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Topic: Micro RNA

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Small interfering RNA

RNA

Molecular biology

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	Micro RNA - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In genetics, micro RNA (miRNA) is a form of triple -stranded RNA which is typically 21-23 nucleotides long, and is thought to regulate the expression of other genes.
		When this DNA sequence is transcribed into a single-stranded RNA molecule, the miRNA sequence and its reverse-complement base pair to form a double stranded RNA hairpin loop; this forms a primary miRNA structure (pri-miRNA).
		"Sequence-specific inhibition of microRNA- and siRNA-induced RNA silencing".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Micro_RNA (947 words)

	RNA - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		RNA serves as the template for translation of genes into proteins, transferring amino acids to the ribosome to form proteins, and also translating the transcript into proteins.
		Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a component of the ribosomes, the protein synthetic factories in the cell.
		RNA genes (sometimes referred to as non-coding RNA or small RNA) are genes that encode RNA that is not translated into a protein.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/RNA (1368 words)

	MiRNA
		In genetics, miRNA (micro-RNA) is a form of single-stranded RNA which is typically 20-25 nucleotides long, and is thought to regulate the expression of other genes.
		When this DNA sequence is transcribed into a single-stranded RNA molecule, the miRNA sequence and its reverse-complement base pair to form a double stranded RNA segment; overall this RNA structure is called a hairpin structure.
		In many cases, it is believed, this double-stranded RNA somehow triggers the degradation of the mRNA transcript through a process similar to RNA interference.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/mi/Micro_RNA.html (488 words)

	LYNX Small RNA MPSS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Micro RNAs (miRNA) are the result of the cleavage of longer precursors possessing a hairpin structure whereas small interfering RNAs (siRNA) and repeat associated small interfering RNAs (rasiRNA) are derived from double stranded RNA structures.
		After the total RNA is harvested and run on a polyacrylamide gel, the band corresponding to RNAs sized between 18 and 25 nucleotides is cut out and the RNA is recovered.
		A large number of the small RNA molecules map back to the regions of the genome containing transposons or repeats, indicating that these regions are actively silenced by this mechanism.
	www.lynxgen.com /wt/tert.php3?page_name=small_rna_mpss (765 words)

	[No title]
		Stratagene's Micro RNA Isolation Kit uses guanidinium thiocyanate (GTC) to lyse cells and inactivate nucleases.2 Homogenization in GTC is immediately followed by extraction with water-saturated phenol.
		The DNA and proteins are partitioned in the organic phase and at the interphase layer, while the RNA is concentrated in the upper aqueous phase.
		The aqueous phase is removed to a second tube, and RNA is precipitated with an equal volume of isopropanol.3 Tissue samples ranging in size from less than 1 mg to 50 mg can be processed per isolation, which takes less than 30 minutes.
	www.stratagene.com /products/displayProduct.aspx?pid=387 (224 words)

	Ambion TechNotes 9(6): Recovering RNA from Small Samples
		The RNA isolation method used for limited samples should provide for quantitative recovery of RNA that is intact, free from contaminants, and as highly concentrated as possible.
		To demonstrate the quality of RNA isolated by the RNAqueous-Micro Kit, RNA from 4 - 400,000 cells was recovered using the procedure and analyzed for integrity and concentration.
		The RNA was then used in a one step qRT-PCR assay, and linear recovery of mRNA was shown over a range of 1 100,000 cell-equivalents (diluted from the 4 - 400,000 cells; Figure 1A).
	www.ambion.com /techlib/tn/96/9615.html (833 words)

	RNA Trades Bit Part for Starring Role in the Cell ANDREW POLLACK / NY Times 21jan03
		RNA and DNA are strings of chemical units called bases that embody the genetic code.
		Some scientists say it is not surprising that RNA has multiple roles, because it is generally believed that RNA had the role of both proteins and DNA in the early days of life on earth.
		Folded bits of RNA appear to be used to regulate the levels of the vitamins in the organism.
	www.mindfully.org /GE/2003/RNA-Cousin-DNA21jan03.htm (2528 words)

	Secret life of RNA- Stanford Medicine Magazine - Stanford University School of Medicine
		RNA’s normal role in the cell is to carry a message from a gene to the cytoplasm where it directs a protein-making assembly line.
		RNA from the extra pigment gene had conspired with the RNAi machinery to shut down the purple-producing gene.
		But she has since gotten her head around the idea of RNA as a genetic workhorse — she has found RNA molecules produced by plants that turn genes on and off as the leaf develops.
	mednews.stanford.edu /stanmed/2005winter/rna.html (1681 words)

	'Small RNA' research cited as breakthrough of the year
		During that time, most RNA was believed to merely take genetic "orders" from DNA, and through the processes of transcription and translation, help produce the proteins that give cells their function.
		In 1993, the first small RNA was discovered, and at the time it was thought to be a biological oddity.
		Small RNAs may also hold the key to understanding some types of genetic birth defects, allow new types of disease therapies, understand and control plant development, influence the function of the immune system, help explain some cancers, the function of stem cells, and many other cellular functions.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-12/osu-rr121802.php (894 words)

