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Topic: Metropolitan and Metropolitan District Railways

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History of the London Underground

London Underground

	Tramway - LoveToKnow 1911
		The groove, which was designed for wheel flanges similar to those employed on railways, proved dangerous to the light, narrow-tired vehicles of the American type.
		This provision is referred to as the " veto clause." Where a line is laid in two or more districts and two-thirds of the line are in districts where the local authorities do consent, the board of trade may dispense with the consent of the remainder.
		In many cases railway companies, by pleading the competitive influence of proposed tramways promoted under the Light Railways Act, were able to force the promoters to apply to parliament or to drop the scheme.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Tramway (9186 words)

	BALANCEO - Artículo en línea de la información acerca de BALANCEO
		He proposed to build an elevated railway on a single line of posts, placed along the curb-line of the street: a suggestion which embodies not only the general plan of an elevated structure, but the most striking feature of it as subsequently builtnamely, a railway supported by a single row of columns.
		Underground railways are of three general types: the one of extreme depth, built by tunnelling methods, usually with the shield and without regard to the surface topography, where the stations are put at such depth as to require lifts to carry the passengers from the station platform to the street level.
		Sometimes, as on the Central London railway, the acceleration of gravity is also utilized; the different stations stand, as it were, on the top of a hill, so that outgoing trains are aided at the start by having a slope to run down, while incoming ones are checked by the rising gradient they encounter.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /es/RHY_RON/BALANCEO.html (7367 words)

	Growth of London's Transport (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		First, the railway entered London as a means of communication with the rest of Great Britain ; then the suburban network began to be created ; afterwards came the underground railway as a purely short-distance means of communication.
		The London, Brighton and South Coast Railway was at the time using the South Eastern's Cannon Street as an auxiliary terminus, and this station was served also by the London and North Western Railway, while both the Great Western and the North Western used Victoria.
		Railway passengers were often obliged to choose between the "excessively circuitous" routes or none.
	mikes.railhistory.railfan.net /r054.html (3157 words)

	District Dave's London Underground Site - THE WATERLOO AND CITY RLY as written about in 1898
		UNDERGROUND electrical railways in the Metropolis have successfully passed the experimental stage, and within the next few years, deep down, under the busiest thoroughfares, London will be tunnelled in different directions by railways worked by electricity.
		It was found that a large tunnel like that of the Metropolitan and Metropolitan District Railways would cost something like £5,000,000, while later inquiries showed that the construction of an overhead railway from Waterloo to the Royal Exchange would entail an expenditure of £3,600,000.
		Shafts were made through the bed of the river to the level of the railway, by forcing steel cylinders 45 feet long into the clay to a depth of 15 feet below the bed of the river, and by brickwork, formed by the process of under-pinning, to a further depth of 26 feet.
	districtdave.proboards39.com /index.cgi?action=display&board=History&thread=1113678270&page=1 (1326 words)

	ROLLING - Online Information article about ROLLING
		British railways, but also on those of other countries—that much more space has to be provided and more weight hauled for each passenger than was formerly the case.
		gauge of British railways it is not usually possible to seat four persons across the width of the car for its whole length, and at the ends the seats have to be placed along the sides of the vehicle.
		URBAN RAILWAYS The great concentration of population in cities during the 19th century brought into existence a class of railways to which the name of intra-urban may be applied.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /RHY_RON/ROLLING.html (7865 words)

	Metropolitan
		This railway was built on the cut and cover principle, which involved excavating a trench some eight to ten metres down, laying the tracks, bricking over the tunnels and restoring the surface.
		Opened in January 1863 by the Metropolitan Railway Company, this was the first line anywhere in the world built in tunnels under urban streets.
		However, steam-hauled trains still run on the Metropolitan Line at special annual events, usually held in May or June, when the general public can enjoy the exhilaration of travelling behind a steam engine as it tackles the gradients of the Chilterns.
	www.uni-duesseldorf.de /WWW/fjks/klassen/London/Metropolitan.htm (1479 words)

