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Topic: Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl

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	Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University
		Manganese is the preferred cofactor of enzymes called glycosyltransferases, which are required for the synthesis of proteoglycans that are needed for the formation of healthy cartilage and bone (5).
		Manganese is required for the activation of prolidase, an enzyme that functions to provide the amino acid, proline, for collagen formation in human skin cells (6).
		One study found blood manganese levels of individuals with epilepsy of unknown origin to be lower than those of individuals whose epilepsy was induced by trauma (e.g., head injury) or disease, suggesting a possible genetic relationship between epilepsy and abnormal manganese metabolism.
	lpi.oregonstate.edu /infocenter/minerals/manganese (2351 words)

	Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		MMT is also a lubricant that allows old cars designed for leaded fuel to run on unleaded fuel, without the need for other fuel additives that prevent valve stem problems.
		MMT is added to gasoline in Canada to reduce engine knock, and it has recently been introduced in Australia.
		MMT is also very harmful to aquatic animals, so MMT should not be disposed of into stormwater, sewers, or natural waterways.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Methylcyclopentadienyl_Manganese_Tricarbonyl (206 words)

	Risk Assessment for the Combustion Products of Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl (MMT) in Gasoline
		MMT, or methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, has been used in Canada since 1977 as an octane enhancer in unleaded gasoline, and particularly since the removal of alkyl lead additives.
		MMT was banned from use in unleaded fuel in the U.S. in 1977 because it was found to increase hydrocarbon emissions and to block the type of catalytic converter then in use for unleaded fuel: MMT remains in use in the U.S. in leaded gasoline.
		The known neurotoxicity of manganese at high (occupational) exposure levels has led to concern regarding the use of MMT as a gasoline additive, particularly given the recent experience with lead.
	www.hc-sc.gc.ca /ewh-semt/pubs/air/combustion_e.html (358 words)

	Manganese
		Manganese is called the "maternal mineral" because manganese deficiency in females causes a reduced maternal caring for her young.
		The principal organomanganese compound is the anti-knock additive, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.
		Currently, the risks of exposure to low concentrations of manganese in the industrial and in the environmental settings (e.g., methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl in gasoline) are being evaluated with regards to the development of subclinical neuropsychological changes.
	www.ithyroid.com /manganese.htm (4326 words)

	ACSH > Publications >
		MMT (methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl) is a fuel additive that has recently been approved by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for use in unleaded gasoline in the United States.
		Manganese is ubiquitous in the environment: it is in rocks and soil, in food and water and in living organisms.
		Manganese is present naturally in soil; Canadian soil levels average 520 micrograms per gram of soil (µg/g), with a range of 54 to 5740 µg/g (a microgram is one millionth of a gram).
	www.acsh.org /publications/pubID.517/pub_detail.asp (1112 words)

	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Manganese
		Manganese is constantly present in the mother and is available to the developing fetus during pregnancy.
		Manganese is also transferred from a nursing mother to her infant in breast milk at levels that are appropriate for proper development.
		Measurements of manganese in blood, urine, feces, and scalp hair can be used to determine exposure to excess levels of manganese by testing whether levels of the metal in your body tissues are greater than normal.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfacts151.html (1120 words)

	Haz-Map: Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents
		Used as a "combustion improver"; [ACGIH] Its use as a gasoline additive was banned by the EPA because it interfered with catalytic converters.
		MMT is toxic to the central nervous system by inhalation and skin absorption.
		MMT has a "low order of toxicity" when used as a fuel additive.
	hazmap.nlm.nih.gov /cgi-bin/hazmap_generic?tbl=TblAgents&id=560 (154 words)

	Health, Environment and the Economy (NRTEE) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		MMT is used in Canada as an octane booster to replace tetraethyl lead in gasoline.
		The question of MMT and manganese was re-examined in 1985–86 by the Royal Commission on Lead in the Environment, as part of its deliberations on lead substitutes.
		Manganese is considered to be an essential trace element in the diet and is required for certain enzymes that help maintain normal functioning of the central nervous system and other body organs.
	www.nrtee-trnee.ca /eng/programs/ArchivedPrograms/Health/MMT_e.htm (8191 words)

	Manganese
		Briefly, MMT is an organic manganese compound produced by the Ethyl Corporation and first added to the commercial gasoline supply as a supplement to tetraethyl lead in 1958.
		However, homeostatic mechanisms respond to ingested manganese much differently from that which is inhaled, and estimating a safe total level of exposure requires consideration of multiple sources, various pathways of exposure, and differential uptake and distribution of manganese in children and other susceptible members of the population.
		Manganese excretion is primarily via bile into the feces so that ingested Mn is subject to homeostatic control via enterohepatic mechanisms before reaching the general circulation.
	www.johnsonfdn.org /conferences/precautionary/schet.html (4876 words)

	Comparative Toxicokinetics of Manganese Chloride and Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl (MMT) in ...
		Manganese was rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract
		Biotransformation and excretion of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl in the rat.
		Komura, J., and Sakamoto, M. Chronic oral administration of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl altered brain biogenic amines in the mouse: comparison with inorganic manganese.
	toxsci.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/54/2/295 (3989 words)

