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Topic: Microbats

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	Microbat
		All these names are somewhat inaccurate, because not all microbats feed on insects, and some of them are larger than small megabats.
		The ears of microbats don't form a closed ring, but the edges are separated from each other at the base of the ear
		Microbats lack the underfur; they have only guard hairs[?] or are naked
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/mi/Microbat.html (409 words)

	Bat
		The microbats use an echolocation organ to orientate themselves.
		Young microbats become independent at the age of 6 to 8 weeks, megabats not until they are four months old.
		Megabats eat fruit, while microbats eat mainly insects, and often rely on echolocation for navigation and finding prey.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ba/Bat.html (962 words)

	Microbat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Microbats that feed on the blood of large mammals (vampire bats) exist in South America.
		The only megabat which is known to echolocate is the genus Rousettus, which uses a different method of echolocation than that used by microbats.
		Microbats generate ultrasound via the larynx and emit the sound through the nose or the open mouth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Microbat (368 words)

	The Adventures of Simion Lonewolf - an online novel by Paul A. Hinchberger III
		Bats are believed to have originated in a warm climate, probably in the early Eocene geologic epoch (the oldest known fossil bat, Icaronycteris index, is about 60 million years old), and the center of their distribution and abundance remains the tropical and subtropical areas.
		The smallest microbat, Pipistrellus nanus of Central Africa, is only 4 cm (1.5 in) long, has a wingspan of only 12.5 cm (about 5 in), and weighs less than 4 g (0.14 oz), making it one of the tiniest of mammals.
		The differences between microbats and megabats are sufficient, in fact, to suggest that they are of different evolutionary origin, with the megabats appearing much more recently than the microbats.
	www.furryfiction.com /animals/f_w/bats.php (1569 words)

	microbats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Microbats (microchiropterans) are small bats found all over the world, including the U.S. There are at least 4 types of bats in California.
		Microbats have very poor eyesight and use highly sophisticated echolocation, or radar, to find their food.
		Microbats also can live in trees, buildings and houses if the temperature is between 80 and 90 degrees.
	projects.edtech.sandi.net /chavez/batquest/microbats.html (144 words)

	[No title]
		Microbats detect their prey using echolocation; most megabats cannot echolocate but have highly developed eyesight.
		The smallest microbat, Craseonycteris thonglongyai, weighs from 1.8 to 2.0 g (0.063 to 0.071 oz) and has a wingspan of about 16 cm (6.3 in).
		In other families of microbats, such as the Vespertilionidae and the Noctilionidae, bats are fish eaters.
	www.geocities.com /kd7krh/text/bats.txt (1028 words)

	All Bats Do Not Look Alike
		Microbats is the larger bat group consisting of over 700 species that are found in the Americas and throughout Asia, Europe, Africa, and Australia.
		The wing area of microbats is smaller than their body size.
		But within the two main groups, the microbats and the megabats there are similarities that make them apart of that particular group.
	wings.avkids.com /Curriculums/Bats/all_bats.html (670 words)

	Lubee Bat Conservancy :: Fruit & Nectar Bats :: Biology
		The microbats are typically insectivorous (although a few have adopted a diverse range of diets that include blood, fish and nectar) with flattened snouts and sharp, W-shaped cusped teeth characteristic of their insectivorous ancestry.
		Microbats are found all over the world but the Megachiroptera are only found in the Old World tropics.
		Microbats also possess a tragus (a small structure inside the ear), which the Pteropodidae lack (Altringham, 1996).
	www.lubee.org /about-biology.aspx (1288 words)

	UCR: Evolution of Bats Probed in Genetic Study
		And, the microbats have the unique ability to navigate and locate insect prey using echolocation, or sonar, to emit high-frequency sound waves from the larynx and listen for the returning echoes.
		The traditional scientific view has held that the evolution of flight in bats can be traced to flying lemurs, nocturnal tree-dwelling mammals about the size of cats that glide from tree to tree thanks to a fold of skin from their neck to tail that is use d like a parachute.
		It had been thought that all microbats were each other's closest relatives and that all megabats were each other's closest relatives based on similar body features, called morphology by scientists, Springer said.
	www.newsroom.ucr.edu /cgi-bin/display.cgi?id=444 (764 words)

