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Topic: Metropolitan Commission of Sewers

	Metropolitan Board of Works - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Metropolitan Board of Works (MBW) was the principal instrument of London-wide government from 1855 until the establishment of the London County Council in 1889.
		This meant that three counties had authority over the metropolitan area: Middlesex covered the area north of the Thames and west of the River Lee, Surrey the area to the south and south-west, and Kent the far south east.
		The Commission was headed by Lord Herschell and found the main allegations of the Financial News to have been correct, and indeed understated.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Metropolitan_Board_of_Works (2288 words)

	The earliest spot map of all
		The sewers of the area where most of the deaths were clustered were in reasonable condition.
		Broad Street was served by two non-connecting sewers, a new one and an old one; but the numbers of deaths appeared to be equally divided between the parts of the street served by the two different sewers.
		The chairman of the commission accordingly concluded, as reported by The Times of London, that "the sewers were not the cause of the cholera; that they were not in any way connected with the disease; but that the real cause of the calamitous occurrences in the locality...
	www.ph.ucla.edu /EPI/snow/mapmyth/mapmyth3_a.html (594 words)

	SULAIR: British & Commonwealth Literary Studies
		In all important points the commission confirmed Chadwick's views and the principles contained in the 1842 Sanitary Report, which was hardly surprising in view of the fact that the Commissioners, while undoubtedly the leaders in their respective fields, were nonetheless largely Chadwick's nominees, just as the witnesses were to a great extent selected by him.
		To the honourable the Metropolitan Commissioners of sewers.
		REPORT of the City Members of the Metropolitan Commission of sewers to the commissioners of sewers of the City of London upon the progress of measures for the interception of the sewage of the Metropolis from River Thames.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/hasrg/ablit/britlit/brcatalog.html (11248 words)

	The Great Stink
		From time to time, up to the 186Os, various acts were passed, and commissions established, in an attempt to deal with the matter, but none of the solutions was far-reaching enough to get to grips with the problems caused by the steady growth of London.
		With a low population, the waterways were able to absorb the pollution without any serious detriment to the health of the populace, who continued to use the streams and rivers not only as the means of disposing of waste of all kinds, but as a source of drinking water.
		In 1849, the Commission reported that King's Mills Sewer had ten years' accumulation of sewage in it, and Paradise Row sewer was waterlogged for 20 hours a day.
	forums.canadiancontent.net /history/50463-great-stink.html#post733936 (1027 words)

	Metro: Abbott: A History of Metro, May 1991
		Their charge was to prepare "a comprehensive plan for the furnishing of such metropolitan services as...desirable in the metropolitan area." In the process, they were expected to consider the full range of governmental structures from intergovernmental agreements to annexation to city-county or city-city consolidation.
		The Commission preferred a relatively large number of councilors to be elected from relatively small districts, settling on 15 in the proposal submitted to the legislature.
		It therefore proposed that the Metropolitan Service District be reconstituted with a council elected from districts, an elected executive officer, and many of the planning functions previously exercised by CRAG (although not its authority to prepare a comprehensive regional land use plan).
	www.metro-region.org /article.cfm?ArticleID=2937 (8488 words)

	New Jersey Pinelands Commission \| CMP Summary
		The Commission was originally given until August 8, 1980 to adopt the Plan, but the Legislature extended the time allowed to finish the Protection Area portion by four months.
		The Commission's essential tasks were to supply that perspective and create a means of translating it into local master plans and zoning codes.
		The Commission may either certify the plans and ordinances as being in conformance with the Plan, certify them with conditions, or disapprove them and indicate the necessary changes.
	www.state.nj.us /pinelands/cmp/summary (6515 words)

	Key dates Health and Nursing Great Britain 1000 - 1899
		The officers were required to report quarterly to the General Board of Health on the nature and amount of sickness and death which had prevailed in their areas during the quarter, and annually to provide more details about the nature, location and rates of sickness and death, and possible future action for preventing identified causes.
		Metropolitan Poor Act provided for the establishment of hospitals (with nursing staff) for the sick, infirm, insane and other classes of the poor; of dispensaries; and for the distribution over the metropolis of the charge for poor relief.
		Royal Commission on Noxious Vapours, called for more inspectors with increased powers, and the extension of the Alkali Acts to all noxious works, despite witnesses arguing that noxious vapours were the inevitable and unalterable cost of national prosperity.
	www.thepotteries.org /dates/health.htm (6247 words)