	ExonHit patents microarrays for analysing RNA splicing events
		Alternative splicing is a crucial element of the gene expression, which enables to generate several proteins from a single gene.
		Alternative RNA splicing is a key step in gene expression regulation and the functional control of proteins.
		The number of proteins generated through alternative splicing is estimated to be 2-3 times the number of genes encoded in the human genome, thus explaining the discrepancy between the small number of genes and the protein diversity observed in Human cells.
	www.exonhit.com /html/news/2004_06_30.htm (640 words)

	Anti-Aging Medicine & Science Blog: DNA or RNA? Versatile Player Takes a Leading Role in Molecular Research
		In the case of regulatory RNA, the RNA transcript of a gene is processed by a baroquely named troika of enzymes known as Dicer, Slicer and Argonaute, the end result being a slew of short fragments of RNA some 20 or so units in length.
		Regulatory RNA, particularly silencing RNA, is active in eggs and sperm, presumably because it is needed to guard the heirloom DNA from viruses and other elements that might subvert it.
		Martienssen and others reported evidence that the RNA transcripts from the silencing genes seem to stay in place on the DNA and recruit enzymes that are known to set switches on the chromatin, turning it into the closed form.
	anti-ageing.us /2006/06/dna-or-rna-versatile-player-takes.html (1736 words)

	09-19-02 IT'S A SMALL RNA WORLD, AFTER ALL
		And in translation, the messenger RNA is decoded, resulting in the production of a protein made from some combination of 20 amino acids.
		Micro-RNAs are actually produced by the transcription of tiny genes, in regions of the genome that were previously thought to be vacant or useless DNA.
		In the latest advance made by the OSU researchers, micro-RNAs in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana were found to destroy messenger RNAs instead of blocking its function, by literally cutting it in half.
	oregonstate.edu /dept/ncs/newsarch/2002/Sep02/micro.htm (920 words)

	micro-RNA's
		It seemed quite a surprise in January 2002 that cells were reported to be filled with various RNA's that are not translated (ref).
		Of that 80% is ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and 15% is amino-acid transfer RNA (tRNA).
		Nucleic acids initially were isolated using the "phenol method" invented by Gierer and Schramm (ref), who used their method for that milestone work showing that the RNA inside of TMV (tobacco mossaic virus) was the genetic material.
	www.science-projects.com /microRNA.htm (1378 words)

	Pharmaceutical RNA glossary
		RNA- RNA interactions are at the very core of the complex process of RNA processing -- not only as substrate, but in structural and catalytic roles as well.
		Ribosomal RNA, RNA molecules which are essential structural and functional components of ribosomes, the subcellular units responsible for protein synthesis.
		Structural genomics of RNA will be most interesting when integrated with experimental and computational methods for identifying novel RNA genes and determining their biological relevance: an approach defined previously as 'ribonomics' [11].
	www.genomicglossaries.com /content/RNA.asp (5124 words)

	Sick of Doctors .com The Healing Truth about modern medicine
		Many scientists theorize that RNA interference is a protective mechanism against viruses, which sometimes create double-strand RNA when they replicate.
		When double-strand RNA is detected, an enzyme called dicer, discovered at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island, chops the double-strand RNA into shorter pieces of about 21 to 23 bases.
		Even more roles for small RNA are being found: in yeast, for example, small RNA's bind to chromosomes to shut down genes more permanently than can be done by stifling messenger RNA.
	www.sickofdoctors.addr.com /articles/rna_messenger3.htm (953 words)

	ScienCentral Video News: Tiny Genes, Big Role
		Instead they create tiny pieces of RNA, and genetics researchers are only beginning to figure out what these so-called "micro RNA (miRNA) genes" do.
		"Micro RNAs regulate a large number of genes and…they act to define the expression of genes within each cell type," says co-author Jason Johnson, Director of Genomics at Rosetta, which is a subsidiary of Merck pharmaceutical company.
		"You could imagine transferring a micro RNA into a tumor, for example, and…because it is such a precise regulator of gene expression, you could imagine having it control the gene expression within a tumor and thereby restrict the growth of that tumor," says Johnson.
	www.sciencentral.com /articles/view.php3?language=english&type=&article_id=218392523 (856 words)

	RNA Extraction
		Can be used to isolate RNA from tissues and cells, including plant, animal and yeast cells and protozoa.
		Yields total RNA suitable for direct use in Northern blot hybridizations and in vitro translation, or as starting material for purification of mRNA for cDNA synthesis.
		Add another 100 ml of RNA Wash Buffer Concentrate to the column and centrifuge at full speed in a microfuge (>10,000 rpm) for 2 minutes (longer centrifugation times may be necessary to remove residual wash buffer.
	arrayit.com /Products/Labeling_Kits/RNA_Extraction/rna_extraction.html (743 words)

