100% at 240.degree.
		Consequently, it is impossible to separate pure methyl isocyanate from pure methyl carbamyl chloride simply by condensing methyl isocyanate in the presence of HCl.
		3,388,145, discloses thermally dihydrochlorinating a solution of methyl carbamyl chloride to produce a mixture of solvent, methyl carbamyl chloride, methyl isocyanate and HCl, and removing HCl from that mixture by reflux in a condenser which is connected directly to the dehydrochlorination reactor.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4082787.html (2162 words)

	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Methyl Isocyanate
		Methyl isocyanate gas is degraded rapidly in the air by reacting with substances commonly found in the air.
		Methyl isocyanate is rapidly (minutes to a few hours) degraded in water into other compounds..
		Methyl isocyanate has been found in the smoke from tobacco, so people who smoke or breathe second-hand smoke may be exposed to this compound.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfacts182.html (1054 words)

	CHEMINFO: Methyl isocyanate
		Methyl isocyanate is a very strong irritant and initial injury is largely confined to areas of direct contact such as the nose, mouth and respiratory tract.(2) Very serious and persistent respiratory system and lung damage can result.
		Isocyanate respiratory sensitization is usually caused by a very large exposure, or by multiple exposures.(7) Although varying periods of exposure (1 day to years) may elapse before sensitization occurs, it develops more often during the first few months of exposure.
		Isocyanates are very reactive compounds and are especially highly reactive toward a large number of compounds with active hydrogens, particularly at high temperatures and in the presence of catalysts.(28) MIC attacks some forms of plastics, rubber and coatings.
	www.intox.org /databank/documents/chemical/methylis/cie164.htm (4155 words)

	Bhopal Justice Page
		Thus the methyl isocyanate gas escaped into the air and drifted eight kilometers downwind over the city of Bhopal, population 900,000, poisoning all in its path.
		Union Carbide's toxic gas (methyl isocyanate) release in Bhopal, India, was a direct result of such circumstances.
		Methyl Isocyanate: A chemical central to the production of certain pesticides that is highly toxic.
	www.umich.edu /~snre492/lopatin.html (1729 words)

	bhopal2
		Methyl isocyanate is extremely toxic and smells strongly.
		The factory in Bhopal used methyl isocyanate to make a substance that is used for killing bugs and mites.
		Methyl isocyanate is not used in Sweden but in west Europe it’s used by Germany and Great Britain.
	hem.passagen.se /ingulf/bhopal2.htm (341 words)

	Pesticide Reaction and Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The problem in Bhopal was not that the reaction of methyl isocyanate with water created a poisonous gas, but that the reaction allowed methyl isocyanate to escape from its containment.
		Methyl isocyanate is volatile, irritating to the nose and throat, and toxic.
		The heat also made the methyl isocyanate more volatile (whether or not it boiled, increasing the temperature raised the MIC vapor pressure, meaning that anyone breathing the air got a larger MIC dose).
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/chem99/chem99589.htm (348 words)

	Methyl isocyanate [factsheet]
		* Other effects noted from acute (short-term) inhalation exposure to methyl isocyanate in humans are respiratory tract irritation, damage to the eyes, nausea, gastritis, sweating, fever, chills, and liver and kidney damage.
		* The odor threshold for methyl isocyanate is 2.1 ppm.
		* The vapor pressure for methyl isocyanate is 348 mm Hg at 20 EC.
	www.lakes-environmental.com /toxic/METHYL_ISOCYANATE.HTML (897 words)

	Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLHs) - 624839
		Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for methyl isocyanate is 3 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Kimmerle and Eben 1964; Mellon 1963].
		Zur toxicitat von methylisocyanat und dessen quantitativer bestimmung in der luft (Toxicity of methyl isocyanate and its quantitative determination in the air).
		Acute toxicity of methyl isocyanate and ineffectiveness of sodium thiosulphate in preventing its toxicity.
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/idlh/624839.html (226 words)

