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Topic: Mexican Pinyon

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	The Ecology and Life History of Seed Caching Corvids
		It appears that pinyon jays are converging on a distant relative the nutcracker in many characteristics, thus diverging from their close relatives the western scrub-jay and Mexican jay.
		Pinyon jays are an exception, but they cache at such a rapid rate it is almost impossible to keep track of their cache sites.
		Nutcrackers and pinyon jays which have morphological, and physiological adaptations for this behavior and are also most dependent on their cached seeds for winter survival and reproduction, performed significantly better than scrub jays.
	www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu /asc/Balda/Default.htm (14011 words)

	Mexican Pinyon -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Mexican Pinyon (Pinus cembroides) is a (A coniferous tree) pine in the (additional info and facts about pinyon pine) pinyon pine group, native to (A continent (the third largest) in the western hemisphere connected to South America by the Isthmus of Panama) North America.
		Mexican Pinyon was the first (additional info and facts about pinyon pine) pinyon pine described, named by (additional info and facts about Zuccarini) Zuccarini in 1832.
		Mexican Pinyon is a relatively non-variable species, with constant morphology over the entire range except for the the disjunct population in (additional info and facts about Baja California Sur) Baja California Sur; this is generally treated as a subspecies, Pinus cembroides subsp.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/me/mexican_pinyon.htm (459 words)

	Mexican Spotted Owls and Fire - Literature Review
		Mexican spotted owls typically nest and roost in structurally-complex, diverse forests with a variety of age- and/or size-classes, a component of large trees, often with many snags and down logs and relatively high basal areas and canopy closures (Ganey et al.
		Mexican spotted owls generally nest in trees, although in the northern part of their range (southern Utah and Colorado) they often nest in caves or cliff ledges in canyons, and seem to prefer shady habitat with steep cliffs and rocky terrain (Willey 1998; Rinkevich et al.
		Mexican spotted owls appear to be influenced more by the total prey biomass available than by the abundance of any particular species, with the possible exception of a potential positive association with deer mouse abundance in one geographic area.
	www.jennessent.com /Literature/Thesis/literature_review.htm (4460 words)

	Pinus cembroides: Mexican Pinyon
		A native North American tree, Mexican Pinyon is usually found 20 to 30 feet tall with a spread of 15 to 20 feet, although it may sometimes be larger.
		It forms a compact, conical silhouette, producing a rounded canopy with age, and the lower branches are maintained on the tree, providing dense cover to the ground unless shaded-out by other growth.
		Mexican Pinyon should be grown in full sun on well-drained soil, tolerating dry, poor, alkaline soils but not wet soils.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /ST457 (467 words)

	Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument - Trees and Shrubs (U.S. National Park Service)
		Pinyon (Pinus edulis) is found between 5000 and 7000 feet in elevation on the Gila.
		Less common are the singleleaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla) and the Mexican pinyon (Pinus cembroides).
		Pinyon usually have needles in groups (fasicles) of two, while the singleleaf pinyon has one, and Mexican pinyon generally has three needles per fasicle.
	www.nps.gov /gicl/naturescience/treesandshrubs.htm (707 words)

	Nearctica - Native Conifers of North America - Pinus cembroides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Measurements: Mexican Pinyon is a small, often shruby tree between 16 and 20 feet in height and 1 foot in diameter.
		Notes: Mexican Pinyon is the chief source of Pinyon Nuts in Mexico, but is too rare in the United States to be a commercial crop.
		It is separated from Mexican Pinyon (Pinus cembroides) by a thinner seed shell and an earlier shedding of the sheath of the needle bundles.
	www.nearctica.com /trees/conifer/pinus/Pcembr.htm (496 words)

	Natural Vegetation of
		North of the Mogollon Rim, Utah and one-seed juniper are intermixed with pinyon and to the south alligator juniper grows.
		Encinal and Mexican oak-pine woodlands receive mean annual precipitation of between 300 and 610 mm (12 and 24 in).
		The encinal communities are composed of evergreen oaks or of mixtures of oak, juniper and Mexican pinyon.
	southwest.library.arizona.edu /azso/body.1_div.4.html (5089 words)

	Pinyon-Juniper Habitat
		In Arizona, Pinyon Jays are permanent residents of pinyon-juniper woodlands and lower ponderosa pine forests in the northern and central part of the state (Balda and Bateman 1971), ranging east to Natanes Plateau, west to the Hualapai Indian Reservation, south possibly to Prescott area, and north to Mount Trumbull (Phillips and others 1964).
		Pinyon Jays are nonmigratory but may exhibit irregular nomadic movements of hundreds of miles outside normal range during fall and winter when pine seed crops are poor (Balda and Bateman 1971, Phillips and others 1964, Westcott 1964).
		Breeding is apparently triggered by abundant pinyon pine seeds which are harvested in fall and early winter and cached in breeding areas for use during late winter and early spring.
	www.mirror-pole.com /apif_web/pinjunip/pjhab.htm (6079 words)

