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	Semiotics for Beginners: Rhetorical Tropes
		Metonyms are based on various indexical relationships between signifieds, notably the substitution of effect for cause.
		Metonymic signifiers foreground the signified whilst metaphoric signifiers foreground the signifier (Lodge 1977, xiv).
		Jakobson suggested that the metonymic mode tends to be foregrounded in prose whereas the metaphoric mode tends to be foregrounded in poetry (Jakobson & Halle 1956, 95-96).
	www.aber.ac.uk /media/Documents/S4B/sem07.html (7484 words)

	On the Metonymic Structure of Religious Experiences:
		It is a shift from a predominant emphasis on metaphor to one on metonym.
		According to Leach [1976], the human ability to symbolize consists of using [1] symbol relationships which are arbitrary but habitual or conventional, and [2] sign relationships which are contiguous but in a relationship of a part to a whole, as well as signal relationships which are causal.
		Metonymic events, which are very much part of the charismatic theology about the work of the Spirit in the life of an individual, are literal happenings and therefore are associated with surrender and its consequent fruits.
	www.acs.ucalgary.ca /~nurelweb/papers/karla/metonym.html (6370 words)

	Beckett - Ballantine's "To and Fro in Shadow: Not I"
		This "folding" of metaphor and metonym dissolves the expected and juxtaposes the unexpected, and we respond emotionally and intellectually to both metaphoric and metonymic substitutions without privileging either, thus entering into a fresh philosophical dialogue unimpeded by conventional expectation either of cause and effect or of plot design.
		By overlaying the paradigmatic functions of Dark as Death with the metonymic, or syntagmatic, function of Dark as Passage, the Mouth's non-stop narration overrides the static and symbolic structuring of the stage set, permitting us to revise the visual metaphors for death and for isolation that confront us as the play begins.
		With the emergence of that compassion, the terrifying metaphor of mouth as toothed vagina is banished and an open embrace of the metonymic relationship of the Mouth to open passage occurs.
	www.themodernword.com /beckett/paper_ballantine.html (1581 words)

	Department of Spanish and Latin American Studies
		In this discursive contest the metonym has often taken on the role of poor relative, associated with the mundane and the prosaic, in opposition to the heady poetic heights prescribed for poetry in, to give one example, Jakobson's formulation.
		The metonym implies forgetting the anterior term just as the metaphor suggests that the anterior term of reference can be remembered, indeed fused with the present term in order to produce a new verbal/conceptual reality.
		This hermeneutic process is projected as a shuttle between the discursive strategies of the metaphor and the metonym; on a number of crucial instances, as we shall see, a metalepsis occurs such that -- by a process of discursive ghosting -- a metonym masquerades as a metaphor.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /spanish-latinamerican/resources/hartperuviancultstud.htm (4468 words)

	Writing Projects Using Metonyms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Madam Bovary, on the other hand, can be engaged (if not understood) by focusing on her eyes: meaning, one part of this fictive creation can grant us access to whole areas of interest, areas that revolve around problems of characterization.
		I'd argue that Barnes uses the parrot "poetically" to collapse the metonymic and metaphoric axes of language.
		In the stuffed parrot, Julian Barnes discovers a metonym that can be pushed into the realm of the metaphoric (or, if you like, he discovers a metaphor that can be extended to produce a variety of combinations).
	www.yk.psu.edu /~jmj3/cre_meto.htm (384 words)

	From Homo Hierarchicus to Homo Faber (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The metonym (indexical trope), he said, belongs to the order of event as opposed to the metaphor (symbolic trope) which belongs to the order of structure (ibid.:27).
		The indexical aspect of the symbol leads to the potential growth and change of the symbol, while the metonymic relation among gods is what leads to a potential rethinking of the idea and reality of social hierarchy among the castes they symbolize.
		That a metonymic as opposed to metaphoric relation among humans and gods might predominate Tamil thinking is consistent with Ramanujan's (1990) observations that metonymic thinking is foregrounded in South India.
	www.nuim.ie /academic/anthropology/AAI/IJA/vol2/mines.html (4884 words)

	artforum.com / 10·20·30·40
		Metonyms are alternates, in a relationship which is dialectic in that they imply one another, as fl implies white.
		In James Boone's elegant example, a fork stands in metonymical relationship to a knife—while a sword relates to a knife metaphorically.
		Huebler's use of metonym is one that tries to achieve an equivalence between documentary procedure and that which is documented, in an attempt to locate both in the (linguistic) context whence their meaning—"reality"—is commonly derived.
	www.artforum.com /10203040/id=6256&ord=1 (1310 words)

	Metonymy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The following entries, metonymy and metonym, are freely excerpted and adapted from the on-line version of the Oxford English Dictionary.
		An extremely useful, as well as conveniently short, introduction to semiotics by Dr. Daniel Chandler (Department of Theatre, Film and Television Studies of the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK) studies the relationship between rhetoric and semiotics.
		In film, which Jakobson regarded as a basically metonymic medium, 'metonymy can be applied to an object that is visibly present but which represents another object or subject to which it is related but which is absent' (Hayward 1996, 217).
	www.swarthmore.edu /Humanities/passo1/metonymy.html (256 words)