	Fuel composition for reducing exhaust gas catalyst plugging - Patent 4082517
		Generally, the greater the concentration of manganese and the higher the temperature the greater the amount of antiplugging compound needed to reduce plugging of the catalyst.
		The typical concentration of manganese per gallon of gasoline, as cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, said cyclopentadienyl group preferably being a hydrocarbon group containing from 5 to 17 carbon atoms, and more preferably being methylcyclopentadienyl, is from about 0.005 to about 10 grams.
		It is convenient to utilize additive fluid mixtures which consist of cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl antiknock agents and antiplugging agents having the general formula ##STR3## wherein R is independently selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl radicals, and substituted hydrocarbyl radicals.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4082517.html (4036 words)

	METHYLCYCLOPENTADIENYL MANGANESE TRICARBONYL (ICSC)
		Prepared in the context of cooperation between the International Programme on Chemical Safety and the Commission of the European Communities © IPCS, CEC 1999
		On combustion, forms irritating and toxic fumes including manganese oxides and carbon monoxide.
		The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.
	www.inchem.org /documents/icsc/icsc/eics1169.htm (254 words)

	Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl: Health Risk Uncertainties and Research Directions
		Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is an organometallic compound developed by the Ethyl Corporation (Richmond, VA) in the 1950s to increase the octane level of gasoline and thereby enhance the antiknock properties of the fuel.
		Given that the allowable concentration of MMT in U.S. fuel is only 1/32 (0.031) g Mn/gal of gasoline and that the compound undergoes rapid photodegradation in the atmosphere (14), MMT itself was not considered a significant exposure risk for the general population, except for accidental or occupational contacts.
		Because MMT is already in use, the need for timely and well focused studies to better characterize the exposures and health effects resulting from this fuel additive is all the more important.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/1998/Suppl-1/191-201Jdavis/full.html (9894 words)

	Manganese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Manganese Bronze Holdings PLC, the manufacturer of the LTI fl taxi, has announces unaudited interim results for the six months to 31 January 2005.
		Manganese alloys output for the September 2003 quarter of 147 000 tons was 16% lower than the September 2002 quarter and 25% lower than the June 2003 quarter.
		Manganese, a non-toxic mineral that stains clothes in the wash, is still flowing through water pipes in Middleton and Danvers.
	www.4newz.com /supplements/Manganese.html (5249 words)

	Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptosis in Dopaminergic Cells Exposed to Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese ...
		MMT (Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, WI) is a viscous yellow liquid with an herbaceous odor.
		B, cytotoxicity of MMT in cerebellar granule cells was determined by measurement of extracellular LDH activity after 1 h of treatment.
		Garrison AW, Cipollone MG, Wolfe NL and Swank RR, Jr (1995) Environmental fate of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/302/1/26 (6387 words)

	Clean Air Initiative: Asia - MMT: Courting poison
		We were suspicious ever since we read the illuminating study on the deadly octane enhancer, MMT (Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl) from the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT).
		Manganese particles from MMT burning as a petrol additive, is a potent neurotoxin that damages the brain when inhaled.
		Industry forecasts the increased use of MMT, as this allows greater flexibility to refineries to meet the octane requirements, while meeting the tighter Euro III norms.
	www.cleanairnet.org /asia/1412/article-59684.html (1182 words)

	Welding Rod Injury Info Center
		Manganese can cause a number of negative health effects in people who are exposed to it over an extended period of time.
		Read on for answers to questions about manganese, including what it is, how it is released into the environment, how people can be exposed, and what health...
		Manganese can be found in the air, water, or soil as well as in certain foods.
	www.weldingrodinjuryinfocenter.com (298 words)

	RAIS: Manganese (007439-96-5)
		Manganese is a silver-colored, naturally occurring metal that is found in many types of rocks and makes up about 0.10% of the earth's crust.
		Manganese can also be combined with carbon to make organic manganese compounds, including pesticides (e.g., maneb or mancozeb) and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT), a fuel additive in some gasolines.
		Normal nutritional requirements of manganese are satisfied through the diet, which is the normal source of the element, with minor contributions from water and air.
	risk.lsd.ornl.gov /tox/profiles/mn_ragsa.shtml (498 words)

	Safety (MSDS) data for manganese methylcyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl
		Synonyms: (methylcyclopentadienyl) manganese (I) tricarbonyl, 2-methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, MMT, AK-33X, antiknock 33, combustion improver 2
		Manganese dusts reduce male fertility and may increase the likelihood of developing pneumonia.
		We have not verified this information, and cannot guarantee that it is up-to-date.
	www.physchem.ox.ac.uk /MSDS/MA/manganese_methylcyclopentadienyl_tricarbonyl.html (143 words)

	Canadian motorists continue to pump toxic gasoline additive MMT thanks to NAFTA Chapter 11
		While MMT has been used in Canada since the late 1970s to boost the octane rating of unleaded gasoline (particularly after the removal of lead), the use of this fuel additive has been a controvesial topic since its introduction in the United States in 1976.
		Indeed, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency said the use of MMT represented a potential health hazard and moved to ban its use in 1977, and it has remained that way south of the border.
		On the other side, public health professionals believe manganese is a neurotoxin and that releasing it into the atmosphere via exhaust emissions will cause nerve and brain damage in humans, especially children because of their closer proximity to the tailpipe.
	www.organicconsumers.org /corp/CanadaMMT.cfm (1009 words)