	MADISON METROPOLITAN SEWERAGE DISTRICT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This Ordinance regulates the use of public and private sewers and drains, disposal of holding tank wastes into the public sewers, and the discharge of waters and wastes into the public sewerage systems within the District.
		No work of laying the building sewer or private sewer shall be commenced or continued without the required connection permit being on the premises and in the hands of the licensed master plumber or licensed utility contractor or one employed by him/her.
		All building sewers and private sewers within the municipality served by the District shall be constructed and inspected as required by DILHR Chapter 82 of the Wisconsin Administrative Code as amended from time to time.
	www.madsewer.org /SUO.htm (5600 words)

	Bethnal Green: Public Services \| British History Online
		Besides the old Spitalfields sewer and an ancient sewer along the east side of the green, part of which was open, there was a west-east sewer flowing into them from Shoreditch church along Castle and Virginia streets, Wellington Row, and Old Bethnal Green Road, and also east-west sewerage from Bonner's Fields and Green Street.
		For storm relief between 1881 and 1884 the M.B.W. built the high-level and Ratcliff relief sewer along the line of Cambridge Road and from 1921 to 1928 its successor, the L.C.C., built the North-Eastern relief sewer from Hackney Road across Bethnal Green Road to Whitechapel Road and beyond.
		Policing, before the creation of the metropolitan police in 1829, was the responsibility of an elected constable, assisted by head boroughs.
	www.british-history.ac.uk /report.asp?compid=22760 (7276 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
		Williams's employment agreement was void from its inception because the London Utility Commission exceeded its statutory authority by creating the contract without the approval of the Mayor; and (2) in holding that Mr.
		This ordinance gave the Utility Commission the authority to hire a project superintendent, who could be removed by the Commission "for inefficiency, neglect of duty, misfeasance or malfeasance in office." As noted by the district court, Ordinance 344 appears as if it were organized to meet the strictures of section 96.530, rather than section 96.350.
		Williams argues extensively that, as a matter of agency law, the Utility Commission, and not the City of London, was his employer.
	laws.lp.findlaw.com /6th/04a0215p.html (2166 words)

	[No title]
		In 1851 a fourth Commission of Sewers was appointed.
		This new Commission was deliberately constructed to exclude Chadwick's influence and to him it was a declaration of war for the sanitary destiny of London.
		The Metropolitan Water Board was a unified public monopoly for the distribution of one of the vital necessities of life.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/spc/xml/sanitary.xml (10483 words)

	Bricks and Brass: Water Supply (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In 1848, a Metropolitan Commission of sewers was created and pushed through the City Sewers Act.
		The Commission began a programme to clear sewers, abolish cesspits, and improve domestic drainage.
		Although these companies were filtering the water by the 1850's, the cholera epidemics of this period led to major improvements in both the sewage system and water supply.
	www.bricksandbrass.co.uk /deselem/watsew/watsewsupply.htm (409 words)

	EPA Region 6 - Water Enforcement Branch - Sanitary Sewer Overflows
		When sewers are not properly installed or maintained, widespread problems that can be expensive to fix develop over time.
		Sewer rehabilitation to reduce or eliminate SSOs can be expensive, but the cost must be weighed against the value of the collection system asset and the added costs of this asset is allowed to further deteriorate.
		In 1990 the sewer system for this city of 5,000 exceeded its capacity, causing overflows and backups at several locations.
	www.epa.gov /earth1r6/6en/w/sso/ssodesc.htm (2048 words)

