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Topic: Microglia

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	Microglia Reviews
		Success is dependent on response of the resident myeloid-cell populations [microglia (MG)] to activation signals, commonly cytokines, and the control of infiltrating macrophage activation during inflammation, both of which appear highly programmed in normal and inflamed retina.
		In this review article, we discuss the possible neuroprotective and neurotrophic roles of activated microglia and macrophages that may be generated by the expression of high affinity glutamate transporters and glutamine synthetase, 2 major effectors of glial glutamate metabolism, and the implications for HIV-induced neuronal dysfunction, the underlying cause of HIV dementia.
		Microglia and perivascular macrophages are believed to act as antigen-presenting cells during the effector phase of EAE.
	lansbury.bwh.harvard.edu /microglia_reviews_L.htm (8535 words)

	JSMF - Researching Brain Cancer: 2001 Research Awards
		Perhaps the greatest potential advantage that comes with this strategy is that fact that microglia, which are quite numerous within brain tumors, could be used as microscopical weapons to eliminate those small remaining contingents of brain tumor cells that remain after surgical resection and are responsible for tumor recurrences.
		Following is a brief summary of microglia in brain tumors and on the mechanisms thought to play a role in controlling interactions between microglial and tumor cells.
		Many of the microglia observed appear to be activated, suggesting that they are in a functional cytotoxic state that enables them to kill tumor cells.
	www.jsmf.org /grants/bc/essays/2001/streit.htm (1216 words)

	The Gene Expression Profile of Activated Microglia Cells - DERT
		Microglia are thought to be highly mobile cells that play numerous important roles in protecting the nervous system.
		Microglia are normally inactive but become activated in response to antigenic stimulation.
		Microglia were activated with either lipopolysaccharide, a neurotoxic protein associated with HIV infection, or dopamine quinone, all of which have been associated with damage to dopamine producing neurons.
	www.niehs.nih.gov /dert/profiles/hilites/2006/microgli.htm (377 words)

	Journal of Translational Medicine \| Full text \| Innate immune functions of microglia isolated from human glioma patients
		Microglia are the most prominent immune cell within the CNS, however, it is not known whether microglia, within the immunosuppressive tumor environment, are capable of activated or functional innate immune responses.
		Microglia are unique to the central nervous system (CNS) and account for as much as 20% of the non-neuronal cell population [11].
		Microglia were purified using modifications to an isolation technique previously described [21] after evaluation of the phenotype of each interphase.
	www.translational-medicine.com /content/4/1/15 (4224 words)

	Human Microglia
		Microglia, one of the glial cell types in the CNS, are an important integral component of neuro-glial cell network [1].
		Microglia act as brain macrophages when programmed cell death occurs during brain development or when the CNS is injured or pathologically damaged.
		Microglia can be considered as the main cell in brain immune surveillance, can present antigens in the molecular context of MHC class II expression to CD-4 positive T cells, are capable of Fc-mediated phagocytosis, and share many common antigens with hemopoietic and tissue macrophages [2].
	www.sciencellonline.com /products/1900.htm (373 words)

	Ion channels in microglia (brain macrophages) -- Eder 275 (2): C327 -- AJP - Cell Physiology
		Microglia are immunocompetent cells in the brain that have many similarities with macrophages of peripheral tissues.
		that microglia are a macrophage population in the brain.
		in murine microglia in the absence of receptor stimulation (73).
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/275/2/C327 (6883 words)

	Microglia: The Enemy
		Microglia are mobile and can activate other microglia in adjacent areas, causing the degenerative effect to perpetuate.
		Microglia kill by releasing oxidants and glutamate, which might explain the finding of excess extracellular glutamate and oxidative stress that are so often mentioned in ALS literature.
		Since microglia can be activated through so many pathways, it is imperative to test many different drugs, both individually and in cocktails, to establish the best way to inhibit destructive microglial activity.
	www.angelfire.com /pro/flavin/service19.html (668 words)

