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Topic: Mexican Empire

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	Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		For many centuries, the term "Empire" applied exclusively to states which considered themselves to be successors to the Roman Empire, such as the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, or the Russian Empire.
		Many ancient empires maintained control of their subject peoples by controlling the supply of a vital resource, usually water; historians refer to such régimes as "hydraulic empires." The introduction of a common religion also often strengthened empires, as occurred (pace Edward Gibbon) with the adoption of Christianity under Constantine I of the Roman Empire.
		The former Soviet Union had many of the criteria of an empire, but nevertheless did not claim to be one, nor was it ruled by a traditional hereditary "emperor" (see Soviet Empire).
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/e/em/empire.html (888 words)

	Mexican Empire -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Mexican Empire was the name of (A Republic in southern North America; became independent from Spain in 1810) Mexico on two non-consecutive occasions in the (Click link for more info and facts about 19th century) 19th century when it was ruled by an (The male ruler of an empire) Emperor.
		The First Mexican (The domain ruled by an emperor or empress) Empire was short lived, lasting only eight months from 21 July 1822 to 19 March 1823 and having only one (The male ruler of an empire) emperor, (Click link for more info and facts about Agustín de Iturbide) Agustín de Iturbide.
		He fled to (A republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD) Italy shortly after.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/M/Me/Mexican_Empire.htm (559 words)

	Encyclopedia: Mexican-Empire
		An empire (also known technically, abstractly or disparagingly as an imperium, and with powers known among Romans as imperium) comprises a set of regions locally ruled by governors, viceroys or client kings in the name of an emperor.
		Coat of Arms of the First Mexican Empire, File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version.
		Coat of Arms of the Second Mexican Empire File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Mexican_Empire (1914 words)

	Feedback (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Mexican Empire had never attempted to settle any of those areas - all that it had in Texas was a few cowed Indians huddled around a handful of military missions in the southern tip of the territory.
		Mexican misgovernment persists to this day, and was not imposed on the country by the United States.
		In short, to take the side of the Mexican Empire in the two wars between the United States and Mexico (Texas 1836, and the Mexican-American War of 1846) is to take the side of the British in Ireland, and to add compulsory labor to their crimes there.
	www.unitednorthamerica.org /032803.htm (5242 words)

	A BRIEF SNAPSHOT OF MEXICAN HISTORY - From the Mexico 2000 Business Directory
		It was characterized by a conglomerate of states and empires consisting of elaborate social class structures, complex organizational traits, advanced urbanization and architecture, bureaucracies, and densely settled agrarian areas.
		The complexity and well engineered organization of the empire and the cultural knowledge of the Aztecs were greatly admired by the Spanish conquerors in later years.
		It was during this expedition that the Spaniards discovered of the magnificence and richness of the Aztec empire.
	www.mexconnect.com /business/mex2000history.html (4648 words)

	brief history of the mexican banknote
		Another background to the Mexican banknote is found in the late 18th century, at the former Spanish colony Louisiana, where banknotes in several denominations were issued.
		After the Empire's collapse and the Republic's restoration, the conditions were suitable to issue banknotes, specially during the the long administration of General Profirio Diaz (1877 - 1911).
		Thus, a new generation of Mexican banknotes appeared; these banknotes were manufactured using the latest technological advances and according to designs, iconography and conceptions different from those prevailing at that time.
	mgossart.free.fr /english/brief_history.htm (1764 words)

	Brief History of Empires Earth
		Allied with the vengeful Austrian Empire was the French Empire, and the states of south Germany and Italy, all of which feared that the successful unification of Germany under Prussia would lead to their gradual decline.
		The British Empire and the United States fought a naval war in 1888-89 that led to the establishment of New England as a British Dominion and the annexation of the southern half of Upper Canada to the Union.
		The Mexican Empire enjoyed the greatest degree of success, simply because the Mexican population was the single largest and best educated national population in the entire American Union.
	www.ahtg.net /emphist.html (6193 words)

	Mexico biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		On September 16, 1810, the independence from Spain was declared, by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in the small town of Dolores, causing a long war that eventually led to independence in 1821 and the creation of the First Mexican Empire.
		After the Empire fell to republican forces lead by Antonio López de Santa Anna, the first Republic was formed with Guadalupe Victoria as its first President.
		This Second Mexican Empire was fought off by then president of the Republic, the Zapotec Indian Benito Juárez, with diplomatic and logistical support from the United States and the military savvy of General Porfirio Díaz, also of part Amerindian heritage.
	mexico.biography.ms (1802 words)