	BISON Species Account 041375 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Mexican spotted owls are found in two series of Madrean Evergreen Woodland: the upper oak-pine occurs at 5500 to 7200 feet, and the lower evergreen oak (encinal) occurs at 5000 to 6500 feet (Fed. Register, 1993) 68.
		The mexican spotted owl is threatened by destruction and modification of habitat caused by timber harvest and fires, increased predation associated with habitat fragmentation, and lack of adequate protective regulations (Federal Register, 1993) 68.
		The mexican spotted owl is threatened by destruction and modification of habitat caused by timber harvest and fires, increased predation associated with habitat fragmentation, and lack of adequate protective regulations.
	www.fw.vt.edu /fishex/nmex_main/species/041375.htm (10883 words)

	20q -- IDnature guides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Pinyon jays live in flocks of 50 to 500 birds, and it has been estimated that during a substantial seed year in New Mexico, about 4.5 million seeds were cached by a single flock (46).
		Gonadal activity of pinyon jays, for example, is increased before the breeding season by the combined effect of photoperiod, the appearance of cones, and a diet of seeds (46).
		Pinyon is preferred for fuelwood since it has a higher heat value than any of its associates except the oaks and burns with a pleasing and distinctive aroma.
	pick4.pick.uga.edu /mp/20q?search=Pinus+edulis (6248 words)

	Encyclopedia: Pine tree (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Siberian Dwarf Pine, Mountain Pine, Whitebark Pine and the bristlecone pines.
		The pinyon pines and a number of others, notably Turkish Pine, are particularly well adapted to growth in hot, dry semi-desert climates.
		The seeds are commonly eaten by birds and squirrels.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/pine-tree (1163 words)

	Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This is a slow growing tree that rarely reaches 20 feet high, but may be from 250 to 350 years old.
		This pinyon is easily recognized because it is the only one with three needles from one to two inches long.
		Pinyon pitch is used by Native Americans as jewelry cement and for waterproofing baskets.
	explore.azgfd.gov /Default.aspx?tabid=68 (311 words)

	HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS OF MEXICAN SPOTTED OWLS IN SOUTHERN NEW MEXICO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Rio Penasco drainage is characterized by moderate to steep mountain slopes with primarily mixed-conifer forest: predominantly Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), white fir (Abies concolor) and south- western white pine (Pinus strobiformis).
		Male and female Mexican Spotted Owls roosted in the mid-section of trees that averaged 16 m in the Sixteen Springs drainage and 23 m in the Rio Penasco drainage.
		Nine radio-tagged Mexican Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis lucida) (four pairs, one mated female) were monitored from 101 to 301 d to determine seasonal home range sizes and roost and nest characteristics.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/JFO/v065n03/p0324-p0334.html (6364 words)

	Definition of pine nuts
		In North America the main species are three of the pinyon pines, Colorado Pinyon (Pinus edulis), Single-leaf Pinyon (Pinus monophylla) and Mexican Pinyon (Pinus cembroides).
		The other eight pinyon species are used to a small extent, as are Gray Pine (Pinus sabineana), Torrey Pine (Pinus torreyana) and Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana).
		In the US, bad land use practices have led to the destruction of millions of hectares of productive pinyon pine woods by conversion to grazing lands, and in China, destructive harvesting techniques (breaking off whole branches to harvest the cones) and cutting of the trees for timber have led to losses in production capacity.
	www.nuttrees.com /def_pinenut.htm (808 words)

	Texas Native Plants Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Mexican Pinyon, Pinyon, Nut Pine, Mexican Pinyon Pine
		Mexican pinyon is a handsome tree with a pyramidal shape and rich blue-green needles that grow in bundles of 2 or 3.
		Mexican pinyon is a tough, drought-resistant tree that tolerates dry rocky soils, but not heavy, wet clays or overwatering.
	aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu /ornamentals/natives/pinuscembroides.htm (146 words)

	Coronado National Memorial - Wildlife Highlights - US-Parks.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Oak - Mexican Pinyon Pine - Juniper Woodland Association was most affected, as about 2,600 acres (1050 ha) of the 3,700 acres (1500 ha) that burned were in this habitat.
		Mexican tequila, has been made for centuries in central Mexico from fermented and distilled agave juice.
		One factor contributing to the high diversity of butterflies with the memorial is its location on the Mexican border, a region easily accessible to wandering and otherwise non-residential butterflies with origins to the south in Mexico.
	www.us-parks.com /coronado/wildlife_highlights.html (1827 words)

	Pine Nuts
		The other eight pinyon species are used to a small extent, as are Gray Pine (Pinus sabineana),
		United States, the pinyon pines have traditionally been the most highly sought after pine nuts.
		Native American ("Red Indian") tribes; in many areas, they have exclusive rights to the harvest.
	www.edinformatics.com /culinaryarts/food_encyclopedia/pine_nuts.htm (398 words)