	Flying Microbats \| Science and Technology \| BBC World Service
		The Microbat is the work of a team from the California Institute of Technology and the company Aerovironment.
		The power behind the Microbat comes from a 1.5 volt nickel cadmium battery, similar to that used in many small electronic devices, and the motor is taken from a pager.
		The pitfalls of the Microbat as a free-flight machine are evident, but the work to date has convinced them of the feasibility of the basic design and concept.
	www.bbc.co.uk /worldservice/sci_tech/highlights/000804_microbats.shtml (869 words)

	Megabats and Microbats--Science: Grades 1-3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Microbats are generally smaller than megabats with wingspans up to five inches (13cm).
		As your students research bats, ask them to identify whether the bats are megabats or microbats.
		Determine if the bats that live in your area are megabats, microbats, or both.
	www.teachercreated.com /lessons/010216ps.shtml (314 words)

	New Bush Telegraph (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Microbats are insectivorous, which means they predominantly feed on insects, catching and eating their prey in flight.
		Some microbat species forage on nectar of flowers, a few are predators of terrestrial mammals, aquatic invertebrates and even other bats.
		Microbats forage across a variety of habitats including rainforest, wet and dry sclerophyll forests, littoral forest, shrubland and swampy habitats.
	www.shoalhaven.net.au /inews/nbt78/bat.html (1076 words)

	Catalyst: Microbats - ABC TV Science
		Microbats make up a quarter of all mammal species native to Australia, yet few of us have ever seen one.
		Microbats on the other hand have body lengths as small as 4cm, small enough to fit in a matchbox.
		So it probably is not that important especially when you know there’s a 100 units of bat activity here and a thousand here, it’s still going to tell you what’s happening out there to some extent even if you can’t work out the number of individuals that represents.
	www.abc.net.au /catalyst/stories/s1603936.htm (1230 words)

	Murciélagos de la Patagonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Microbats use highly sophisticated echolocation for orientation; megabats orient primarily using their eyes (members of one genus are capable of a primitive form of echolocation).
		Megabats have claws on the second digits supporting their wings (with one exception); this is never the case in microbats.
		Microbats often have dilambdodont dentition or cheek teeth whose morphology can easily be related to dilambdodont teeth; megabats have simplified cheek teeth that are difficult to interpret.
	www.peninsulavaldes.org /patagonia/animals/mammals/murcielago.htm (2019 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		It is divided into 2 suborders, Megachiroptera (“larger bats”; or “megabats”;) and Microchiroptera (“smaller bats”; or “microbats”), and 17 families.
		All megabats and some families of microbats are confined to the eastern hemisphere; other microbats are confined to the western hemisphere, and a few families are worldwide in distribution.
		Members of only four families, all of them microbats, live in temperate regions, and the number of resident species diminishes poleward.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/animals/bat.html (1525 words)

	EBSCOhost
		Thus, if megabats and microbats evolved flight independently, then their evolution would be an important lesson of how similar selection pressures produce similar morphologies apparently because of historical constraints inherent to their common mammalian origin.
		In microbats, the propatagial muscle complex typically has just two origins (Strickler 1978): one from the back of the head and one from the chest (the latter is absent in the microbat shown in Figure 4).
		Two characteristics of the propatagial muscle complex occur in all microbats and megabats: the origin from the back of the skull and the dose association of the cephalic vein with the muscle.
	www.life.umd.edu /faculty/wilkinson/honr278c/PDF/Thewissen92.html (4459 words)

	Wild Birds and Gardens Fair Oaks, CA 95628
		Microbats have large ears in relation to their eyes, rely on echolocation to find their food, and are found worldwide, except in the Antarctic.
		Because microbats mate in the fall but do not become pregnant until spring, scientists have used certain bat hormones for birth control studies.
		Along with megabats, microbats that live in the tropics and eat fruit and drink nectar provide the environment with a never-ending supply of genetic diversity, regeneration of rain forest trees, and the pollination of key plant species.
	www.wildbirdsac.com /bat_info.html (1167 words)

	The Virtual Zoo: Bats
		Bats are believed to have originated in a warm climate, probably in the early Eocene epoch (the oldest known fossil bat is about 60 million years old), and the center of their distribution and abundance remains the tropical and subtropical areas.
		The smallest microbat, Kitti's hog-nosed bat of western Thailand, is only 2.9 to 3.3 cm (1.1 to 1.3 in) long and weighs about 2 g (0.07 oz), making it one of the tiniest of mammals.
		All microbats navigate--and most insectivorous species also target their prey--by echolocation.
	library.thinkquest.org /11922/mammals/bats.htm (1482 words)