	Bicyclic amidines - Patent 4424353
		R.sup.2 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having from 5 to 14 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having from 7 to 16 carbon atoms or an aryl group having from 6 to 20 carbon atoms.
		The less volatile isocyanates having at least 6 carbon atoms are preferably used, in particular 6-chlorohexyl isocyanate and stearyl isocyanate.
		80.5 g (0.5 mol) of 6-chlorohexyl isocyanate are added portion-wise over a period of 20 minutes to 57.0 g (0.5 mol) of tetramethyl guanidine with stirring under nitrogen as protective gas at from 105.degree.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4424353.html (6181 words)

	METHYL ISOCYANATE
		Methyl isocyanate (MIS) is a chemical used in the manufacture of polyurethane foam, pesticides and plastics.
		Methyl isocyanate as a weapon: Methyl isocyanate can be an “agent of opportunity.” This means that someone could explode the vehicle of transportation (truck, train) that is being used to ship the chemical, or destroy tanks that store the chemical.
		The effects of methyl isocyanate will depend on the concentration of exposure and length of time the person is exposed.
	www.idph.state.il.us /Bioterrorism/factsheets/methyl_isocyanate.htm (705 words)

	The First Responder: Let's Take A PEEK at the PEAC Software (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Respiratory Methyl Isocyanate vapors are severely irritating and corrosive to the respiratory tract.
		Dermal Methyl Isocyanate is a skin irritant and may cause chemical burns upon dermal contact at high exposure levels.
		Reproductive and Developmental Effects Methyl Isocyanate is not included in the list of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicants, a 1991 report published by the U.S. General Accounting Office that lists 30 chemicals of concern because of widely acknowledged reproductive and developmental consequences.
	www.imakenews.com /aristatek/e_article000226798.cfm (2702 words)

	Methyl Isocyanate (Metil Isocianato) CAS# 624-83-9 ToxFAQs™ / Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ...
		Methyl isocyanate can be an “agent of opportunity.” This means that someone could explode the vehicle of transportation (truck, train) that is being used to ship the chemical, or destroy tanks that store the chemical.
		A detectable odor of methyl isocyanate is a concentration triple the permissible exposure.
		Pungent odor of methyl isocyanate may not be adequate to warn of acute exposure.
	www.mindfully.org /Pesticide/2002/Methyl-Isocyanate-CAS624-83-91apr02.htm (10874 words)

	IsoCyanate 2000
		On the midnight of 2nd December 1984, following a runaway chemical reaction, nearly 40 tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC) was released into the atmosphere over a densely populated area of Bhopal City in India.
		Subsequent chromatographic studies for demonstration of Methyl Valine Hydantoin (MVH) confirmed that MIC was bound to end-terminal valine residues.
		"Methyl hydantoins" of ten other end-terminal amino acids were identified using G.C.-M.S. equipped with ion trap detector, in the several viscera, of victims who survived up to 16 months.
	www.anchem.su.se /isocyanate2000/abstracts/abs_chandra.html (981 words)

	CBC Television - The Nature of Things Newsletter
		Methyl isocyanate is the poisonous chemical that was accidentally released from the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India, shortly after midnight on December 3, 1984.
		Methyl isocyanate is a colourless, highly flammable liquid that evaporates quickly when exposed to air.
		The long-term effects of acute methyl isocyanate exposure are being followed after the Bhopal accident.
	www.cbc.ca /natureofthings/newsletter/20041129_article_methylisocyanate.html (374 words)

	Haz-Map: Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents
		Methyl isocyanate can cause eye and skin injuries, pulmonary edema, and possibly immunological asthma.
		Skin sensitivity to methyl isocyanate developed in all sixteen guinea pigs tested.
		344-5] A lachrymator; [HSDB] Methyl isocyanate is fibrogenic to the lungs in the context of an acute inhalation exposure complicated by bronchiolitis obliterans.
	hazmap.nlm.nih.gov /cgi-bin/hazmap_generic?tbl=TblAgents&id=414 (194 words)

	CDC \| Case Definition: Methyl Isocyanate Poisoning
		Exposure to methyl isocyanate typically occurs through inhalation or dermal absorption.
		Signs and symptoms of methyl isocyanate typically include cough, dyspnea, chest pain, lacrimation, eyelid edema, and unconsciousness.
		Probable: A clinically compatible case in which a high index of suspicion (credible threat or patient history regarding location and time) exists for methyl isocyanate exposure, or an epidemiologic link exists between this case and a laboratory-confirmed case.
	www.bt.cdc.gov /agent/methylisocyanate/casedef.asp (335 words)