	VIRGINIA GUEDEA \| The Process of Mexican Independence \| The American Historical Review, 105.1 \| The History Cooperative
		The foundations of the Spanish Empire's legitimacy disintegrated in 1808 when the French invaded the Iberian Peninsula and forced father and son, the contending kings Carlos IV and Fernando VII, to abdicate.
		The Ayuntamiento of Mexico City maintained that New Spain was a kingdom incorporated to the crown of Castile by conquest; that, in the absence of the king, sovereignty reposed in the kingdom, particularly in those superior tribunals that governed it, and in those corporations that represented the public voice.
		Although the Plan of Iguala invited all the inhabitants of New Spain to unite, it left the church, the state administration, and the courts intact, and its new army, the Army of the Three Guarantees, was based on the former royal army.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/105.1/ah000116.html (6477 words)

	Colonization Laws-Coahuila y Texas
		The Junta Nacional Instituyente of the Mexican Empire, being convinced by the urgent recommendations of the government, of the necessity and importance of giving to the empire a general law of colonization, have thought it proper to decree as follows.
		Every individual shall be free to leave the empire, and can alienate the lands over which be may have acquired the right of property, agreeably to the tenor of this law, and he can likewise take away from the country all his property, by paying the duties established by law.
		A preference shall be given in the distribution of lands, to Mexican citizens, and no other distinction shall be made in regard to them except that which is founded on individual merit, or services rendered the country, or under equal circumstances, a residence in the place where the lands to be distributed are situated.
	www.tamu.edu /ccbn/dewitt/cololaws.htm (3512 words)

	New Mexico Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		On September 16, 1810, independence from Spain was declared, by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest in the small town of Dolores HidalgoDolores, causing a long Mexican War of Independencewar that eventually led to independence in 1821 and the creation of the Mexican EmpireFirst Mexican Empire.
		As president, in 1834 Santa Anna abrogated the republican consititution, causing insurgencies in the southern state of Yucatán and the northernmost portion of the northern state of Coahuila and Texas.
		This Second Mexican Empire was fought off by then-president of the Republic, the Zapotec Native AmericanIndian Benito Juárez, with diplomatic and logistical support from the United States and the military expertise of General Porfirio Díaz, also of part Amerindian heritage.
	www.echostatic.com /New_Mexico.html (3115 words)

	JAH Roundtable
		It is significant that the Constitution of 1787 was published in 1812 in New Spain, although only after 1823, when the Mexican Empire, the first independent postcolonial government of Mexico, had failed and a republic was chosen as the form of government, could it be considered of great importance.
		Jansenism and the Enlightenment were spread throughout the Spanish Empire in spite of the Inquisition and produced a form of thought that was Catholic with neo-Thomist hues.
		Thus he signed the Treaty of Córdoba with Iturbide, recognizing the independence of "the Mexican Empire," to be governed by a prince of the Bourbon dynasty.
	chnm.gmu.edu /declaration/vazquez.html (3701 words)

	A short history of Mexico (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the area that is now Mexico between the third and sixth century the Empire of the Toltecs comes into being.
		In the thirteenth century this state is replaced by the Empire of the Aztecs.
		In 1821 the struggle for independence succeeds and in 1822 Mexico becomes independent as the Mexican Empire, also including the Central-American states of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua as well as large parts of what is now the United States.
	www.electionworld.org /history/mexico.htm (493 words)

	The Mexican Empire, 1821-23 (from Mexico, history of) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The first Mexican Empire spanned only a short transitional period from colony to republic.
		More results on "The Mexican Empire, 1821-23 (from Mexico, history of)" when you join.
		British order of knighthood instituted in 1917 by King George V to reward both civilian and military wartime service, although currently the honour is bestowed for meritorious service to the government in peace as well as for gallantry in wartime.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-27357?tocId=27357 (948 words)

	Mexico (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In September 15, 1810, the independence from Spain was declared, by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in the small town of Dolores, causing a long war that eventually led to independence in 1821 and the creation of the First Mexican Empire.
		These ranchers sought independence from the Mexican government to form the Republic of Texas which lead to the famous battle at the Alamo between the Mexican army and the American immigrants.
		A cultural side-effect of the fact that Mexicans use México and Spaniards sometimes use Méjico is the occasional boiling-over of negative sentiment towards the old colonial oppressor.
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/me/Mexico.htm (1571 words)

	Mexico City - Dilos Holiday World
		Mexico City, the City of Palaces, the ancient capital of the Mexican empire and the jewel in New Spanish Viceroys crown is today one of the biggest, most complex and most beautiful cities in the world.
		Mexican art can be seen on the ruins of the Templo Mayor (The Great Temple), the site where the monolith of the goddess Coyolxauqui was found.
		Mexican culture in all its manifestations can be admired at the large number of quality museums that can be found in many different parts of the city.
	www.dilos.com /location/13649 (350 words)

