
	Where results make sense

Topic: Microbial Pathogens

	Detection and Identification of Previously Unrecognized Microbial Pathogens
		Microbial virulence is a phenotype whose genetic basis is rapidly being revealed.
		Microbial remnants and cryptic genomic fragments may not be so uncommon within the human genome; for example, approximately 1% of the human genome is retrovirus sequence (39).
		Sequence-based identification of microbial pathogens: a reconsideration of Koch's postulates.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol4no3/relman.htm (4406 words)

	Immune Defense against Microbial Pathogens
		However, even if pathogens evade or overcome the relatively nonspecific constitutive defenses, they may yet be detected and attacked by the more specific inducible defenses, once they have developed.
		On re-exposure to microbial antigens (secondary exposure to antigen), there is an accelerated immunological response, the secondary or memory response.
		Pathogenic bacteria that multiply outside of cells (nearly all bacteria) at sights accessible to antibody, phagocytes and complement, can be stopped by the forces of AMI.
	textbookofbacteriology.net /immune.html (8101 words)

	Innate Immunity to Microbial Pathogens
		Certain animals may lack an appropriate target cell or specific type of cell receptor for the toxin to bind to, and may therefore be nonsusceptible to the activity of the toxin.
		These include neutrophils (phagocytes which engulf and destroy the microbes); macrophages and lymphocytes which are the cells necessary to initiate immunological responses against the pathogen; pre-existing antibodies which can neutralize microbial pathogens or their toxins; and plasma components such as lysozyme, complement and fibrin, which have a variety of antimicrobial activities.
		By 10 to 30 minutes after ingestion many pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria are killed followed by lysis and digestion of the bacteria by lysosomal enzymes.
	www.bact.wisc.edu /themicrobialworld/immuno1.html (4739 words)

	New Methods For Identification and Detection of Microbial Pathogens
		Cultivation-based methods limited to pathogens with known growth requirements.
		Rapid, automated identification of known microbial pathogens on routine basis.
		More rapid and sensitive detection and identification of emerging, novel microbial pathogens (via active surveillance network?).
	www.nfid.org /factsheets/microbial.html (269 words)

	Biotrophic plant pathogens (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Quite a lot of plant-pathogenic fungi establish a long-term feeding relationship with the living cells of their hosts, rather than killing the host cells as part of the infection process.
		These pathogens are termed biotrophic [from the Greek: bios = life, trophy = feeding].
		The powdery mildew pathogens are in the fungal group Ascomycota (ascus-forming fungi).
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/biotroph.htm (1591 words)

	ARROYO: Microbes Increasingly Viewed as Water Quality Threat
		Microbial pathogens or contaminants in drinking water are being blamed for various gastrointestinal illnesses that have occurred in different parts of the country.
		Also emerging is the field of environmental microbiology, as new microbial pathogens are being discovered and research is underway to develop improved methods for detecting and treating microbials in drinking water.
		Pathogenic microbes are increasingly in the news lately, with accounts of tainted meat, infected vegetables and contaminated water appearing fairly regularly.
	ag.arizona.edu /AZWATER/arroyo/102micro.html (7264 words)

	Microbial Pathogens - Childrens Hospital Los Angeles CA
		Director: Wilbert Mason, M.D. The Microbial Pathogen Initiative is comprised of a group of researchers engaged in basic, translational and clinical investigations on the pathogenesis, immunology and clinical diagnosis and management of microbial pathogens in pediatrics.
		The scientific focus is complementing and simultaneous studies on the genomics and proteonomics on infectious pathogens in the patient populations found at Childrens Hospital Los Angeles.
		The investigators in the Microbial Pathogens Initiative have continued to develop complementing basic, translational and clinical research activities in collaboration amongst themselves and with investigators at numerous other institutions.
	www.childrenshospitalla.org /12997.cfm (579 words)

