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Topic: Michel Aflaq

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	Encyclopedia article: Michel Aflaq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Michel ‘Aflaq (1910 - June 23, 1989) was the ideological founder of Ba’athism (additional info and facts about Ba’athism), a form of Arab nationalism (additional info and facts about Arab nationalism).
		While this party also failed to follow most of ‘Aflaq's teachings, he became a symbol for the regime of Saddam Hussein (Iraqi leader who waged war against Iran; his invasion of Kuwait led to the Gulf War (born in 1937)) that Iraq was in fact the true Ba’athist country.
		Hence ‘Aflaq's apparent commitment to human rights is conditional on the individual dedicating themselves to the spirit of Arab nationalism.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/mi/michel_aflaq.htm (674 words)

	Michel Aflaq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		from Husri to Abdel Nasser and Michel Aflaq, founder and philosopher of the...
		Michel Aflaq (1910 - June 23, 1989) was the ideological founder of Ba'athism, a form of Arab Nationalism.
		Aflaq rejects valuing of human beings and for him to value individuals means to the person as he ideally should be.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Michel_Aflaq (1027 words)

	Encyclopedia: Michel Aflaq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Michel Aflaq of Aflak (Damascus, 1910 â“ Parijs, 23 juni 1989) was Ã©Ã©n van de oprichters van de Socialistische Partij van de Arabische Herrijzenis, beter bekend onder haar Arabische naam Ba'ath-partij.
		Michel Aflaq behoorde niet tot islam maar tot het Grieks-Orthodoxe christelijke geloof.
		Aflaq ging in ballingschap, eerst in Libanon en later in BraziliÃ«.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Michel-Aflaq (1326 words)

	Michel Aflaq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Aflaq, Michel (1910-1989): Syrian political leader and founder of Baath Party.
		In 1961 the UAR collapsed, and Aflaq's Baath led the opposition to the so-called secessionist regime.
		Aflaq held unity talks with Nasser and the newly established Baathist government of Iraq.
	www.damascus-online.com /se/bio/aflaq_michel.htm (184 words)

	Michel Aflaq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He was born in Damascus to a middle class Greek Orthodox Christian family.
		In September 1940, after France's defeat in World War II, Michel ‘Aflaq and Salah al-Din al-Bitar set up the nucleus of what was later to become the Ba’ath Party.
		While this party also failed to follow most of ‘Aflaq's teachings, he became a symbol for the regime of Saddam Hussein that Iraq was in fact the true Ba’athist country.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Michel_Aflaq (686 words)

	Rxpress - Salah al-Din al-Bitar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Salah al-Din al-Bitar (born Damascus 1912, died Paris 21 July 1980), was a Syrian politician who, with Michel Aflaq, founded the Arab Ba'th Party in the early 1940s.
		Aflaq took the pre-eminent position of 'amid, sometimes translated as "doyen"; under the constitution adopted at the congress, this made him effective leader of the party, with sweeping powers within the organisation.
		Al-Bitar remained close to Aflaq, who retained the party leadership with a pro-reunification line, albeit a more cautious one than that of the Nasserists or the Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM), and indeed a more cautious one than much of the party's membership wished for.
	www.rxpresspharmacy.com /wiki/index/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar (1436 words)

	Ba'ath Party - Freepedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Al-Bitar and Aflaq were from bourgeois Damascus families, the former a Muslim and the latter an Orthodox Christian.
		Aflaq sought to reactivate the splintered party by calling a Fifth National Congress held in Homs in May 1962, from which both al-Hawrani's supporters and the Socialist Unity Vanguard were excluded.
		Aflaq, bitterly angry at this transformation of his party, retained a nominal leadership role, but the National Command as a whole came under the control of the radicals.
	en.freepedia.org /Ba'ath_Party.html (3277 words)

	Arab nationalism - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		An example of this is Michel Aflaq, the founder of the Ba'ath Party.
		Aflaq however, viewed Islam as a testiment of "Arab genius".
		He once said of the Prophet Muhammed "Muhammed was the epitome of all the Arabs.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Arab_nationalism (640 words)

	The Review - Inside Saddam's mind
		Aflaq spent the last 15 years of his life as the inspiration and cheerleader for all things Saddam.
		Though born a Christian, Aflaq believed that Islam provides Arabs with "the most brilliant picture of their language and literature, and the grandest part of their national history." He did not see the confrontation with the West in Muslim versus Christian terms.
		Aflaq’s writings were vague and pathetic whenever he tried to address concrete situations, but he did apparently have a gift for painting glorious pictures of future triumph, which appealed to those with a nagging sense of national humiliation.
	www.aijac.org.au /review/2002/2712/essay2712.html (3488 words)

	Michel Aflaq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Aflaq was a fairly moderate politician, who in many cases had to accept that most of the grand parts of his ideology never was realized, like freedom of speech and Arab unity.
		1947 April: Aflaq is elected senior member of the executive committee of the newly established Arab Ba'th Party.
		1954: Aflaq returns to Syria, and leads the merger with the Arab Socialist Party, and becomes secretary-general of the new party.
	i-cias.com /e.o/aflaq_m.htm (319 words)