	London railways
		Metropolitan Railway experiments: Beyer-Peacock 4-4-0T fitted with Holden apparatus in 1898 and H class 4-4-4T No. 108 fitted with Scarab appartus in 1921 - as were two boilers at Neasden power station.
		The District retained some locomotives of this type for service duties and in the 1920s further engines of this type were bought from Metropolitan Railway.
		In Nottingham Victoria area the Metropolitan Railway 4-4-4Ts were known as 'Luftwaffes' and were considered to have difficult steam brakes and an unusual form of Walschaerts valve gear.
	www.steamindex.com /locotype/londloco.htm (2725 words)

	Railways of Britain2
		The BET was to later go on to operate tramways in Middelesex and Hertfordshire for the Metropolitan Electric Tramways Ltd. which operated tramways in north London and north of the city boundary.
		In 1918 with the opening of the national aircraft factory to the east of the tramway a railway siding was constructed from the Croydon to Epsom line crossing the tramway on the level.
		In their north London arena the Metropolitan Electric Tramways which was part of the Underground group that had constructed London’s deep tube lines and also ran trams, persuaded the BET to finance bus operation and its subsidiary built 100 vehicles for this purpose.
	groups.msn.com /RailwaysofBritain2/southmetropolitantramways.msnw (1721 words)

	Sarah's Tube Train Page
		The first section of what is now the District Line, but known when it opened as the Metropolitan District Railway, started operation on 24th December 1868 between South Kensington and Westminster.
		The District (as the railway became known), was the second company to start operating underground railway services in London, and like its predecessor, the Metropolitan, its history is inextricably linked with that of the Circle.
		Contrasting with the District Railway's early overall-roofed stations at West Brompton and Fulham Broadway are the ex-London, Tilbury and Southend Railway stations at Plaistow and East Ham with their ornately monogrammed canopy ironwork.
	www.geocities.com /Baja/Dunes/9096/district.htm (578 words)

	District Line
		The District (as the railway became known) was the second company to operate underground railway services in London, and like its predecessor, the Metropolitan, its history is inextricably linked with that of the Circle.
		The District is one of the most complex of all the Underground lines to operate, with a single route eastwards to Upminster but to the west three branches to Wimbledon, Ealing and Richmond.
		Contrasting with the District Railway's early overall-roofed stations at West Brompton and Fulham Broadway are the ex-London, Tilbury and Southend Railway stations at Plaistow and East Ham with their ornately monogrammed canopy ironwork.
	www.uni-duesseldorf.de /WWW/fjks/klassen/London/DistrictLine.htm (1055 words)

	Railways in Music Part 1 by P.L. Scowcroft [MusicWeb: Len Mullenger] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Railways, in the modern sense, have been with us for some 170 years and for maybe half that time they were THE major form of long-haul transportation by land.
		Sir Alexander Butterworth, of the North Eastern Railway, was the father of the composer George Butterworth killed on the Western Front in 1916 aged 31 and still remembered as a minor master of the "English folk song" school.
		Important classical composers also found inspiration from the railway, although their music is fairly often still quite light-hearted, probably because characteristic railway rhythms suggest a dance or at least rhythmic music and light in touch.
	www.musicweb-international.com /railways_in_music.htm (4204 words)

	Thomas Parker
		The District Railway Company were also about to electrify their line and it was in everyone's interest for the two companies to adopt the same system.
		Alfred Lyttleton, K.C., M.P., as arbiter between the Metropolitan District Railway Companies on the question of the system to be adopted for the establishment of electric traction on the railways of the two companies.
		Within a short period electric trains will be running on the Metropolitan section of the Inner Circle, although owing to the delay of the District Railway in completing its plans, the new trains will not yet be able to run over the full circle.
	www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk /genealogy/Parker/MetRailway.htm (1837 words)

