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Topic: Mexican Indians

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	American Indians, Native Americans, History of a Proud People. History and Culture of Native Americans
		Indian Nations are sovereign governments, recognized in the and hundreds of treaties with the U.S. President.
		The famous indian chief and leader, Chief Joseph, was of the Nez Perce.
		Ther were the archetypal Plains Indians, for whom the buffalo provided nearly all their needs, from food to clothing to leather for their tipis.
	www.americanindians.com (2064 words)

	Festival News 1998 - Mexican Indians
		The Mexican government has announced a Nafta-agreement that aims to bring well-being, but it has proved to be a failure.
		Indians are left to be a minority which lives deeply despised in poverty.
		The Indians living in the Chiapas area declared a war to the country's one-party government in 1994.
	www.uta.fi /festnews/fn98/news/zapatis.htm (298 words)

	Mexican food recipes, tips, ingredients, mexican food glossary.
		Mexican food recipes, tips, ingredients, mexican food glossary.
		Mexican specialty made of a sweet-dough spiral, deep-fried, coated with cinnamon and sugar usually served with hot chocolate.
		A Mexican sandwich made from bolillo (hard Mexican roll) cut in half and stuffed with tomatoes, avocados or guacamole and carne asada, shredded beef or chicken, cheese and salsa.
	www.texmextogo.com /Glossary.htm (1637 words)

	Digital History
		The book, which traces the melodramatic fate of the beautiful Ramona and her Indian lover, was intended as an attack on Anglo-American land grabbing and mistreatment of Mexican Americans and Indians.
		While the author's intention was to draw attention to the plight of Mexicans and Indians as grasping Anglos settled southern California, her book had ironic consequences.
		Another source of inspiration was the murder of Juan Diego, a Cahuilla Indian and sheepherder, by a white rancher in March 1883, who claimed that Diego had taken one of his horses.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /mexican_voices/voices_display.cfm?id=66 (334 words)

	Independent States of Rome
		My guess is that in their absence, Mexican Indian population would have eventually fallen to somewhere in the range of twenty-five to forty percent of pre-contact levels, but that is just a guess.
		If the essence of Mexican Indian society was the cities, the architecture, the political structures, the art, and the trade, then the statement may or may not be right.
		Mexican Indians brought some of their pre-existing religious and cultural baggage into the Catholic Church, and to some extent made it more comfortable for them.
	members.aol.com /althist1/PODMar99/mexico.htm (965 words)

	Mexican Americans - Mexican War
		To the Mexicans, who claimed the Nueces River as the boundary, this was an act of aggression, and after some negotiations Gen. Mariano Arista ordered his troops to cross the Rio Grande.
		The Mexican capital was heavily defended by garrisons at Casa Mata and Molino del Rey and by the great fortress of Chapultepec.
		The Mexican presidency had changed hands a number of times during the war, and some Mexican states had refused to cooperate with the central government.
	www.mexicanamericans.com /MexicanWar.htm (1153 words)

	MOE Racial Harmony Website (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The 1994 uprising by the Mexican Indians in Chiapas, Mexico, brought to the world’s attention the plight of the indigenous Mexican Indians.
		It was an outcry to end the discrimination of Mexican Indians and exploitation of their land and natural resources.
		The Mexican government responded by sending an army of 25 000 to attack and bomb the Mexican Indian villages.
	sam11.moe.gov.sg /racialharmony/JC/articles_mexican.html (606 words)

	Colonial Mexican Mercados
		In much of Mexico, during early colonial times, Indians were removed from their ancestral homes and concentrated in centers where they could be more easily controlled, worked, and given religious instruction.
		The Spaniards needed many metal objects, so Indians were set to work mining; soon metal pots and pans were being made, as well as locks and keys, cowboy spurs, and iron pieces of horse and ox harness gear.
		The Indians' crops of corn and wheat often had to be registered and stored in municipal granaries, and sold at fixed prices.
	www.mexicanmercados.com /general/history3.htm (1103 words)

	Green Left - Mexican Indians unite for autonomy, land and justice
		The experience of the past five centuries has clearly taught us that unless these programs rely on the participation of the indigenous peoples working under their own authority, on the basis of their own conceptions and equipped with sufficient power, they do not offer a far-reaching and enduring solution to marginalisation and poverty.
		In fact autonomy is the Indian peoples' way of enabling accession to a democratic life for the first time in modern history; it is also their contribution to the construction of a more democratic, more just and more humane national society.
		It is an age-old aspiration which is part of the daily life of the communities, of their forms of organisation and production, of time and resource utilisation, the practice of our beliefs, our choice of authority and our method of respect and being respected.
	www.greenleft.org.au /1995/179/12422 (1483 words)

	Sixteenth Century Spanish Grants of Armorial Bearings to Indigenous Mexican Indians
		The second quarter is charged with the head of an Indian adorned with feathers and jewelery of emeralds and gold, while the third quarter is charged with an indian shield itself charged with a landscape scene: a rocky crag, overlooking a sea, golden shells and a lance with a flag.
		Upon rock is a tree the Indians call avevetl and a tree branch which the Indians hang up as a proclamation of war called quecatel pacatli.
		His arms are charged with a spear palewise with a golden apple stuck on the end, between three gold banderillas, or pikes, in dexter, and a green bird’s wing, all on a field green, blue and earth tones.
	home.pacbell.net /nelsnfam/mexico.htm (3818 words)