	JS Online:
		MMSD sewer projects are paid for by a district property tax and fees paid by the City of Milwaukee and 27 suburban communities, which are part of the regional sewer utility.
		Eventually, perhaps 20% of the metropolitan area with combined storm and sanitary sewers - basically older portions of Milwaukee and a segment of Shorewood - could have sewers separated, said Shafer and MMSD Commission Chairman Dennis Grzezinski during a meeting with Journal Sentinel editors.
		Sewer separation would be costly, disruptive and worsen water pollution, MMSD and the mayor said in 2001.
	www.jsonline.com /news/Metro/jan03/113927.asp (750 words)

	hackwriters.com - the stink!
		In 1858, the stink was so grave, solutions were sought and one man, Joeseph Bazalgette Chief Engineer to the Metropolitan Commission for Sewers had a plan which consisted of the construction of intercepting sewers north and south of the Thames, and immediately, adjacent to the river.
		The construction of the sewers alone was a major civil engineering project, and between 1856 and 1859, 82 miles of brick intercepting sewers were built below London's streets, all flowing by gravity, eastwards.
		These were connected to over 450 miles of main sewers, themselves receiving the contents of 13,000 miles of small local sewers, dealing daily with half a million gallons of waste.
	www.hackwriters.com /stink.htm (1010 words)

	Casebook: Jack the Ripper - Engineering Feat that Rid London of Cholera and the 'Great Stink'
		The ingenious system of sewers installed in the capital, the first of the great sanitation projects, was the work of one of the century’s greatest engineers: Sir Joseph Bazalgette.
		Early in the Victorian age new sewers were built by property developers, but the system was so random and uncoordinated that the Thames and its tributaries became the only major disposal routes.
		The Victoria Embankment, between Westminster Bridge and Blackfriars, was constructed as a vehicle for accommodating the low-level sewer he built to the north of the Thames.
	www.casebook.org /victorian_london/ridcholera.html (948 words)

	JS Online:
		Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District officials aggressively defended the deep tunnel system and the district's dumping record, saying most of the 13.6 billion gallons of raw sewage discharged into local waterways since 1994 came from combined sewers that carry storm water along with sanitary waste.
		MMSD defenders described the district as a model sewer utility and said criticism of its dumping was misguided.
		The tunnels and related sewer improvements were completed in late 1993 at a full cost of some $2.8 billion and remain the state's most expensive public works project.
	www.jsonline.com /news/Metro/sep02/71715.asp (997 words)

	Appendix I: Permitting and Regulatory Issues
		The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has jurisdiction over all nonfederal hydroelectric power facilities that are located on or use water from a navigable stream, produce power that affects interstate or foreign commerce, are located on federal land, or use water impounded by a federal dam.
		Through the Metropolitan Council, the airports commission is required to promulgate aircraft noise zones based on appropriate noise levels for each land use.
		However, the commission owns all the major municipal waste treatment systems and approximately 470 miles of the sewage collection system in the corridor and,, through review, approval,, and funding of local sewer management plans, serves in some ways as a de facto regulatory body.
	www.nps.gov /miss/info/cmp/appendices/appendix_i.html (1486 words)

	Boston Sewage Tour: Wastewater History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A commission was formed to investigate the problem of disease-causing sewer back-ups.
		The commission recommended that the untreated sewage be discharged into the ocean, far away from people's homes.
		The Metropolitan Sewerage Commission was formed to manage the sewers in Boston and the Cambridge area.
	web.mit.edu /seagrant/edu/res/bostonsewage/history (609 words)

	97-6 Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District[WI]
		The Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District is a special-purpose municipal corporation established under state statutes, which provides sewer services to most communities in Milwaukee County and ten communities in surrounding counties that it serves by mutual agreement.
		Since 1982, the District has been governed by the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, which consists of 11 members: 7 are appointed by the Mayor of the City of Milwaukee, and 4 are appointed by a committee of the chief elected officials of municipalities within the District other than the City of Milwaukee.
		As the Commission considers alternatives for increased contracting for the District’s operations, it will need to weigh the benefits of such contracting with the potential risks that may be associated with some of the proposed options.
	www.legis.state.wi.us /lab/reports/97-6summary.htm (2133 words)