	Ba'ath Party - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It was founded by Syrian thinkers most notably Michel ‘Aflaq.
		Two other major proponents of early Ba‘athist ideology, Zaki al-Arsuzi and Salah al-Din al-Bitar, like Michel Aflaq, were middle-class educators, whose political thought had been influenced by Western education.
		In 1966 a military junta representing the more radical elements in the party displaced the more moderate wing in power, purging from the party its original founders, Michel Aflaq and Bitar.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Baathist (1212 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Michel Aflaq
		In 1940, in a time when Syria was dominated by the fascist Vichy France, itself under control of Nazi Germany, Michel ‘Aflaq founded the Ba’ath Party (in full, Arab Socialist Resurrection Party), together with Salah al-Din al-Bitar.
		Elizabeth Picard takes a somewhat different approach, arguing both Assad and Hussein used Ba’athism as a guise to set up what were in fact military dictatorships.
		His emphasis on individual needs, Makiya argues, must be seen in the light of ‘Aflaq's distinction between human beings and individuals.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Michel_Aflak (952 words)

	Shadowy Figures of the Baath Party
		Michel Aflaq, a Greek Orthodox Christian, and Salahaddin Bitar, who was born in a Muslim family in
		Aflaq became the main ideologue of Baathism, which advocated Arab unity, socialism, and anti-colonialism.
		Aflaq, Bitar, and Hourani were the three main figures of the Baath Party.
	www.mehrnews.com /en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=16665 (418 words)

	Interactivist Info Exchange \| Tariq Ali, "The Ba'athists" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The party was the brainchild of Michel Aflaq (1910-89), a left-leaning Arab nationalist intellectual of Greek Orthodox Christian origin, who was born into a nationalist household in Damascus in 1910.
		Michel Aflaq was educated at the Sorbonne, fell in love with Paris, founded an Arab Students Union and discovered Marx.
		Throughout Aflaq's tenure -- 1943-65 -- as the secretary-general of the Ba'ath, he made sure the party was seen as a Pan-Arab organisation and dominated its policies and its organisation.
	info.interactivist.net /article.pl?sid=03/01/30/1530252 (1256 words)

	Blogger: Email Post to a Friend (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Both the founders of Ba`thist thought, Michel `Aflaq (Greek Orthodox)and Zaki al-Arsuzi (Alawite Muslim), discovered early in their careers that their party would never appeal to the broad masses of the Sunni heartland without making it perfectly clear that Ba`thism was not secular or based on earthly truths.
		`Aflaq was so adamant about placating Muslim and religious sensibilities that he became known among his friends as Muhammad `Aflaq (and indeed he converted to Islam before his death).
		Both `Aflaq and Arsuzi stressed that the umma arabiyya, or Arab community and nation, was the proper unit of analysis, both called for struggle against outsiders and alien influences, and both stressed that their message was the eternal message of the Arab nation, no different in its values and divine inspiration from that of Islam.
	www.blogger.com /email-post.g?blogID=7044345&postID=108982494844075645 (1185 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: Saddam's Brain by David Brooks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It was Aflaq, a Syrian intellectual and political organizer, who founded the Syrian and Iraqi Baath parties.
		In their statements, the Iraqi opposition forces refer to the government of Iraq as the "Aflaqite regime," emphasizing that the regime is not just one evil man; it is a party structure organized around a transcendent ideology, an ideology that produced the monster Saddam, but that is bigger than any individual.
		MICHEL AFLAQ was born in Damascus in 1910, a Greek Orthodox Christian.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=4458 (3448 words)

	Ecce Libano: The Myth of Arab Nationalism
		Michel Aflaq, an apostle of al-Husri's and a chief ideologue of the Baath, was not so sly in the promotion of violence and cruelty against those "users of Arabic" who refused to be referred to as Arabs.
		And both founders of Baathist thought, Michel Aflaq and Zaki al-Arsuzi, discovered early on in their careers that their party would never appeal to the broad masses of the Sunni heartland without making it perfectly clear that Baathism was not secular or based on earthly truths.
		Aflaq was adamant about placating Muslim and religious sensibilities that he became known among his friends as Muhammad Aflaq (and indeed he converted to Islam towards the end of his life [as if to definitively align Baathism/Arabism with Islam.
	eccelibano.blogspot.com /2005/05/myth-of-arab-nationalism.html (5154 words)

	⌘Untitled ...
		As it was formulated by Michel Aflaq in the 1940s, Baath thought committed the party to the principle of a secular state.
		But Aflaq also needed to make sure that his fledgling movement would take root in the larger community, where Islamic history and heroes had great meaning even to those who were not deeply religious.
		Aflaq and Bitar, having been educated in French-run Syria and graduated from the Sorbonne, were well acquainted with Western European democracy.
	www.mafhoum.com /press6/179S2.htm (4263 words)