	Minutes of the Proceedings Institution of Civil Engineers
		Railway accidents: their cause and means of prevention: detailingn particularly the contrivances which are in use, and have been proposed.
		The economy of railways as a means of transit, comprising the classification of traffic in relation to the most appropriate speeds for the conveyance of passengers and merchandise.
		Coke had been the universal fuel except on the Stockton and Darlington Railway where coal had always been burned as in general the grates were too small and the firebox volume was too low to burn coal.
	www.steamindex.com /magrack/pice.htm (1657 words)

	Casebook: Jack the Ripper - The Birth of London's Underground
		The Metropolitan engines burned coke, which is clean but gives off poisonous fumes, and after abortive trials with additional ventilators at the stations, the railway went over to coal, with the immediate result of an extremely smoky atmosphere.
		So much about the Metropolitan and District lines were trial and error that it is not surprising that their fortunes should fluctuate -- the District Railway in particular had many lean years, but its prospects were brightened by events that its promoters could hardly have foreseen.
		The Metropolitan favoured the Ganz system of high-tension alternating current, which was to be generated at 11-12,000V and stepped down by static transformers to 3,000V, at which pressure it was to be transferred to overhead copper wire conductors.
	www.casebook.org /victorian_london/tubes.html (2576 words)

	The London Underground
		When the Metropolitan Railway opened in 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon Street in London, it became the first underground urban railway in the world.
		These include the original Metropolitan and Metropolitan District Railway lines, most of which were constructed in central London by cut-and-cover methods, just beneath the streets.
		Because of the difficulty and disruption of construction near surface level, later railways were constructed in tubes bored deep beneath the city in the London clay.
	www.sinfin.net /railways/lul.html (331 words)

	Railways as World Heritage Sites
		Railway companies frequently came to own canals, while the transfer of technologies between the different modes occurred regularly, especially during the construction phase: railway lines were built by teams of men known in Britain and elsewhere as ‘navvies’ — derived from the name ‘navigator’ that groups of labourers acquired while building inland waterways.
		Railway construction on the plains between 1858 and 1878, partly by the broad-gauge Eastern Bengal Railway (EBR) and partly by the metre-gauge state-owned Northern Bengal Railway (NBR), connected Calcutta with Siliguri, at the foot of the Himalaya.
		Railways have always been built as a means to some other end, and it would be fitting if this fact were reflected by the inclusion of railways as integral parts of locations designated as World Heritage sites partly or chiefly for other reasons.
	www.icomos.org /studies/railways.htm (14146 words)

	[IRFCA] Indian Railways in Postal Stamps
		These celebrations had a special significance for India because on this occasion the UIC held a Colloquium on 'sharing of Railway Knowledge' which was presided over by the Chairman of the Indian Railway Board, and was attended by a number of representatives from railways of both developed and developing countries all over the world.
		The Bengal-Nagpur Railway was brought under direct State management on October 1, 1944 on the expiry of all contracts between the companies and the Government.
		In the later half of nineteenth century, despite laying of railway line up to Hardwar and Saharanpur, access to the valley and the nearby Mussoorie hill station was extremely difficult on account of the steep Shivaliks skirting the valley from south east to north west.
	www.irfca.org /articles/vikas/stamps.html (7025 words)

	America's vulnerable railways - The Boston Globe - Boston.com - Op-ed - News
		But the best metaphor for the sorry state of affairs in the transit and rail sectors is an obscure court case here, involving an ordinance passed by the District of Columbia City Council.
		The local government had the temerity to ban shipments of the most dangerous chemicals from certain zones around the nation's capital, something the Bush people should have been doing on their own.
		They lost in US district court, but rather than accept the result they are appealing.
	www.boston.com /news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/07/10/americas_vulnerable_railways?mode=PF (769 words)

	CULG - East London Line
		ELR leased to a consortium of Metropolitan, District, LBSCR, LCDR, and SER
		Shadwell (2) is on the Docklands Light Railway.
		The link to the District Line, though double track, may not be used in both directions simultaneously due to insufficient clearance.
	www.davros.org /rail/culg/eastlondon.html (2076 words)