	BDNF from microglia causes the shift in neuronal anion gradient underlying neuropathic pain : Nature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In this model of PNI, there is microglia activation in the spinal cord ipsilateral to the nerve cuff, as indicated by a considerable increase in labelling for the microglia activation marker OX42 (by anti-CR3/CD11b, Cedarlane; diluted 1:1,000; data not shown).
		Microglia were separated from the primary culture by gentle shaking of the flask and were replated on plastic dishes.
		Microglia cultures were transfected with siRNA directed against BDNF or scrambled siRNA (Dharmacon) with Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
	origin.www.nature.com /nature/journal/v438/n7070/full/nature04223.html (4257 words)

	Scientific American: Brain Not Inflamed? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		New research, however, indicates that the opposite may be happening--that, as microglia age, they lose their ability to protect the brain.
		In further defense of his theory that aging microglia are associated with Alzheimer's, Streit points to a drug trial in the June 4 Journal of the American Medical Association.
		Streit, on the other hand, argues that the microglia were not functioning to begin with, so there was nothing to suppress.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=00079718-699A-1F98-A99A83414B7F0103 (647 words)

	Role of Microglia in Central Nervous System Infections -- Rock et al. 17 (4): 942 -- Clinical Microbiology Reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		that in microglia acutely exposed to LPS (4).
		of the anatomical heterogeneity of microglia is unknown.
		and lymphocytes on microglia and vice versa in vivo.
	cmr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/17/4/942 (8445 words)

	ScienceDaily: Watching Microglia At Work
		Microglia are critically involved, for example, in neurodegenerative diseases and stroke.
		As a result, key aspects of microglia function have remained elusive such as their behavior in the intact brain or their immediate response to brain injury.
		Deciphering the complex actions and cellular mechanisms underlying microglia function in health and disease may be critical to the development of new therapeutic approaches for both treatment and prevention of brain pathology.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/04/050417213015.htm (764 words)

	Journal of Neuroinflammation \| Full text \| Microglia and neuroinflammation: a pathological perspective
		Microglia make up the innate immune system of the central nervous system and are key cellular mediators of neuroinflammatory processes.
		There is evidence from experimental studies in animals to support the idea that microglia can phagocytose and degrade amyloid [20,21], but such phagocytosis is apparently either ineffective or inadequate in Alzheimer's disease.
		The recognition of microglia as the brain's intrinsic immune system, and the understanding that chronic activation of this system leads to pathologic sequelae, has led to the modern concept of neuroinflammation.
	www.jneuroinflammation.com /content/1/1/14 (2480 words)

	Microglia - Glossary Entry - Genetics Home Reference
		Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated.
		Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies.
		They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.
	ghr.nlm.nih.gov /ghr/glossary/microglia (143 words)

	Minocycline attenuates T cell and microglia activity to impair cytokine production in T cell-microglia interaction -- ...
		(C) Microglia plus activated T cells; many T cells could be observed adhering to microglia (arrows), and this is reduced but not abolished in microglia incubated with minocycline-pretreated T cells (D).
		Results are normalized to that of microglia plus activated T cells without minocycline treatment (100%).
		Microglia activation occurs in all diseases of the CNS.
	www.jleukbio.org /cgi/content/full/78/1/135 (4868 words)

	T Cell Immunity Induced by Allogeneic Microglia in Relation to Neuronal Retina Transplantation -- Ma and Streilein 162 ...
		Microglia are more efficient than astrocytes in antigen processing and in Th1 but not Th2 cell activation.
		Microglia, as passenger leukocytes, contribute to the fate of intraocular neuronal retinal grafts.
		A role for microglia in the maintenance of photoreceptors in retinal transplants lacking pigment epithelium.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/162/8/4482 (5217 words)

	Blue Histology - Nervous Tissue
		Microglia are, in contrast to neurones and the other types of glial cells, of mesodermal origin.
		In the case of tissue damage, microglia differentiate into phagocytotic cells.
		The ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord are lined with ependymal cells.
	www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au /mb140/CorePages/Nervous/Nervous.htm (2967 words)