	Brian DeLay \| Independent Indians and the U.S.-Mexican War \| The American Historical Review, 112.1 \| The History ...
		From Durango's perspective, Americans were "impelling" and "inviting" Indians across the frontier, encouraging "the evils that always attend the depredations of the savage," all with an eye to acquiring lands that excited the "insatiable greed" of the United States.
		Indian and Mexican societies likewise placed a premium on captive women and children, who could be treated as commodities, slaves, or dependent kin.
		Mexicans slew one of Zepkoeete's companions, and Kiowas thereafter memorialized the season as the winter that Atahaik'i was killed.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/112.1/delay.html (12975 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, Menchaca, Recovering History, Constructing Race
		The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Racialization of the Mexican Population
		Mexicans of color returned to a racial order where they had few civil rights, and most were denied citizenship.
		In particular, the U.S. government denied Mexican Indians property rights if they continued to practice tribal customs, coercing them into adopting a Mexican public identity as a means of escaping the reservation policies of the period.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exmenrec.html (4348 words)

	Hispanic Voice - An Online Newspaper by the Hispanic Students of Muskegon
		The war for Mexican independence was a movement that ended all cruelties and injustices; this movement set all the Mexicans free.
		Miguel Hidalgo, approaching 60 years of age, was beloved, respected and treasured greatly by all the Mexicans and to this day he still is beloved and respected by al the Mexican population.
		The mestizos and indians involvement the revolution's character completely changed because, instead of this movement being a shrewd political maneuver, it was transformed into a bloody class struggle.
	www.crimevictims.net /hispanicvoice/mariateresa.html (731 words)

	History of Mexico - Indigenous Jalisco
		The fourth cause of depopulation and displacement of the Jalisco Indians was contagious disease.
		The Coca Indians inhabited portions of central Jalisco, in the vicinity of Guadalajara and Lake Chapala.
		Some historians believe that the Huichol Indians are descended from the nomadic Guachichiles, having moved westward and settled down to an agrarian lifestyle, inhabited a small area in northwestern Jalisco, adjacent to the border with Nayarit.
	www.houstonculture.org /mexico/jalisco_indig.html (3766 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online:
		The Kickapoo Indians, an Algonkian-speaking group of fewer than 1,000 individuals scattered across Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and northern Mexico, are the remnants of a larger tribe that once lived in the central Great Lakes region.
		After a brief skirmish, forty surviving Indians, mostly women, children, and those too old or infirm to hunt, were captured, tied two or three to a horse, and marched to San Antonio.
		Gathered on a small reservation shared with the Sacs and Foxes, the Kickapoos were subjected to allotment schemes, pressured to send their children to government schools, and forced to endure the presence of white squatters on their supposedly protected lands.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/KK/bmk9.html (2050 words)

	Mexican Americans - Tracing Your Mexican Ancestry
		Since that time, local Mexican governments have preserved birth, marriage, and death records for nearly all of Mexico's citizens including non-Catholics and foreign immigrants.
		Probably the most difficult aspect of Mexican genealogy is locating the birthplace of an ancestor.
		Historically, Mexican immigrants have retained strong ties to their families back in Mexico.
	www.mexicanamericans.com /MexicanAncestry.htm (666 words)

	A SHORT HISTORY OF MEXICAN COOKING
		While the Mexican Indians came from Asia and had similar racial characteristics, they were far from homogenous.
		It was here that the Indians retained, for the longest time, their ancient hunting ethic, and from where much of the threat of conquest came to those living in more productive parts of the country.
		As the Indians had no beasts of burden and had not developed the wheel, there were no roads to facilitate communication.
	www.lomexicano.com /history_mexican_food_cooking.htm (3240 words)

	Mexican Dances Gualupita essay
		Her shrine is to the devout Mexican Indians what Varanasi is to the Hindus and Mecca is to the Muslims.
		Nonetheless, the origins of the Mexican dances, despite the actual meaning and geographical location of the dance, have an important social connotation within the community that preserves this ancient tradition.
		Today, many Mexican native dances are still performed with some aspects of the preexisting culture being preserved by the traditional clothing and instruments.
	www.barraganzone.com /mexicanadance_gualu.html (1279 words)

	uventures020701.html
		The 70-year-old Maya Indian needed no translation to convey her contempt for one foreign word that punctuated her testimony.
		A folk healer, Rodriguez is part of a group of Indians in Mexicos tumultuous Chiapas state that have forced a halt, for now, to a multinational project exploring the potential of traditional medicinal plants.
		RAFI is working with Bolivias Kallawaya Indians, said director Pat Mooney, to ensure they share in commercial benefits on plants they help identify.
	www.globalexchange.org /countries/americas/mexico/news/uventures020701.html (965 words)

