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Topic: Microcystin

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	NTP: Blue-Green Algae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Microcystin toxicity is cumulative; a single oral dose showed no increase in liver weight, whereas the same dose applied daily over 7 days caused an 84 percent increase in liver weight (WHO, 1998).
		Microcystins and nodularin, isolated from toxic blue-green algae have been shown to be potent and selective inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A in the livers of rainbow trout administered cyanobacteria orally, in a cytosolic fraction of mouse liver, and in rat liver.
		Microcystins LR, YR, and RR bind to and inhibit protein phosphatases 1 and 2A with the same potencies as okadaic acid,.
	ntp.niehs.nih.gov /index.cfm?objectid=03DC4871-F3BF-8447-BDCC0371C101CAFE (2941 words)

	Molecular Ecology
		Microcystin, a worldwide common cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, was the first metabolite whose nonribosomal biosynthesis could be confirmed by knock-out mutagenesis.
		We observed a reception of microcystin depending on light conditions and cell density and an autoinduction of microcystin biosynthesis genes.
		We are currently investigating the complement of proteins regulated by a microcystin signal and we are keen to understand the role these processes in the freshwater ecosystems.
	www.biologie.hu-berlin.de /~moloeko/Research.html (291 words)

	Die Deutsche Amalgam-Page, Algen - Gefahr durch Toxine, http://www.ariplex.com/ama/ama_alge.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Microcystins were determined in the source water from all the seven waterworks, and the concentrations ranged from 280 to 35,300 ng/L. Low concentrations of microcystins were also detected in the tap water of three waterworks.
		Microcystins are hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides and are presumed to be synthesized non-ribosomally by peptide synthetases.
		Microcystin was found in the particulate phase (algae); and in the dissolved phase (water) with maximum concentrations of 414 micrograms g freeze-dried algal material-1 and 141 micrograms l-1 lake water, respectively.
	www.ariplex.com /ama/ama_alge.htm (16652 words)

	Microcystins: essential data
		Microcystins are hepatotoxic, causing necrosis and pooling of blood in the liver with the organ gaining up to 100% of its normal weight.
		Microcystins are stable in water, air and strong sunlight.
		Microcystins also activate the enzyme phosphorylase b, which plays a very important role in the affairs of the hepatocyte.
	www.cbwinfo.com /Biological/Toxins/Microcystins.html (487 words)

	Saline Systems \| Full text \| Cyanobacteria toxins in the Salton Sea
		This background data formed the basis for the hypothesis of this project: Microcystins contribute to the eared grebe mortalities on the Salton Sea and that a significant source of organism(s) producing microcystins is to be found in the picoplankton.
		Microcystins were detected by ELISA in the majority of liver and intestine samples from grebes collected due to morbidity or mortality.
		Although the concentration of microcystins in the water samples and in strain isolates of cyanobacteria were not high enough to account for acute lethal toxicity, levels in grebe livers often did suggest acute or acute lethal toxicity could occur.
	www.salinesystems.org /content/2/1/5 (5739 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Other microcystins are characterized largely by variation in the degree of methylation; amino acid 3 has been found to be D–aspartic acid, replacing β–methylaspartic acid and amino acid 7 to be dehydroalanine, replacing N– methyldehydroalanine (An and Carmichael, 1994; Trogen et al., 1996).
		Microcystin targets the liver, causing cytoskeletal damage, necrosis and pooling of blood in the liver, with a consequent large increase in liver weight.
		Microcystins can be biodegraded by complex natural populations of micro-organisms from diverse ecosystems, such as sewage sludge (Lam et al., 1995), lake sediment, natural waters (Jones and Orr, 1994; Jones, 1990) and biofilms (Saitou et al., 2002).
	www.bioline.org.br /request?jb04029 (5990 words)

	Detection of Microcystin-Producing Cyanobacteria in Finnish Lakes with Genus-Specific Microcystin Synthetase Gene E ...
		Microcystin biosynthesis in Planktothrix: genes, evolution, and manipulation.
		Abundance of active and inactive microcystin genotypes in populations of the toxic cyanobacterium Planktothrix spp.
		Genetic analysis of the peptide synthetase genes for a cyclic heptapeptide microcystin in Microcystis spp.J. Biochem.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/72/9/6101 (6180 words)