	Source Book of Flying Primates:
		This paper also establishes the range of visual ability amongst microbats and therefore the validity of comparisons between the ghost bat (with the highest visual acuity of any microbat) and flying foxes.
		Protein sequence data from haemoglobin, while not resolving the issue, are consistent with polyphyletic origins of bats and presage the difficulties with the interpretation of molecular data that are to come.
		The magnitude of the underestimate is proportional to the degree of AT bias in the microbat member of the pair, since AT bias varies considerably in microbats.
	www.uq.edu.au /nuq/jack/Flying-Primate-Sourcebook.htm (1936 words)

	Short-tailed leaf-nosed bat
		There are many differences between microbats and megabats.
		Microbats have complex and sometimes large pinnae, or ears, while megabats have simple external ears.
		This may be explained by the fact that microbats can utilize echolocation to search for food, while megabats cannot.
	www.nashvillezoo.org /bats.htm (1391 words)

	CSIRO TFRC project: Spectacled Flying Foxes: Solutions for Management
		Echolocation is used by Microbats, and involves the projection of sound at frequencies outside the human hearing range.
		The sound emitted by Microbats is used for navigation – they interpret sound waves that bounce back from prey and objects nearby.
		Microbats have specialised ears for catching and processing the sound waves (or echoes).Many species also have elaborate nostrils that alter the sound as it is emitted.
	www.tfrc.csiro.au /research/flyingfox/ff2.html (1176 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Microbats eat a wide range of food: most are carnivores, mostly insects, but they include fruit eaters, and bizarre specialists like the infamous Vampire Bat.
		So a Microbat usually has small eyes, and weird fleshy growths on its nose to send out ultrasonic pulses and oversized ears to receive the echoes.
		Microbats are more widely distributed and have a wider range of forms than any other mammal order.
	www.szgdocent.org /resource/ff/f-batgen.htm (1624 words)

	Mic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		They are found all over the world, including the U.S. Some have really weird structures on their faces.
		Most microbats are small bats and eat insects.
		The biggest population of Microbats are the red bats.
	www.pawpaw.k12.mi.us /cedarstreet/0kidkorner/bbarnes/mic.htm (115 words)

	Microbat paraphyly and the convergent evolution of a key innovation in Old World rhinolophoid microbats -- Teeling et ...
		Microbat paraphyly and the convergent evolution of a key innovation in Old World rhinolophoid microbats -- Teeling et al.
		Microbat monophyly was not well supported (range = 0-24%; mean = 6%; posterior probability = 0.000; Table 2).
		The inability of morphological data to recover microbat paraphyly may be affected by outgroup choice.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/3/1431 (3894 words)

	Life History and Ecology of the Chiroptera
		Many of these microbats feed on insects, using their echolocation ability to find flying or crawling insects and their superb flying skills to catch them.
		Like their fruitbat cousins, these bats may occasionally damage crops or gardens, but on the whole play a beneficial role in transporting seeds and in pollinating several species of plants.
		Bats are remarkably long-lived for their size; both fruitbats and microbats have been known to live for over 20 years.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /mammal/eutheria/chirolh.html (609 words)

	Implications for Bat Evolution from Two New Complete Mitochondrial Genomes -- Lin and Penny 18 (4): 684 -- Molecular ...
		Even the relationship between microbats and megabats is uncertain.
		In this analysis, the monophyly of the two microbats is supported, irrespective of the weighting of constant sites.
		In the bottom figure of C, the three front signals are for bats closer to ferungulates than moles (option F in table 1), bats and moles forming a sister group (option E), and moles closer to ferungulates (option G).
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/18/4/684 (2495 words)

	Australian Wildlife Cam - a Gould Group initiative
		Microbats roost during the day in tree hollows, under bark and in crevices in wood.
		Some microbats will share their roost with other species of microbat, or even with other creatures.
		Microbats rotate around a number of roost sites scattered throughout a set roost area.
	www.gould.edu.au /wildlifecams/info_page.asp?id=wattled_bat (607 words)

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