	Microbial Diversity Research Priorities - A Working Document for Multi-Agency Consideration
		Microbial diversity includes a vast array of organisms and suggests a spectrum of studies that are of importance for many national purposes.
		Integral to studies in microbial genome research is the accumulation, analysis and communication of information about genomes, and the collection, definition and preservation of genetic stocks allowing comparison of genetic diversity to be made and subsequently utilized in applied research.
		Measurement of microbial diversity could be predictive of changes in populations that have resulted in serious threats to human, plant and animal health such as the outbreak of Cryptosporidium infections in Milwaukee.
	www.asm.org /Policy/index.asp?bid=18676 (2802 words)

	BIOL 584 - Course overview (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Microbial resistance to antibiotics developed faster than new antibiotics could be made available, and the resistance spread throughout the microbial world.
		Simultaneously, emerging microbial pathogens filled new ecological niches, such as indwelling medical devices that provide a surface for biofilms and the growing population of patients who are immunocompromised due to primary infections such as HIV or due to therapies for chronic diseases.
		BIOL 584 is an upper division course that will focus on mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis, the host response to microbial pathogens, and the scientific approaches that are used to understand microbial pathogenesis.
	www.sci.sdsu.edu /~smaloy/BIOL584/584-general/584-overview.html (523 words)

	Microbial Pathogens and On-Site Soil Treatment Systems
		The greatest removal of pathogens from STE occurs in the biological mat or clogging zone at the interface of the trench was and the soil.
		Microbial attachment of soil may be through adsorption or adhesion due to sticky coatings or cellular appendages (Gerba, 1984).
		Pathogens entrained in or attached to the matrix may be consumed or out competed for nutrients by the established microflora (Gerba, 1984).
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /plymouth/septic/98meschke.html (1782 words)

	ARS Food Safety, (animal and plant products) National Program (108) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		However, control of zoonotic pathogens is both a pre- and a post-harvest concern for foods of plant origin, and these enteric pathogens may be carried on fruits and vegetables in sufficient numbers to cause human illness, particularly those food products that are consumed without a microbiological killing step.
		Research is conducted to identify and quantify the pathogens in both animal fluids and tissues, and in their environment; to establish the ecology and epidemiology of the pathogens; to delineate the host-pathogen relationship of these zoonotic pathogens in food producing animals; and to develop effective interventions that can be easily instituted by the livestock producer.
		Additionally, quantitative measurements of pathogens on all food types are needed to provide data to carry out risk assessment, to develop and validate predictive microbial models, and to identify areas where interventions are most critically needed.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/programs/programs.htm?np_code=108&docid=278&page=3 (2957 words)

	Evolution of Microbial Pathogens \| CDC EID
		The 14 chapters are grouped into 3 broad sections: general concepts in microbial evolution, environment and the evolution of microbial pathogens, and the evolution of selected pathogenic species and mechanisms.
		The first is an overall evolutionary framework of the distribution of microbial pathogens on the phylogenetic tree.
		Therefore, the spatial and temporal patterns of distribution of microbial pathogens within a species and at the species level across the globe are highly relevant to the evolution of microbial pathogens.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol12no08/06-0579.htm (717 words)

	Interactions with microbial pathogens
		Microbes that are not pathogenic to mammals, such as the insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis and the nematode-specific Microbacterium nematophilum, are also studied with C.
		Microbial mechanisms to fend off nematodes - and perhaps even turn the animals into the microbe's food - must be of equally ancient origin.
		Pathogenic bacteria produce a wide variety of effectors that act on the host, and often the targets have conserved eukaryotic functions.
	www.wormbook.org /chapters/www_intermicrobpath/intermicrobpath.html (6783 words)

	Yale Microbiology - Section of Microbial Pathogenesis
		The scientific focus of the Section is the study of microbial pathogens using multidisciplinary approaches.
		Specific areas of interest include mechanisms of pathogen internalization and survival within host cells, modulation of antigen presentation and host cell signal transduction by microbial pathogens, bacterial protein secretion, and development of antigen delivery systems for multivalent vaccines.
		Increasingly, microbial pathogens are becoming extremely useful biological probes to understand basic cellular functions.
	info.med.yale.edu /micropath/index.html (233 words)