	NOAA GLERL Genetic and Environmental Factors Influencing Microcystis Bloom Toxicity Project
		Microcystin concentrations of 3.5 µg L-1 were measured in Saginaw Bay in July 1995, and estimated to be as high as 24 µg L-1 in western Lake Erie in September 1995 (Vanderploeg et al.
		Microcystin production is controlled by the mcy genes, a bidirectionally transcribed complex of 10 open reading frames that control synthesis of polyketide synthases and peptide synthetases involved in microcystin biosynthesis (Dittman et al.
		Isolation and characterization of microcystins, cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins from a Lake Erie strain of Microcystis aeruginosa.
	www.glerl.noaa.gov /res/Task_rpts/2006/aisdyble06-1.html (2165 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Where M. aeruginosa was confined to accumulations along the leeward shore of the lake, dissolved microcystin was detected for only 24 hours after spraying.
		It was presumed that the toxin was rapidly diluted by uncontaminated water from the main body of the lake.
		Microcystin degradation kinetics following this 9 day lag phase were bi-phasic with a rapid phase lasting 3 days (90-95% loss), and a slower phase which continued until a flash flood on day 21.
	www.dicer.org /jsp/journal/show_article.jsp?jid=JA-29-28-871 (228 words)

	IngentaConnect Microcystin occurrence in lakes in Aland, SW Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Microcystin occurrence in lakes in Åland, SW Finland
		Microcystins were recorded in 4 of 54 lakes in 1999 and 14 of 134 lakes in 2000, especially in eutrophic lakes but also in some dystrophic lakes and one oligotrophic.
		Microcystins were also detected in late autumn samples from some eutrophic lakes.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /search/article?title=FIA&title_type=tka&year_from=1998&year_to=2005&database=1&pageSize=20&index=103 (247 words)

	NTP: Blue-Green Algae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Microcystins and alkaloid toxins are degraded in natural waters, but there appears to be a lag phase of about 9 or 10 days before significant degradation takes place (Gupta, 1998).
		In a study of selected water utilities throughout the United States and Canada during 1996 and 1997, microcystins were found in 65 percent of the water samples that had not undergone treatment.
		In August 1993, microcystin at sub-µg/L levels was detected in Winnipeg’s distributed water because of an algal bloom containing Microcystis aeruginosa in the water supply (Hrudey, 1994).
	ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov /index.cfm?objectid=03DC46EB-AA91-13E4-AC243547735B44D0 (1436 words)

	microcystin
		Microcystins inhibit liver function and may possibly act as tumor promoters.
		To protect humans from adverse health effects from microcystins, the World Health Organization has proposed an upper limit of 1 part per billion in drinking water.
		An immunoassay has been developed that can detect very low levels of microcystins (0.2 parts per billion) in less than 3 hours.
	mem.tcon.net /users/5012/0614/microcystin.html (98 words)

	The Microcystins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The microcystins are a group of cyclic heptapeptide (7 amino acids) hepatotoxins (liver toxins) produced by a number of cyanobacterial genera, the most notable of which is the widespread Microcystis from which the toxins take their name.
		Microcystins consist of a seven-membered peptide ring which is made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.
		Using amino acid single letter code nomenclature, each microcystin is designated a name depending on the variable amino acids which complete their structure.
	www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu /cyanotox/toxins/microcystins.html (327 words)

	State Water Resources Research Institute Program
		The objective of the proposed research is to determine whether or not cyanobacterial biotoxins, in particular microcystin-LR, pose a significant threat to the quality of surface waters in Iowa and to the health of humans and wildlife.
		We propose to use this ELISA to determine the degree of the potential threat posed by microcystin-LR to the health of the humans and wildlife (as well as the ecosystem) that utilize two Iowa lakes, Silver Lake (in the town of Delhi, Delaware County) and Casey Lake (in Hickory Hills Park, Tama County).
		Enzymatic pathway for the bacterial degradation of the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin microcystin LR.
	water.usgs.gov /wrri/00grants/IAsurface.html (1763 words)