	Railway Stations and Church Names
		The local landscape has been considerably altered since the closure of the railway, with much infilling and building work, and the line is virtually untraceable on the ground today.
		Shadwell station on the Docklands Light Railway (opened 1987) is on the line of the London and Blackwall Railway but some distance east of the original station.
		It is believed that the Square, developed in the early decades of the 19th century, was given its name to reflect that of a fashionable district of London.
	www.sinfin.net /railways/stations/church.html (5565 words)

	Projected Railways (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Letters patent, 27 Dec 1886, under Ontario Street Railways Act to build a horse railway on the streets of Brockville and to St. Lawrence Park in Elizabethtown township.
		Letters patent under Ontario Street Railways Act to build and operate an electric railway upon the streets of Cornwall and the highways of adjoining municipalities.
		The railway shall be operated by trains as on steam lines, or of separate cars, as on tramways; and the traction shall be effected by electricity, steam, gasolene, or in any other manner that may seem more advantageous to the company.
	www.railways.incanada.net /candate/projected.html (5824 words)

	Music and Railways
		Performed at the opening of the Mexico-Puebla railway on 16th November 1869, this piece is described in the New Grove Dictionary of Music as 'an early attempt at an orchestral interpretation of the sound of a locomotive'.
		An operetta, in the course of which a train on the Paris-Lyon-Méditerranée railway is deliberately derailed by the daughter of a rural signalman so that she can mingle with the passengers and meet people from high society.
		In 'At the Railway Station, Upway', a boy with a violin plays for a handcuffed convict, waiting with a policeman; the comvict is moved to sing of freedom.
	www.uclan.ac.uk /library/musrail.htm (14952 words)

	Wakefield Metropolitan District Council
		This is an evolution of the TPP "package approach" and is jointly produced by the five West Yorkshire districts and the West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Authority/Metro.
		In the Wakefield District this has proved to be unrealistic as the total numbers have continued to increase from 1450 in 1985 to just under 1800 in 1997, the highest ever recorded.
		Need to reconcile the importance of moving freight to the economy of the District, and the growing public awareness and concern about the environmental impact of increases in heavy goods vehicle movements and the greater emphasis being placed on larger vehicles for moving freight.
	www.wakefield.gov.uk /udp/text/p2_v2_04_t.htm (9469 words)

	M.G.L. - Chapter 92 - Table of Contents
		Metropolitan refuse disposal incinerators; construction, maintenance and operation; records; transportation of refuse.
		Metropolitan parks district; reservations; recreational areas along or near town water supplies.
		Assessments upon towns of metropolitan parks district; pre-existing apportionment.
	www.mass.gov /legis/laws/mgl/gl-92-toc.htm (407 words)

	Center for International Earth Science Information Network
		The analysis indicates that 83% of the earth's land surface is influenced directly by human beings, whether through human land uses, human access from roads, railways or major rivers, electrical infrastructure (indicated by lights detected at night), or direct occupancy by human beings at densities above 1 person per square kilometer.
		The data are available at 30 arc-second resolution for the continental United States, the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico; and at 7.5 arc-second resolution for the 50 largest metropolitan statistical areas.
		The tract and blockgroup files are grouped by MSA (metropolitan statistical area) and CMSA (consolidated metropolitan statistical area).
	www.ciesin.org /download_data.html (1186 words)

	Photo Gallery
		Some railway companies designed their own signal boxes, whilst others used signalling contractor's architecture.
		My interest in railway signalling started in the 1960's when, as a short-trousered trainspotter, I was asked into Oakleigh Park signal box by the signalman.
		Immediately I found signal boxes more interesting than engines, and with the end of steam trains in 1968 my interests swung totally towards the fascinating world of signal boxes and their equipment.
	www.signalbox.org /gallery.shtml (620 words)

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