	Research
		Cloretazine is a prodrug, which when activated in the cell yields two reactive compounds: a chloroethylating species and methyl isocyanate.
		Methyl isocyanate possesses carbamoylating activity that synergizes with DNA damage generated by the chloroethylating activity.
		We are interested in several enzymes as targets likely to be modified with a carbamoyl group from methyl isocyanate, specifically those involved in DNA metabolism.
	www.colby.edu /chemistry/Rice/Research.html (163 words)

	Interesting Engineering Event
		The use of highly-sophisticated systems by unacquainted foreigners, the poor communication between the parent company and its Indian subsidiary, and the treatment of safety as a concern secondary to profit were all components that lead to the tragic failure of the Union Carbide plant in 1984.
		In the early hours of the morning of December 3, 1984, the lives of thousands of Bhopal residents were cut short as a cloud of toxic methyl isocyanate (MIC) wafted over their shantytown formed around the local Union Carbide site.
		Next, the phosgene is reacted with monomethylamine (CH) to yield methyl isocyanate (MIC) (CH NCO) and two extra molecules of hydrochloric acid (HCl) [8].
	www.pitt.edu /~lalanne/event.html (3132 words)

	Methyl isocyanate [factsheet]
		* Other effects noted from acute (short-term) inhalation exposure to methyl isocyanate in humans are respiratory tract irritation, damage to the eyes, nausea, gastritis, sweating, fever, chills, and liver and kidney damage.
		* The odor threshold for methyl isocyanate is 2.1 ppm.
		* The vapor pressure for methyl isocyanate is 348 mm Hg at 20 EC.
	www.weblakes.com /toxic/METHYL_ISOCYANATE.HTML (897 words)

	[No title]
		The Panel notes that methyl isothiocyanate is in the ambient air largely as a result of the breakdown of metam sodium, with smaller contributions from other pesticides such as metam potassium and dazomet.
		Finally, the Panel discussed and found that some breakdown products of metam sodium that are of concern, such as methyl isocyanate, are already considered toxic air contaminants under state law by already being listed as federal hazardous air pollutants.
		Methyl isocyanide and N-methylformamide were identified as other possible breakdown products of MITC.
	www.arb.ca.gov /srp/mitc2.doc (1983 words)

	After Bhopal: tracing causes and effects - Union Carbide accident Science News - Find Articles
		Shortly after midnight on Dec. 3 last year, a cloud of deadly methyl isocyanate vapor escaped from a storage tank at a Union Carbide chemical plant in Bhopal, India.
		The study suggests that somehow a large volume of water--between 120 and 240 gallons--was "inadvertently or deliberately" pumped ito one of three tanks storing liquid methyl isocyanate.
		A refrigeration system that was supposed to keep methyl isocyanate cool and relatively unreactive had been shut down five months before the accident.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_v127/ai_3703080?lstpn=article_results&lstpc=search&lstpr=external&lstprs=other&lstwid=1&lstwn=search_results&lstwp=body_middle (814 words)

	JAMA -- Methyl Isocyanate Exposure and Growth Patterns of Adolescents in Bhopal, October 8, 2003, Ranjan et al. 290 ...
		JAMA -- Methyl Isocyanate Exposure and Growth Patterns of Adolescents in Bhopal, October 8, 2003, Ranjan et al.
		Methyl Isocyanate Exposure and Growth Patterns of Adolescents in Bhopal
		Sequential respiratory, psychologic, and immunologic studies in relation to methyl isocyanate exposure over two years with model development.
	jama.ama-assn.org /cgi/content/full/290/14/1856 (852 words)

	PHOENIX REGIONAL STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
		Description: Methylene Bisphenyl Isocyanate (MDI) is found as a solid in white to yellow flakes.
		Noncommercial uses of polyurethanes such as in isocyanate paints or in cutting of uncured urethanes may also cause exposure.
		Sensitizing effects: Respiratory sensitization may occur, particularly in individuals with known asthma, allergies, or recognized isocyanate sensitivity (e.g., TDI).
	phoenix.gov /FIRE/20701c.html (3419 words)

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