	Screening of certain chemoprotectants against cyclic peptide toxin microcystin-LR Lakshmana Rao PV, Gupta N, Jayaraj R ...
		Microcystins are a family of structurally related cyclic peptide toxins that are produced by a variety of cyanobacteria but most often by those belonging to the genus Microcystis.
		Microcystins are known to be potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A as well as skin and liver tumor promoters in animals.
		Microcystins are the most predominantly distributed among the cyanobacterial toxins.
	www.ijp-online.com /article.asp?issn=0253-7613;year=2004;volume=36;issue=2;spage=87;epage=92;aulast=Lakshmana (2804 words)

	Assessing Potential Health Risks from Microcystin Toxins in Blue-Green Algae Dietary Supplements
		After washing with distilled water and 20% methanol, microcystin was eluted from the column with 3 mL 100% methanol, which was evaporated to dryness and redissolved in 0.2 mL methanol followed by 0.8 mL distilled water.
		Microcystin concentrations in ODA samples collected in May 1998 were generally similar to OHD sampling results.
		Although it is widely recognized that exposure to microcystins in drinking water represents a significant health risk, the potential for microcystin exposure may be substantially greater for consumers of BGA products.
	www.ehponline.org /members/2000/108p435-439gilroy/gilroy-full.html (4553 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		The general structure of microcystins is cyclo (D-Ala-X-D-MeAsp-Y-Adda-D-Glu-Mdha-) in which X and Y are variable amino acids, D-MeAsp is D-erythro-b-methylaspartic acid, Adda is 3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid, and Mdha is N-methyldehydroalanine [Figure - 1].
		Because of the rapid, irreversible and severe damage to the liver caused by microcystins, therapy is likely to have little or no value, and effective prophylaxis is critical.
		In the present study a number of chemicals were investigated for their efficacy to antagonize microcystin poisoning in mice.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?ph04032 (2917 words)

	ODA - Story of the Week (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Microcystin is its name and too much of it can cause severe liver damage.
		A public hearing is scheduled for August 27 in Klamath Falls to discuss the proposed rule amendment which states that the level of microcystin in blue green algae in finished products shall not exceed one microgram per gram-- more commonly stated as one part per million.
		The proposed administrative rule amendment also states that the microcystin level in finished products shall be determined by an approved laboratory analytical procedure that is acceptable to the Oregon Department of Agriculture.
	www.oda.state.or.us /information/news/1997/algae.html (929 words)

	Cyanobacterial Toxins — Microcystins, Microcystin LR, Microcystin RR, Microcystin LA, Microcystin YR
		The microcystins are a group of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacterial genera.
		The structure of nodularin is closely related to that of the potent cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins, the microcystins.
		Quantitation of the microcystin hepatotoxins in water at environmentally relevant concentrations with the protein phosphatase bioassay.
	www.sigmaaldrich.com /Area_of_Interest/Biochemicals/Enzyme_Explorer/Cell_Signaling_Enzymes/Cyanobacterial_Toxins.html (888 words)

	AMPA receptor activation and phosphatase inhibition affect neonatal rat respiratory rhythm generation -- Ge and Feldman ...
		Microcystin was applied intracellularly via dialysis from the patch-clamp recording pipette solution.
		The enhancement in inspiratory drive due to microcystin was transient, with a maximum increase that occurred from 8 to 30 min after whole-cell break-in.
		Similar to the endogenous response, the effect of microcystin was transient, and the time to maximum increase in AMPA-induced current varied amongst the inspiratory neurones.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/509/1/255 (6049 words)

	Microcystin-LR Toxicodynamics, Induced Pathology, and Immunohistochemical Localization in Livers of Blue-Green Algae ...
		Biochemical characterization of microcystin toxicity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
		Kaya, K., and Watanabe, M. Microcystin composition of an axenic clonal strain of Microcystis viridis and Microcystis viridis-containing waterblooms in Japanese freshwaters.
		Microcystin uptake and inhibition of protein phosphatases: effects of chemoprotectants and self-inhibition in relation to known hepatic transporters.
	toxsci.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/54/2/365 (3674 words)