	Mexican Empire
		Short-lived empire 1822–23 following the liberation of Mexico from Spain.
		The empire lasted only eight months, under the revolutionary leader Agustín de Iturbide.
		When the French emperor Napoleon I put his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne in 1808, links between Spain and its colonies weakened and an independence movement grew in Mexico.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0020401.html (184 words)

	Mexican Empire (1864-1867) # fahnenversand.de - Fahnen Flaggen Fahne Flagge Nationalflaggen Nationalflagge Shop ...
		"(...) The Coat of Arms of the Empire is oval in shape in blue; in the center is depicted the eagle of Anahuac, in profile and passant, supported by a cactus, suported, in turn, by a rock sunk on water, and ripping a snake.
		During the period of the French-supported Mexican Empire of Maximilian there were two national flags in use.
		The Mexican Republic of President Juárez used the traditional Mexican flag.
	www.fahnenversand.de /fotw/flags/mx_1864.html (577 words)

	Mexico (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		After the humiliation of Santa Anna in his looses in F.Z.T., he was soon deposed in favor of a liberal constitutional government based on the constitution of 1824.
		In order to prevent an invasion of Mexico proper, as had occurred in 1829, the Mexican government cede their claims on these regions to the Spanish crown.
		The discovery of gold in the formerly Mexican state of upper California in 1848 leads to considerable economic and social upheaval.
	www.webpages.uidaho.edu /~bryanb/Book_Page/eos_nw_mex.html (307 words)

	MEXICO
		In 1823 army officers overthrew the empire and established a federal republic.
		Internally, the republic was torn by strife among contending political leaders, and in 1855 a democratic reform movement, led by Benito Juarez, overthrew the dictatorship of Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna and drafted a liberal constitution.
		Civil war followed, and in 1864 Napoleon III of France, who had colonial ambitions, established another ill-starred Mexican empire, under the Hapsburg prince Maximilian; it collapsed in 1867, and Maximilian was killed.
	www.angelfire.com /falcon/mexico (594 words)

	Cinco de Mayo History
		Because 4,000 Mexican soldiers smashed the French and traitor Mexican army of 8,000 at Puebla, Mexico, 100 miles east of Mexico City on the morning of May 5, 1862.
		The Mexicans had won a great victory that kept Napoleon III from supplying the confederate rebels for another year, allowing the United States to build the greatest army the world had ever seen.
		Mexicans, you see, never forget who their friends are, and neither do Americans.
	www.vivacincodemayo.org /history.htm (644 words)

	The Nation, 11/14/1934 - Mexican Empire by Gruening, Ernest
		The empire of Maximilian is a unique and entangling episode in history.
		...Mexican Empire Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, By Jose Luis Blasio...
		...Much of it is autobiographical-the first-hand accounts, on the one hand, of the French, Austrian, Belgian, and Mexican participants in the attempt of Napoleon III to create a transatlantic empire, and of defenders of the republic on the other...
	www.nationarchive.com /Summaries/v139i3619_20.htm (414 words)

	Mexican Empire (1821-1823) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		On November 2, 1821, Don Agustin de Iturbide, as president of the provisional goverment composed by other 38 personalities, decreed: that the National Flag should contain vertical stripes in colours green, white and red, adding to the white centre a crowned eagle, resting on the legendary nopal (Nahoa).
		This flag was used in every ceremony during Iturbide’s Empire since his coronation at July 21, 1822.
		This is one example of a Mexican military flag preseve by the Museo Nacional de Hisotoria in Mexico City.
	fotw.vexillum.com /flags/mx_emp.html (367 words)

	AllRefer.com - Maximilian, 1832–67, emperor of Mexico (Mexican History, Biography) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Maximilian served as commander in chief of the Austrian fleet and was governor-general of Lombardo-Venetia (1857–59), but he found no outlet for his dreams of liberal reform.
		When Mexican conservatives negotiated with Napoleon III to found a Mexican empire, Maximilian was persuaded to accept the crown.
		The United States, irked by this violation of the Monroe Doctrine, was frankly hostile and was prevented from interfering only by the American Civil War.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/MaxiMex.html (443 words)

	Borderlands circa 1825 A.D.
		He often pointed out that at independence in 1821, most Mexicans did not speak Spanish but instead used local indigenous languages; their sense of Mexican national identity was low.
		Mexican officials unrealistically expected the American colonists in Texas to hold the frontier against their fellow countrymen.
		When the Roman Empire weakened in the early fifth century, Rome’s German allies joined with their compatriots across the Roman frontier and together they overran the Western Roman Empire.
	www.unm.edu /~ecdn/essay1825.html (1465 words)

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