	MDBP \| Safewater Home \| Water \| US EPA
		In many cases, source water from a lake, river, reservoir or ground water aquifer needs to be disinfected to inactivate (or kill) microbial pathogens.
		Microbial pathogens include a few types of bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and other organisms.
		It is important to provide protection from microbial pathogens while simultaneously minimizing health risks to the population from disinfection byproducts.
	www.epa.gov /safewater/disinfection (692 words)

	Pacific Research Center for Marine Biomedicine
		As a working hypothesis, accept the principle of microbial ecology, which states that microbial populations and microbial processes in environmental waters are controlled by environmental conditions and when there is a significant change in the environment (tropical versus temperate climate), the sources, survival and fates of the microbial populations will change.
		Recognizing that recovery of pathogens from coastal waters may not be sufficient to conclude that human infections are transmitted by coastal waters, a comparison (physiological, immunological, genetic) will be made between the pathogens recovered from coastal waters with those recovered from human infections along with incidence of infections by these pathogens among human populations.
		Characterize the relationships between indicators of pathogens and pathogens recovered from coastal waters with those recovered from clinical samples for the purpose of establishing reliable water quality guidelines for tropical waters.
	www.prcmb.hawaii.edu /p2.asp (1515 words)

	Interagency Report on the Federal Investment in Microbial Genomics
		Given that the most primitive surviving lifeforms are microbial, and that microbes have played a dominant role in the evolution of the terrestrial biosphere for the past 4 billion years, it is reasonable to assume that microorganisms exist in other locations within the space environment.
		Not only will knowing all of the genes in a pathogen allow the identification of novel therapeutic and vaccine targets, but this information can be used to identify novel types of antibiotics or growth regulators that normally function to control the growth of organisms in mixed microbial communities.
		NSF’s interest in microbial genomics parallels its support of microbiological research, including plant-associated microbes, microbes of interest in basic research, microbes that occupy critical or compelling environmental or evolutionary niches, microbes developed for metabolic engineering, and microbes that are models for the higher eukaryotic systems supported by NSF, such as plants.
	www.ostp.gov /html/microbial/2000microbial/nsf00203_1.htm (10122 words)

	New light on the role of microbial pathogens in atherosclerosis
		Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in industrialized countries (32% of all deaths in France, for example), and atherosclerosis is often the underlying process.
		Genetic and environmental factors (such as smoking, obesity, hypertension and high cholesterol levels) are known to play a role in atherosclerosis, but various lines of evidence also suggest that microbial pathogens are involved in the formation of atheroma plaque (i.e.
		Alain Tedgui, Ziad Mallat (Inserm unit 141, headed by Bernard Lévy) and their coworkers found that microbial pathogens induced atherosclerosis in experimental mice when an antiinflammatory cytokine, interleukin 10 (IL-10), was lacking.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1999-10/FNIf-Nlot-151099.php (504 words)

	New center to study deadly microbial pathogens
		Pathogenic microbes threaten human health worldwide, because these hardy organisms easily spread between countries and have the potential to evolve faster than treatments can be devised to combat them.
		The University of Washington already has considerable strength in the functional, structural, and chemical genomics of microbial pathogens, Wilson says.
		Pathogenic protozoa: Trypanosomes (which cause African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease in the Americas), Plasmodium (which causes malaria), and Leishmania take a staggering toll in developing nations.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-03/uow-nct030602.php (549 words)

	United-Tech, Inc. - Bacterial Pathogens - aquaculture supply waste water sludge Biodegradable product oil spill ...
		Second, the presence of virulent pathogens at a particular site is the result of prior human or animal vector contact and is not initiated through bioremediation practice.
		Third, pathogens that may reside in soils and groundwater at a particular site are not stimulated through application of United-Tech, Inc. bioremediation technology, because their basic nutritional requirements cannot be provided there.
		Farming also uses the excrement of domestic animal for soil conditioning and to stimulate the growth of soil microbes for nutrient transport and cycling.
	www.united-tech.com /pathogens.html (305 words)