	The metaphor, the metonym, the identity and the landscape.
		The metaphor, the metonym, the identity and the landscape.
		A metonym is used to express, not “likeness” as a metaphor does, but a connectedness, a closeness, a mother-child or farther-son connection, a convertibleness, a birth-relation.
		Because the metonym rhetorically invites the thought to assume the very intimate relation in origin and identity, or the idea of being able to convert from one state to another without loss of basic identity, the metonym is very powerful in political terms and more powerful than the metaphorical use of nature.
	www.ostforsk.no /per/Tor.Arnesen/publikasjoner/hanaholmen-paper-nov-98.html (3113 words)

	Response to Luke and Barry
		In the interests of truth could you please put this enquiry and your reply onto the net for others who may be interested or confused.
		My point to brother Cowie is that brethren of a clean flesh persuasion are only throwing up so much dust in the air in their attempt to deny the second Scriptural acceptation (definition) of the word sin.
		In claiming that the second acceptation of the word sin is merely a metonym, they are hiding behind a figure of speech to deny "sin in the flesh".
	www.genusa.com /atonement/ResponseToLukeAndBarry.html (883 words)

	A Discursive-Semiotic Approach to Translating Cultural Aspects in Persuasive Advertisements
		For instance, a policeman could be a metonym for the law.
		Fiske (1982: 97) notes that the selection of metonym is crucial because from it the reader/receiver constructs the unknown remainder of reality.
		A shot of a street strewn with bodies and blood, shown on television, is an index (metonym) of violence and murder.
	ilze.org /semio/008.htm (1305 words)

	Washington, DC article - Washington, DC capital United States America suburbs metonym constituents Washington - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Washington, DC is the most common way to refer to the District throughout the rest of the United States and the world.
		Washington or Washington, DC is also used as a metonym for the federal government.
		Politicians and candidates for office sometimes use these terms pejoratively to convey a sense of solidarity with their constituents by distancing themselves from the negative image of an out-of-touch centralized government.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Washington,_DC (3567 words)

	PSYCHOSEMIOTIC THEORY AND EDUCATIONAL PRACTICE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In all cases (of reasoning), however, metaphor and metonym, as signifying relations, operate as complementary polarities in the representation of class membership; metaphoric focusing referring 'back' to metonymic context, and metonymic background permitting and motivating metaphoric selection.
		When the metaphor is discarded, there is a change on the metonymic axis (because the situational referent is omitted).
		Algebraic activity provides particularly clear example of metaphoric and metonymic relations, the area in which learning to be a mathematician is most similar to learning a language.
	s13a.math.aca.mmu.ac.uk /chreods/Issue_8/Alice_L/Alice_Leonard.html (3762 words)

	Anthropology and Popular Culture
		Prior to the 17th century, the gold or silver coin operated both as a metonym for wealth, that is as itself an instance of wealth, and as a medium of exchange.
		As metonyms of wealth, coins could be expected to lose value through time.
		Laura Mulvey argued that popular feature film, by its nature, presupposes the viewer to be a dominant male voyeur, and Kaja Silverman contended that the female voice, metonym for the female presence, is consistently elided in modern popular film, thereby provoking unslakeable thirst for the feminine, and ultimately a fetishistic obsession.
	www.uwm.edu /People/wash/poplecfilm.htm (4189 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Heyman The Mexico-United States border has recently been used in anthropology as a metonym for the study of inequality, power, global economics, and connections among cultures and societies.
		Because the people happen to cross the boundary, Rouse (1991:15) uses the border as a metonym for the juxtaposition of two experiences in one life.
		She recalls her relatively facile ability to enter through Mexico's northern border, and she imagines the difficulty and exploitation involved were her friend Esperanza to cross into the U.S. as an undocumented domestic.
	dizzy.library.arizona.edu /ej/jpe/volume_1/ascii-heyman.txt (9645 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A well-known metonymic saying is the pen is mightier than the sword (i.e.
		A word used in such metonymic expressions is sometimes called a metonym.
		An important kind of metonymy is *synecdoche, in which the name of a part is substituted for that of a whole (e.g.
	www.fbls.uni-hannover.de /angli/poetry/Metonymy.htm (140 words)

	Conceptual Spaces Cheat Sheet
		Image-schemas are transformed by metaphoric and metonymic operations (which are treated as exceptional features on the traditional views).
		metonym and metaphor - metaphor is the same shape of concepts applied to a different domain.
		Metonym, the pen in "the pen is mightier" is a metonym symbolizing the printing press and the end of the iron age :-)
	www.jch.com /jch/cscs.html (669 words)

	Proverbs 13:12
		First, hope is a metonym for the things hoped for; hope itself is not deferred, or delayed; but rather the objects of hope do not arrive on time.
		Second, desire is a metonym for the things desired, because the desire for the things was already there; it is the desired objects that finally come and bring great joy to the heart.
		It is substituted for the feelings and joys of the heart: the substitution uses the seat of your affections for the affections themselves.
	www.letgodbetrue.com /proverbs/13_12.htm (1542 words)