	Department of Developmental Biology
		Two research projects are conducted in the laboratory including (i) the study of the function of the histone-acetyltransferase (HAT) P/CAF and its role in the genetic and epigenetic control of the development and (ii) the analysis of the mechanisms of post-transcriptional silencing by double-stranded RNAs and micro-RNAs.
		The localisation of these variants to the polytene chromosomes, as well as their ability to rescue the Pcaf loss of function are currently under investigation.
		RNA interference (RNAi) designates the process by which double-stranded RNAs induce the specific degradation of their complementary mRNAs.
	www.pasteur.fr /recherche/departements/DepBiodev/anto.html (662 words)

	Jennifer A. Doudna
		RNA molecules are uniquely capable of encoding and controlling the expression of genetic information, often as a consequence of their three-dimensional structures.
		In prokaryotes, the SRP consists of one protein (Ffh) and one RNA molecule (4.5S RNA), and both are required for SRP activity.
		The RNA sequence corresponding to the Ffh-binding site has been maintained through evolution and is virtually identical in organisms from the three kingdoms of life—bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.
	www.hhmi.org /research/investigators/doudna.html (884 words)

	IOPO - Indiana Organ Donation Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In this scheme, RNA, a sort of chemical cousin of DNA, acted mainly as a messenger dispatched by DNA to carry the recipe for a protein to the cell's protein-making machinery.
		These RNA snippets, made up of only 20 to 25 letters of the genetic code, help control the activity of genes that make proteins.
		They are synthesizing short pieces of RNA and using them to turn off genes in animals and cells as a way to determine the genes' functions.
	www.iopo.org /news_detail.asp?ID=800 (747 words)

	Isis Pharmaceuticals Broadens Micro-RNA Drug Discovery Program With Support From Singapore Economic Development Board
		Since micro-RNA molecules are short strands of RNA, by their very nature they are ideal targets for antisense drugs.
		Micro-RNA molecules are approximately 22 nucleotides in length, and are derived from larger segments of "precursor" RNA.
		About Antisense Technology Antisense inhibitors (antisense drugs) work at the molecular level by binding to messenger RNA to interrupt the process by which disease-related proteins are produced.
	www.prnewswire.com /cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=105&STORY=/www/story/11-03-2003/0002050231 (1233 words)

	Rolling Circle Amplification of Micro-RNA Sample, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Large tissue samples or cultured cells readily yield 10 micrograms of RNA; however, total RNA in a single cell is estimated to be less than 1 picogram.
		Today, two methods are being used to amplify small RNA samples, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in vitro transcription cycles.
		Steven Potter of the Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, the present invention provides a method for amplifying an RNA that is well suited for use with minute amounts of template RNA.
	www.cincinnatichildrens.org /research/administration/ipvd/licensing/proprietary/rolling-circular-amp.htm (463 words)

	ScienCentral Video News: Drug Discovery
		Each micro RNA can control many other genes in our bodies, including many disease genes.
		While scientists suspect that some micro RNA's play a role in causing cancers and viral infections, most of their functions are still a mystery.
		While testing an antagomir specifically targeted at a micro RNA found in high levels in the liver, they noticed that the mice's blood cholesterol level dropped.
	www.sciencentral.com /articles/view.php3?type=article&article_id=218392683 (710 words)

	Micro-RNAs: small is plentiful -- Grosshans and Slack 156 (1): 17 -- The Journal of Cell Biology
		For lin-4 and let-7, which are shown here, the mature RNA is released from the 5' arm of the precursor; however, miRNAs have been identified in which the 3' arm (or even both arms) is stable.
		Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells.
		A bulged lin-4/lin-14 RNA duplex is sufficient for Caenorhabditis elegans lin-14 temporal gradient formation.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/156/1/17 (3405 words)

	Science decoding DNA's poor cousin / RNA found to be more than just a messenger
		In a paper published in the journal Nature this month, Ruvkun and his colleagues at Harvard and Massachusetts General Hospital used RNA interference to turn off almost all of a worm's genes, one at a time, to discover those linked to obesity.
		When a protein is to be made, the DNA is copied onto a corresponding piece of single- stranded RNA, known as messenger RNA, that delivers the recipe to the cell's protein-making machinery.
		RNA can fold into three-dimensional shapes that can bind to something like a protein by shape, as a key fits in a lock.
	sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/01/27/MN117643.DTL (1610 words)

	Isis Pharmaceuticals \| Antisense Mechanisms
		An antisense mechanism is defined as the process in which an antisense inhibitor binds (hybridizes) to a target RNA to form a duplex.
		The non-coding regions, called introns, must be deleted from the RNA strand.
		The process that removes these regions and reforms the finished RNA is called splicing.
	www.isispharm.com /antisenseMechanisms.html (661 words)

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