	-- UCSF Immunology -- (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Brown lab studies the interaction of the model pathogen Mycobacterium marinum with macrophages.
		The Engel lab is interested in the interactions between microbial pathogens and host cells.
		We use a variety of microbial pathogens, including Leishmania, Listeria and Nippostrongylus, to model the acquisition of stable cytokine phenotypes by helper T cells in vivo.
	www.ucsf.edu /immuno/faculty/MicroPath.htm (683 words)

	Pathogen Sequencing Unit
		The Pathogen Sequencing Unit aims to sequence the genomes of organisms relevant to human and animal health.
		In 1995 the Wellcome Trust took the decision to set up a Pathogen Sequencing Unit (PSU) at what was then the Sanger Centre, to sequence the genomes of organisms relevant to human and animal health.
		The teams were based on those that were involved in the sequencing of the yeast genome and in addition to pathogen sequencing we still maintain an interest in sequencing the genomes of model organisms.
	www.sanger.ac.uk /Projects/Pathogens (560 words)

	Host specificity of microbial pathogens
		A persistent problem in pathogenic microbiology is poor understanding of the basis of host specificity, that is, what factors determine the taxonomic range of hosts that can be infected by a specific pathogenic microbe?
		This is a fundamental question that relates both to the co-evolution of host susceptibility and pathogen virulence, as well as to the factors underlying the emergence of new pathogens which originate in animal species and spread to humans.
		The question of how bacterial pathogens evolve and adapt to new hosts is crucial to understanding the fundamental basis for the origin of infectious diseases as well as the emergence of new pathogens.
	www.cmp.msu.edu /resarea_hostspec.htm (306 words)

	IWA Publishing - Water books, journals, & reports -Catalogue -Microbial Waterborne Pathogens (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Of concern are the so-called new emerging pathogens, contributing to water borne disease, one of the biggest human tragedies, killing more than 5 million people each year.
		Microbial Waterborne Pathogens provides up-to-date coverage of waterborne microbial pathogens including traditional and emerging pathogens and the latest molecular detection techniques.
		Microbial Waterborne Pathogens provides students, academics and practitioners with a complete reference book on the microbiological quality and safety of potable water.
	www.iwapublishing.com /template.cfm?name=isbn1843390558 (333 words)

	The cell biology of microbial infections: coming of age -- Galán 158 (3): 387 -- The Journal of Cell Biology (Site not responding. Last check: )
		for microbial pathogens that have sustained a long-standing
		of microbial pathogens for the sole purpose of injecting bacterial
		The resilience of this pathogen is due to its remarkable ability
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/158/3/387 (1090 words)

	Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response
		Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Resp...
		Knowing neither geographic nor political borders, often arriving silently and lethally, microbial pathogens constitute a grave threat to the health of humans.
		It examines the spectrum of microbial threats, factors in disease emergence, and the ultimate capacity of the United States to meet the challenges posed by microbial threats to human health.
	books.nap.edu /catalog/10636.html (645 words)

	Barrow Company
		To meet these objectives, the wastewater should be pretreated to remove a high percent of solids and to disinfect microbial pathogens.
		The advantages of the land disposal system is its use for tracts of land where soil and/or solid rock completely prohibits lateral fields and its elimination of wastewater directly to the stream or the groundwater of buffer zones to prevent direct or indirect contact with the sprayed aerosols.
		Buffer zones around the land application area are necessary to prevent microbial pathogens from affecting the homeowner or nearby activities, and also to dilute potential runoff from the land application area to a nearby creek.
	www.barrowcompany.com /systems/sys8.html (355 words)

	Products: The Way Up Acidophilus Complex Non-Dairy Capsules - The Way Up
		This is accomplished by changing the local level of acidity and depriving the unfriendly pathogenic bacteria of nutrients they need to live.
		acidophilus, L.rhamnosus by virtue of its action in inhibiting gastrointestinal and urinary tract pathogens may help reduce the occurrence of diarrhea as well as urinary and vaginal infections.
		Improved calcium metabolism has been shown to be related to the prevention of osteoporosis and better bone and tooth development.
	www.thewayup.com /products/0108.cfm (579 words)

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