	Pathogenic Role of Retinal Microglia in Experimental Uveoretinitis -- Rao et al. 44 (1): 22 -- Investigative ...
		The pathogenic role of migrated microglia was assessed in vivo
		Morphometric analysis of migration of microglia during the course of EAU.
		microglia from the inner nuclear layer to the subretinal space.
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/44/1/22 (5303 words)

	Researchers discover a natural defence mechanism for Alzheimer's Disease - CIHR
		These microglia appear to be incapable of eliminating the plaques, and this has led some researchers to postulate that microglial action produces an inflammation causing neuronal death.
		These investigators have observed that, although the brain's resident microglia do appear to be poorly equipped for combating amyloid plaques, an entirely different case prevails for another type of microglia: those derived from bone marrow stem cells.
		Serge Rivest's team also had recourse to genetic engineering, in order to manufacture microglia that can anchor themselves more solidly to plaques and that are equipped with enzymes with more efficient plaque-destroying capability.
	www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca /e/30601.html (601 words)

	Generation of Activated Sialoadhesin-Positive Microglia during Retinal Degeneration -- Hughes et al. 44 (5): 2229 -- ...
		Microglia at P21 were significantly more numerous than at P16, P17, and P19.
		Microglia in rds retina were more numerous in the subretinal space (arrows) as early as P8 (B).
		Proliferation of microglia occurred equally at P8 in rds and wild type (predominantly in the ganglion cell layer), but although this was sustained in rds until P21 (predominantly in the outer retina and subretinal space), it was nearly absent by P14 in wild-type mice.
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/44/5/2229 (3272 words)

	P2X7 Mediates Superoxide Production in Primary Microglia and Is Up-regulated in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's ...
		Microglia Stimulated with ATP or BzATP Are Neurotoxic-- To determine whether activation of microglia with ATP and BzATP is neurotoxic, a co-culture system using highly purified primary
		Toxicity of microglia stimulated with ATP or BzATP toward primary rat cortical neurons.
		microglia and astrocytes are found in the same vicinity.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/278/15/13309 (5294 words)

	Microglia
		Microglia are the smallest of the glial cells.
		Microglia protect the brain from invading microorganisms and are thought to be similar in nature to microphages in the blood system.
		The dark brown figures in the above picture are microglial cells.
	members.tripod.com /blustein/Microglia/microglia.htm (70 words)

	A{beta}-Induced Inflammatory Processes in Microglia Cells of APP23 Transgenic Mice -- Bornemann et al. 158 (1): 63 -- ...
		Swedish mutation to characterize this microglia response to
		A: IA (MHC class II protein)-positive microglia are closely associated with amyloid plaques as well as capillary endothelium, as shown in a neocortex section of a 23-month-old APP23 transgenic mouse.
		that microglia in the plaque vicinity are in an activated state.
	ajp.amjpathol.org /cgi/content/full/158/1/63 (4919 words)

	Reactive Microglia Neurohistology Stain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Stains microglia that have become "reactive" due to insult.
		Resident microglia of the brain become reactive following various forms of insult, including chemical trauma and viral infection (a-c) and physical trauma (d).
		This protocol easily reveals reactive microglia in different species (rat, mice, primate) as opposed to antibodies or lectins that tend to be species dependent.
	www.neuroscienceassociates.com /Stains/microglia.htm (178 words)

	Unique inflammatory RNA profiles of microglia in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease -- Baker and Manuelidis 100 (2): 675 -- ...
		Arrowheads indicate a microglial-enriched transcript that is slightly up-regulated in CJD microglia but down-regulated with LPS.
		Genes are grouped according to function and sorted in order from most induced to most suppressed in CJD microglia.
		CJD infection of microglia also induced expression of a range of molecules linked to IFN signaling.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/100/2/675 (3475 words)

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