	Texas Native Plants Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Remote Pinyon is closely related to Mexican Pinyon (P. cembroides) and Colorado Pinyon (P. edulis).
		Remote Pinyon grows on dry, rocky limestone soil in the Del Norte and Glass Mountains, on Madera Mountain and east of the Pecos River.
		Remote pinyon is distinguished from Mexican Pinyon by the thin shells of its nuts - the thinnest shells of all pinyons - and by having usually only two needles per bundle.
	aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu /ornamentals/natives/pinusremota.htm (141 words)

	Colorado Partners in Flight
		Habitat Requirements: Mexican Spotted Owls nest in steep canyons with dense stands of large ponderosa pine or pinyon-juniper with Douglas-fir, and in old-growth mixed-conifer forest with high canopy closure and open understory.
		Management Issues and Conservation Recommendations: The primary threat Mexican Spotted Owls face is the loss of mature trees to timber harvesting and to stand-replacement fires, especially in steep canyons and in riparian zones.
		The Mexican Spotted Owl is listed as a threatened species at both the federal and state levels.
	www.rmbo.org /pif/bcp/phy87/ppine/meso.htm (407 words)

	Tuff crowd: formations of volcanic rock dominate a landscape in southeastern Arizona - This Land - Chiricahua National ...
		And the thick-billed parrot, the only parrot whose native range once extended north of the Mexican border, was still nowhere to be seen (the species was extirpated from this locale in 1922, and predators have foiled attempts to reintroduce it).
		Chaparral Principal woody plants are alligator juniper, Emory oak, Mexican pinyon pine, Arizona cypress, and the shrubby Tourney oak, deerbrush, and mountain mahogany.
		Oak woodland The primary woody plants are dwarfed and gnarly and include Toumey oak, silverleaf oak, Arizona white oak, netleaf oak, Emory oak, Mexican pinyon pine, and alligator juniper.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_1_112/ai_97174199 (917 words)

	Nearctica - Native Conifers of North America - Pinus edulis
		The edges of the needles are smooth and the number of needles in a bundle is primarily 2 (although rarely 1 and 3).
		The number of needles per bundle in Two Needle Pinyon is usually 2 (but rarely 3 or 1) in contrast to 3 needles in Mexican (rarely 2).
		Woodlands in which pinyon is the major pine species cover about 14.9 million ha (36.9 million acres) in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah.
	www.nearctica.com /trees/conifer/pinus/Pedulis.htm (422 words)

	[No title]
		The New Mexican ridgenose rattlesnake, Crotalus willardi obscurus (Harris and Simmons, 1976), has grayish-tan underparts, versus more reddish brown hues in the other races of the species.
		In 1976 (12), the New Mexican ridge-nosed rattlesnake was recognized as a distinct subspecies, adding to its value to collectors.
		Future threats to the species: The largest threat to the New Mexican ridge-nosed rattlesnake is loss of habitat in the Animas and San Luis Mountains.
	fwie.fw.vt.edu /WWW/esis/lists/e152006.htm (4679 words)

	New Mexico Mammals
		Below is a list of New Mexican counties and the geographic features found within that county, for example to locate studies of mammals in the Organ Mountains look under Dona Ana County.
		Mammals (excluding bats) of the New Mexican Llano Estacado and its adjacent river valleys.
		Mexican wolves of uncertain ancestry were compared at 10 hypervariable microsatellite loci with 42 domestic dogs, 151 northern gray wolves and 142 coyotes.
	lib.nmsu.edu /resources/guides/plants/mammals.html (9897 words)

	Homesteading Today - Pinyon Pines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Sometimes called Mexican Nut Pine, it is native to both Arizona and New Mexico, where the seeds are harvested and sold as nuts.
		Needles: are 1 to 1/2 inches long, and grow singly on Singleleaf Pinyon, in 2's on Pinyon and Mexican Pinyon, in 4's on the Parry Pinyon.
		Pinyon pine is suitable for ornamental and recreational plantings.
	www.homesteadingtoday.com /vb/showthread.php?t=61973 (539 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Pinyon jays inhabit the drier pinewoods of the southwest.
		As the name implies, their favorite foods are the seeds of pinyon pines.
		Mexican jays can easily be confused with Pinyon jays, but they are limited to southern Arizona and southwestern Texas.
	www.wildbirdcenter.com /content/speciesprofiles_j (907 words)

	BirdForum - Jays in the Grand Canyon
		Mexican Jays do not get much north of Tucson so they could be Western Scrub jays or Pinon Jays they are common there too.
		Pinyon jays are also seldom seen in ones and twos but in fairly good-sized flocks (30-50), where scrubs are almost never in flocks, even small ones.
		Pinyons have more of a short wailing-type call, or perhaps more accurately, a wavering call, and sometimes a two-note call, where scrubs pretty much sound like a barking shriek.
	www.birdforum.net /printthread.php?t=13905 (800 words)

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