	Jacobson - Metaphor and Metonomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In poetry - the projection of the principle of equivalence from the axis of selection (metaphor) is used as the major means of constructing a sequence (combination; metonym).
		This projection, according to Jacobson, is the defining characteristic of poetry, and it expresses itself in rhyme, meter, symmetries, repetitions, motifs.
		Whereas in Prose - the metonym prevails, the chain of events, the plot, successive actions, a sequence of occurrences**.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/visualarts/r4100/jacobson.html (265 words)

	On "When It Ends" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The fact that metonymy poses as a viable "approach" to a "real" world is significant in that a metonym suggests the whole through the discussion of a part.
		In terms of Bronk's poem, the metonym of light gestures towards the real world without reducing it to the flawed constraints of human form.
		Metonymy therefore is a viable form because it simultaneously reveals and conceals the real world.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /maps/poets/a_f/bronk/ends.htm (280 words)

	A Semiotic Analysis of Three Beer Advertisements
		The text requires the reader to understand that this signifier is signifying a representative of the reader, or the target audience.
		One could even argue that this signifier is a metonym, one young male representing all young men within society.
		This associated with the reader is increased by the noticeable fact that this male character is the only character that possesses discernible eyes.
	www.aber.ac.uk /media/Students/mvs9501.html (2999 words)

	Visual Metaphor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The chapter begins, "The first and only Earl of Ringwood has submitted to the fate which peers and commoners are alike destined to undergo." The Earl's fate is revealed by the initial illustration showing a crowned skull.
		The skull, a metonym of mortality, is an object traditionally associated with death, like the skull of Yorick in Hamlet.
		Combined with the crown, metonym of absolute secular power, it constructs a deceptively simple metaphor: death is the king who reigns over all.
	gean5.pfmb.uni-mb.si /eng/kennedy/figlang/Visual.htm (1546 words)

	Jedi Council Forums - Metonym (Mara vig, post-Union)
		A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power.
		The title of the Emperor's "hand" is in fact a metonym, the hand, of course, representing something so much larger.
		Another example is the phrase "the pen is mightier than the sword" - both a pen and a sword are singular objects, but in the context they are representational and symbolic.
	boards.theforce.net /Beyond_the_Saga/b10477/19392385 (2629 words)

	IllusConMet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		As is already clear from their existing work, there is a marked degree of coalescence of metaphorical and metonymic linguistic expressions around certain 'concrete' image-types, so from a semiotic perspective images of these forms must be unusually polyvalent in a Barthesian sense.
		The definition of metonym advanced by Kövecses, for instance, is that the entire conceptual operation is conducted with respect to a single domain of experience.
		In general, metonymy emphasises some aspect of the relationship between part and whole; conceptual metonyms follow linguistic expressions in not being restricted to statements in which the part is identified in such a way as to be taken as 'standing in' for the whole.
	www.wkac.ac.uk /edstudies/courses/illusConMet.htm (499 words)

	ENGL 490
		More recently, however, the body emerges as metonym, as much a "subject" as an object, un-representable as well as visible, as symbolic as it is real, imbricated in language and thus productive of discourse: the body as knowledge.
		To that end, we will assume the stubborn particular of one (but perhaps only one) binary: there are two sexes, although there are several genders/several bodies, and how they operate as tropes in representation, image, language, metaphor will be our focus.
		The body as metonym then, refers to the body as shared story, the virtual body or the body of virtual appearance, the body as standing in for nation, desire, the "body politic," the body-as-threshold.
	www.arts.mcgill.ca /english/courses/ENGL490.html (356 words)

	[No title]
		In the case of Spirit Characteristics, such as Extrovert, Ego, Passion, etc. reducing one of them means that both Characteristics in the pair start out at 1, not 3 and 1.
		In all other respects, Metonym, Tweaked, and Qabirim characters are created as normal characters, because they are able to conceal their unique abilities.
		Suggested Affliction: Dark Secret (+3 pts) Extra Stage — Metonym Metonyms tend to pursue careers as thieves, spies, and assassins, guild, military, or otherwise.
	pelovish.com /fadingsuns/ChangedPaths.doc (236 words)

	Subordination and Resistances: Ethnicity in the Highland Communities of the Cordillera Administrative Region, Northern ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The past debates in ethnicity theory between the antithetically opposed primordialists and circumstantialists and those who attempt to compromise this dialectic, though rooted in discussions initiated decades ago, continue to have lively and intellectually stimulating traces.
		This paper, in its examination of the ethnicity of the highland communities in the Cordillera Administrative Region, who have been collectively designated as and who often subscribe to the metonym of Igorot, is situated within the primordialist-circumstantialist debate.
		They cannot eradicate the category-either by process of individual material assimilation to different class strata or by their shedding of inappropriate cultural enactments across generations, or by a socialization process that directs individuals to apish acculturation of a national mainstream to which their contributions ultimately are calculated by those who metonymize the nation.
	www.hawaii.edu /cseas/pubs/explore/v1/v1n1-art4.html (5520 words)

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