	New Study Finds Manganese-Based Gasoline Additive Causes Vehicle Emission Failures
		OTTAWA--July 30, 2002--The comprehensive study conducted by the Automotive Industry which was released today, confirms that the manganese-based gasoline additive, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT), significantly raises vehicle emissions, increases fuel consumption and impairs the proper operation of vehicle emission control systems.
		MMT is commonly added to Canadian gasoline to increase octane.
		Robert Armstrong, President of the Association of International Automobile Manufacturers of Canada (AIAMC), said, "This study confirms that MMT is detrimental to the effective operation of vehicle emission controls systems and is ultimately harmful to the environment.
	www.theautochannel.com /news/2002/07/30/144708.html (570 words)

	Toxicologic Review of Selected Chemicals
		This limit, measured as manganese, is established in the final rule, along with a skin notation.
		TWA, measured as manganese, with a skin notation, for 2-methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.
		The Agency concludes that this limit will protect workers against the significant risk of CNS effects and systemic damage, which constitute material health impairments and are associated with exposure to Cl-2 at levels higher than the new PEL.
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/pel88/12108-13.html (503 words)

	Fuels and Society - MTBE Pollution
		Another octane boosting additive is a form of manganese known as M.M.T. (for methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl) manufactured by the Ethyl Corp., the company that originally produced tetraethyl lead.
		Ethyl argues that MMT helps the environment because, without it, oil companies have to employ a more intensive refining process that consumes slightly more crude oil to produce a given quantity of gasoline.
		Ethyl's assertions that MMT is safe do not withstand scientific scrutiny, according to Herbert Needleman.
	www.chemcases.com /converter/converter-26.htm (620 words)

	Environmental Protection Agency
		(Manganese compounds) Ceiling 5 mg/m3, as manganese (NIOSH 1987,
		(Manganese compounds) 10,000 mg/m3, as manganese (NIOSH 1987,
		In concentrated form this compound is highly toxic by all routes of exposure.
	yosemite.epa.gov /oswer/CeppoEHS.nsf/Profiles/12108-13-3?OpenDocument (488 words)

	Toyota Canada - toyota.ca, Toyota Canada, Toyota, Access, Cars, Trucks, SUV's, TFS, TCCI, TMMC, Echo, Corolla, Matrix, ...
		Emission components such as oxygen sensors and catalytic converters become coated with MMT reducing their efficiency.
		There are few things more pretentious for a writer than to quote himself but when I drove this car last summer in Switzerland I said those expecting a traditional American style V8 punch in the kidneys will wonder what all the fuss is about..
		Auto Tech MMT gasoline additiveAutomobile manufacturers and environmentalists are both opposed to the use of the gasoline additive MMT Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl because they say it harms engine components and the environment.
	www.carquotes.ca /main_1.html (2543 words)

	Mechanisms of Flame Inhibition by Tin and Manganese Containing Additives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In this work we wish to study the mechanism of influence of manganese and tin containing additives (tetramethyltin-TMT and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl-MMT) on the gas-phase combustion.
		The advantage of tin and manganese compounds is that some species of these metals have relatively high vapor pressures in comparison with the iron-containing species, thus providing relatively higher concentrations for species of catalytical cycles in the gas phase.
		The inhibition efficiency of MMT is about a factor of two less than that of iron pentacarbonyl, and TMT is about twice as effective as CF Br.
	www.cstl.nist.gov /div838/kinetics2001/agenda/f_session/f7/f7.htm (299 words)

	Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptosis in Dopaminergic Cells Exposed to Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese ...
		Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptosis in Dopaminergic Cells Exposed to Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl -- Kitazawa et al.
		Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT), an organic manganese-containing gasoline additive, was investigated to
		apoptosis, was induced concentration dependently by MMT but completely
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/302/1/26 (380 words)

	Chronic exposure to the fungicide maneb may produce symptoms and signs of CNS manganese intoxication -- Ferraz et al. ...
		Chronic exposure to the fungicide maneb may produce symptoms and signs of CNS manganese intoxication -- Ferraz et al.
		Chronic exposure to the fungicide maneb may produce symptoms and signs of CNS manganese intoxication
		Manganese (Mn) poisoning, a well-known hazard in miners and industrial
	www.neurology.org /cgi/content/abstract/38/4/550 (506 words)

	Manganese intoxication in the rhesus monkey: a clinical, imaging, pathologic, and biochemical study -- Olanow et al. 46 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Manganese intoxication in the rhesus monkey: a clinical, imaging, pathologic, and biochemical study -- Olanow et al.
		Manganese intoxication in the rhesus monkey: a clinical, imaging, pathologic, and biochemical study
		Manganese Induces the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition in Cultured Astrocytes
	www.neurology.org /cgi/content/abstract/46/2/492 (415 words)

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