	Ca2+-independent phosphorylation of myosin in rat caudal artery and chicken gizzard myofilaments -- Weber et al. 516 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Phosphatase inhibitors such as okadaic acid, calyculin A, microcystin and tautomycin have proved to be very useful tools in the study of the regulation of smooth muscle contraction due to their potency and specificity.
		The contractile response to microcystin was significantly slower, however: the time to half-maximal tension was 1·9 ± 0·2 min (n = 5) for pCa 6-induced contraction, 1·3 ± 0·1 min (n = 5) for pCa 4·5-induced contraction and 12·8 ± 0·7 min (n = 7) for microcystin-induced contraction.
		Lane 1, untreated myofilaments; lanes 2 and 3, incubated with Ca and microcystin for 5 and 120 min, respectively; lanes 4 and 5, incubated with EGTA and microcystin for 30 and 120 min, respectively.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/516/3/805 (10979 words)

	Phylogenetic evidence for the early evolution of microcystin synthesis -- Rantala et al. 101 (2): 568 -- Proceedings of ...
		biosynthesis is encoded by the microcystin synthetase gene cluster.
		microcystin and nodularin synthetase genes and the role of horizontal
		of the microcystin biosynthetic gene cluster, we amplified and
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/101/2/568 (4066 words)

	Function and Regulation of the C (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Microcystins are potent human liver toxins and carcinogens produced by cyanobacteria in freshwater to brackish environments.
		The highest concentrations of microcystin are found in the thylakoid, implying a role in photosynthesis.
		This project tests two hypotheses related to the possible function of microcystin in photosynthesis: Hypothesis 1) microcystin participates in the regulation of photosynthesis through interaction with blue light receptor molecules in a melatonin-like circadian fashion; Hypothesis 2) microcystin plays a role in dissipation of excess energy produced through the photosynthetic process.
	www.musc.edu /mbes/SROH05/abstracts/jackson.htm (300 words)

	TOXIC CYANOBACTERIA BLOOMS AND MICROCYSTIN CONCENTRATION IN DRINKING WATER LAKE, LAKE BIWA, JAPAN Park, H.-D., Dept. of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Temporal and spatial variability in the cyanobacteria blooms and concentration of toxic heptapeptide microcystin were studied during the warm season in a largest lake (Lake Biwa) in Japan.
		Total concentration of microcystin were measured with a high performance liquid chromatography.
		The microcystins of the lake were detected as microcystins-RR, -YR and -LR.
	aslo.org /santafe99/abstracts/SS42FR1045E.html (253 words)

	Unbound MEDLINE \| Critical role of reactive oxygen species formation in microcystin-induced cytoskeleton disruption in ...
		Microcystins are a group of liver-specific toxins generated by cyanobacteria.
		However, the mechanisms that contribute to the microcystin-induced alterations of microtubules and microfilaments are not fully understood.
		In the present study, the effects of microcystin-fR (M-LR), the most common microcystin, were examined on the organization of cellular microtubules and microfilaments in primary cultured rat hepatocytes.
	www.unboundmedicine.com /medline/ebm/record/11732701/full_citation/Critical_role_of_reactive_oxygen_species_formation_in_microcystin_induced_cytoskeleton_disruption_in_primary_cultured_hepatocytes (235 words)

	Center of Excellence for Great Lakes and Human Health - Harmful Algal Bloom Event Response Guidelines
		Recreational contact with microcystin at or below this concentration is unlikely to pose a health risk to an average person.
		These recreational guidelines are based on epidemiological case reports of exposures to water characterized on a total cell density basis and WHO notes that the effects could be associated with a variety of components in the bloom, not limited to microcystins.
		Microcystin is not significantly absorbed through the skin; skin contact may cause a rash or allergic reaction but is extremely unlikely to provoke a hepatotoxic reaction.
	www.glerl.noaa.gov /res/Centers/HABS/guidelines.html (542 words)

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