	Michel 'Aflaq -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Russian-born American ballet dancer and choreographer Michel Fokine was one of the most innovative forces in early 20th-century ballet.
		“The bravest of the brave” was the title given to the great French military leader Michel Ney by Napoleon I. Ney was born in Sarrelouis, France, on Jan. 10, 1769, the son of a barrelmaker.
		Born in Poitiers, Michel Foucault studied in Paris under Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser and later taught at the University of Clermont-Ferrand from 1960 to 1968 and the Collège de France from 1970 to 1984.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9003925 (613 words)

	Khaleej Times Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Yet Michel Aflaq, the French educated ideologue of the Baath, was a Christian and thus gave Arab nationalism primacy to its Islamic heritage.
		Aflaq’s idea of a Baathist united Arab nation (Umma Arabiyya Waheda) entrusted with a sacred eternal mission (Risala Khalida) through a process of revolution (inquilab) had zero chance for populist success.
		Michel Aflaq even served as a minister in the military regime of Syrian Colonel Husni Zaim, who seized power in Damascus in a CIA financed plot.
	www.khaleejtimes.com /Displayarticle.asp?section=opinion&xfile=data/opinion/2004/october/opinion_october48.xml (957 words)

	Michel 'Aflaq -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		By 1940 he was ready to devote his full efforts to organizing a political party, although he did not officially establish the Ba'th Party until 1946.
		'Aflaq had expected Gamal Abdel Nasser, the president of Egypt, to allow the Ba'th Party to dominate the Syrian province of the U.A.R. But by 1960 Nasser had reduced the Ba'th Party to political impotence by means of repressive policies.
		In 1961 Syria seceded from the U.A.R. 'Aflaq held himself and the Ba'th aloof from the ensuing violent criticism of Nasser and the conservative social and economic policies of the secessionist regime.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9003925?tocId=9003925 (1026 words)

	Briefly On The History Of The Ba'ath Party (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Founded in Damascus by M. Aflaq and Salah al-Din al-Bitar in 1943, in 1953, it merged with the Syrian Socialist Party to form the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party.
		Though it was extremely exclusive, factional and often relying on nationalist radicals in the militaries, Ba'ath always claimed to be speaking for the entire Arab nation and the progress of the masses.
		1947 April: Aflaq is elected senior member of the executive committee of the newly established Arab Ba'ath Party.
	www.alphalink.com.au /~radnat/austindependence/aflaq.html (572 words)

	History Forum > Pan Arabism And Iran
		As a non-Muslim, Aflaq's interest (see photo at left) was not in the cultivation of a pan-Islamic identity, but in the promotion of pure pan-Arabism in the spirit of what he called "al-ruh al-Arabiyya" (the Arabian spirit).
		Michel Aflaq defined Islam only as "a revolutionary Arab movement whose meaning was the renewal of Arabism" (see Khalil, p.198).
		Aflaq went further than Satia Al-Husri in that he clearly outlined the "enemy of the (Arab) nation".
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/lofiversion/index.php/t2979.html (7032 words)

	Arab Socialist Resurrection Party - OpenWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Both the Syrian and the Iraqi Baath parties originated in the Baath movement, an Arab political movement which started in the early 20th century, founded by Syrian thinkers: most notably Michel Aflaq.
		Two other major proponents of early Baathist ideology, Zaki al-Arsuzi and Salah al-Din al-Bitar, like Michel Aflaq, had careers as middle-class educators, influenced in their political thought by Western education.
		At this juncture the Syrian Baath party split into two factions: the "progressive" faction, led by Nureddin al-Atassi, which gave priority to neo-Marxist economic reform, and the so-called nationalist group, led by General Hafez al-Assad.
	www.infoshop.org /wiki/index.php/Arab_Socialist_Resurrection_Party (1428 words)

	Wikipedia: Ba'ath Party
		Both parties originate in the Ba‘ath movement, an Arab political movement which started in the early 20th century with Syrian nationalists like Michel ‘Aflaq and the more republican wing of Iraqi soldiers under British, and later Hashemite services.
		The Ba‘ath Arab Socialist Party, to give it its formal name, was officially founded at the first party congress, held in Damascus, April 7, 1947.
		After that, it split into 2 factions; the "progressive" faction, led by Nureddin Atassi, which gave priority to the firm establishment of a one-party state and to neo-Marxist economic reform, and the so-called nationalist group, led by Gen. Hafez al-Assad.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/b/ba/ba_ath_party.html (1173 words)

	Ecce Libano: August 2005
		Similarily, Charles Corm, Michel Chiha, Jacques Tabet, Elie Tyan, Andrée Chédid, Georges Shéhadé and Amine Maalouf all become Frenchmen on account of their wielding of the French language and their momentous contribution to its literary edifice.
		Mattar, we are wielders of the languages we use, as a result of conquest and appeal, with the former being a compulsion and the latter being a choice.
		Indeed, with a skilful use of semantics, Michel Aflaq (the founding father of the Arab Baath) transformed the language of violence and brutality, inherent to his ideas, into a sublime form of love.
	eccelibano.blogspot.com /2005_08_01_eccelibano_archive.html (3078 words)

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