	Sewer Systems
		Municipal sewer systems have been a valuable part of the nation's infrastructure since the late 1800s.
		The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago was formed as a result of this plan.
		Of the more than 16,200 wastewater treatment facilities and 21,200 sewer systems serving the U.S. -- approximately 725,000 miles of publicly-owned pipes and 500,000 miles of privately-owned pipes -- the average age of sewer system components ranges from new to 117 years old.
	lumen.nd.edu /2005_06/SewerSystems.shtml (1987 words)

	BBC - History - Joseph Bazalgette (1819 - 1891)
		This gave some impetus to legislation enabling the Metropolitan Board to begin work on sewers and street improvements in London - and by 1866 most of London was connected to a sewer network devised by Bazalgette.
		He saw to it that the flow of foul water from the old sewers and underground rivers was intercepted, and diverted to flow along new, large, low-level sewers, built behind embankments on the riverfront and taken to new treatment works.
		On completion of the Chelsea Embankment in 1874, over 52 acres had been reclaimed from the Thames and part of the excess land was sold for developers to build on, as a way of offsetting some of the Board's costs.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/historic_figures/bazalgette_joseph.shtml (654 words)

	MS 0827: The Knoxville-Knox County Metropolitan Government Charter Commission, 1947-1959
		The Metropolitan Government Charter Commission Papers were given to the library in 1975 by the Municipal Technical Advisory Service of the University of Tennessee.
		There are general correspondence files with the Commission members, notices on meetings, and financial records of the Commission (containing a list of Knoxville bonds, payroll and budget notes, receipts, invoices, office expenses, and printing bids with examples of paper).
		Newspaper clippings present in the collection are mostly from local papers and cover the proposal of the Charter, the controversy of consolidation, and the defeat of consolidation.
	www.lib.utk.edu /spcoll/manuscripts/ms0827fa.html (608 words)

	Welcome: Metropolitan District Commission (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		HARTFORD - The Metropolitan District Commission (MDC) is more than 50 percent completed with its current project to dramatically reduce combined sewer overflows to the Connecticut River.
		That project includes the construction of about 3,600 feet of new sanitary sewer along with approximately 800 feet of new storm drain in portions of Maple Avenue and in Clifford and Mapleton streets in Hartford.
		The installation of the sanitary sewer and storm drainage piping will reduce the storm water to the sanitary sewerage system within the affected areas of the City of Hartford and, therefore, reduce the peak flows received at the Hartford Water Pollution Control Facility.
	www.themdc.com /pr071002.htm (544 words)

	Metropolitan Council (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In order to coordinate the activities of the seven-county metropolitan area, the Metropolitan Council was created by the legislature in 1967.
		The Council is authorized to plan for airports, parks, highways and transit systems, sewers, air and water quality, solid waste, land use, aging, arts, health, and housing.
		The Metropolitan Parks and Open Space Commission plays a role in the development of the regional park system, while the Metropolitan Sports Facilities Commission operates the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome.
	www.minneapolischamber.org /la_center/Met_council.htm (235 words)

	1800-1849
		The Metropolitan Society of General Practitioners in Medicine and Surgery instituted, but its existence was short-lived.
		The Act set up the Poor Law Commission to consist of three commissioners to supervise the implementation of the act, the first secretary of the Commission was Edwin Chadwick (1800-90).
		A permanent Ecclesiastical Commission, consisting of Anglican bishops, laymen and cabinet ministers, set up to end abuses in the Church and to reduce the anomalies of wealth among bishoprics and parishes.
	www.chronology.ndo.co.uk /1800-1849.htm (6529 words)

	CHELSEA PUBLIC SERVICES
		The vestry was often reluctant to meet the expense, as in 1819 when the construction of a sewer draining the workhouse was deferred.
		Its construction necessitated 2,000 feet of new road at parish expense and 2,500 feet at the expense of the commissioners: it was presumably that sewer which benefited many inhabitants in 1826.
		In 1855 the MBW succeeded the MCS, and it transformed metropolitan sewerage by building intercepting sewers to divert sewage away from the Thames to outfalls outside London.
	www.middlesexpast.net /clocgov2.html (11676 words)

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