	PCDForum Article #9 Release Date May 20, 1994
		A third of its 3.5 million inhabitants are Indians, who have suffered various forms of oppression and discrimination for centuries, from both foreigners and from a highly conservative local upper class.
		Thousands of people, mostly Indians, have been displaced by dams, oil or cattle ranches and pushed into the Selva Lacandona forest the biggest tropical forest in North America only to serve as a scapegoat for its destruction by ranchers and loggers.
		Over the last few years the Indians have used every peaceful means at their disposal to present their grievances to the government: economic and political organizations and presents manifestos, conducted demonstrations and sit-ins, and even marched a thousand miles to Mexico's capital.
	www.pcdf.org /1994/09esteva.htm (1230 words)

	HispanicVista Columnists
		The physical isolation of the Indians in the Americas is the primary reason for which disease caused such havoc with the native population.
		The belief that, as workers, Africans were superior to Indians was shared by the Spaniards in New Spain and in the other colonies.” In the Sixteenth Century, many Spaniards held the popular belief that one Black slave could equal the labor output of four Indians.
		Professor Martha Menchaca, the author of Recovering History, Reconstructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans, observed that “this legislation was of monumental importance because it became the gateway for the children of slaves to gain their freedom.
	www.hispanicvista.com /HVC/Columnist/jschmal/013105jschmal.htm (1957 words)

	MEXICO: Indigenous Mexican Indians (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The inspiration for their sit-in, which undoubtedly comes from a source outside the Indian community, has in a way given them a false sense of hope.
		Frankly, if they agitate too much, and there are not a lot of foreign observers and/or archbishops to take their cause to the international level, their very lives may be in jeopardy.
		The idea of referring to these desperate Indians as engaging in a stunt is uncaring and morally reprehensible.
	wais.stanford.edu /Mexico/mexico_indigenousmexicanindians81302.html (187 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Alexander Von Humboldt: Problems And Progress in Mexico, c. 1800
		The manners of the Cholulans exhibit a singular contrast to those of their neighbors of Tlascala, of whom a great number pretend to be the descendants of the highest titled nobility, and who increase their poverty by a litigious disposition and a restless and turbulent turn of mind.
		Among the most wealthy Indian families at Cholula are the Axcotlan, the Sarmientos and the Romeros; at Guaxocingo, the Sochipiltecatl; and especially the Tecuanouegues in the village de los Reyes.
		The remains of the Mexican sculpture, those colossal statues of basaltes and porphyry, which are covered with Aztec hieroglyphics, and bear some relation to the Egyptian and Hindoo style, ought to be collected together in the edifice of the academy, or rather in one of the courts which belong to it.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1800humboldt-mexico.html (2811 words)

	Sierra Madre Alliance: Nature, Culture and Economy in Balance
		In 1953, the Mexican government ceded nearly the entire area to migrant farmers, particularly the forests and farmable lands.
		Through subsequent lawsuits, the Rarámuris were able to regain part of their traditional territory, but nearly all of them were left living in ravines and gorges, but that did not stop them from fighting to recover the native forests.
		The Mexican Attorney General's Office and Chihuahua authorities acknowledge that there are land disputes between Indians and mestizos (mixed-race) inhabitants, illegal logging in the forests, illicit production of marijuana and the threatening presence of drug traffickers in Coloradas de la Virgen and surrounding villages.
	www.sierramadrealliance.org /coloradas/ips-english.shtml (1139 words)

	Three Years Among the Indians and Mexicans, by Thomas James
		Three Years Among the Indians and Mexicans, by Thomas James
		It tells about his adventures on the Upper Missouri in 1809 with the Missouri Fur Company, and his later adventures as one of the first American traders in Santa Fe and with the Comanche Indians.
		Glenn's conversion--His profits thereby--Avenues to New Mexico--An instance of Spanish treachery and cruelty--Glenn's cowardice--Meeting with the Pawnees--Mexican Indians--Battle between the Pawnees and Osages--Disappearance of Glenn-- Chouteau and the Osages--Indian revenge--Passage of the Shoshoua--Singular Ferrying--Entrance into Missouri--Robbery by the Osages--Interview with Missionaries--Arrival at St. Louis--More of Glenn--Home--Still greater troubles with creditors than with the Indians.
	www.xmission.com /~drudy/mtman/html/james/jamesint.html (201 words)

	Institutional and Behavioral Economics
		For 1995 it was estimated in 41,610 dwellers.
		Mexican Indians can only be understood in the context of three centuries of
		Most of the Indian events are organized by the municipio official authorities.
	www.msu.edu /user/schmid/ethnic.htm (4193 words)

	Reforms falter for Mexican Indians \| csmonitor.com
		Hundreds of Mexican Tzotzil Indians returned home last week to an uncertain future in the village they fled in December 1997 after a massacre.
		Mexicans in the north earn about $4,000 a year on average - about twice the income of southern Mexicans.
		Many Mexican's felt that Fox would be able to cut deals on land rights and autonomy for Mexico's indigenous people that the government he replaced, which had ruled for 72 years, couldn't.
	www.csmonitor.com /2001/0905/p6s1-woam.html (907 words)

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