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Topic: Microgravity

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	What is Microgravity?
		Microgravity is a term commonly applied to a condition of free-fall within a gravitational field in which the weight of an object is reduced compared to its weight at rest on Earth.
		This microgravity environment gives researchers a unique opportunity to study the fundamental states of matter; solids, liquids, and gases; and the forces that affect them.
		Obtaining scientific results from the microgravity experiments, allows studies of the influence of gravity on physical processes, as well as other phenomena which are normally masked by gravity's effects and difficult, if not impossible, to study on Earth.
	liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov /academy/space/mg.html (632 words)

	Locating and Characterizing Abandoned Mines Using Microgravity
		Microgravity is a geophysical method that is increasingly being used for environmental and geotechnical investigations.
		Microgravity measurements respond to changes in subsurface density, and are a non-invasive way to effectively identify and characterize subsurface voids, including abandoned mines.
		Microgravity data are extremely sensitive to elevation, and the station elevations must be obtained with a precision of 0.01 feet for microGal level surveys.
	www.fhwa.dot.gov /mine/ky0316.htm (2441 words)

	Reduced Gravity Demonstrator
		Microgravity is a term used to describe a very low-gravity environment; the prefix "micro" comes from a Greek word meaning small.
		The microgravity experiments are conducted in several different facilities, all of which depend on the experiment achieving a state of free-fall.
		Microgravity experiments are conducted on the Space Shuttle and other spacecraft when extended periods of reduced-gravity are needed.
	zeta.lerc.nasa.gov /mini/minit.htm (1781 words)

	NASAexplores - Express Lessons and Online Resources
		Zero gravity and microgravity are terms often used interchangeably, but there is a difference, and to astronauts and scientists, the difference is significant.
		One of the most significant microgravity experimental projects of all, however, is the astronauts themselves.
		Her brain was so disoriented from microgravity that it couldn't process all that was happening.
	www.nasaexplores.com /search_nav_9_12.php?id=01-044&gl=912 (772 words)

	Microgravity Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Microgravity is the condition of near weightlessness experienced in spacecraft in low earth orbit.
		Microgravity research has two primary benefits: 1) In Space: to improve the operation of space vehicle systems and to improve the safety and quality of life for astronauts working in space and 2) On Earth: to apply the basic understanding gained from exploring the behavior of materials and systems using gravity as an experimental parameter.
		Microgravity Combustion Research is directed at gaining basic knowledge of combustion processes of ignition, flame spreading and flame extinction, as well as addressing issues of fire safety in space.
	www.ncser.net /research (1567 words)

	ESA Portal - Life in Space - Falling upwards: how to create microgravity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		There is always some residual acceleration force, although in a good microgravity environment it is a very small fraction of the full 1-g gravity that gives us our weight on the surface of the Earth.
		The advantage there is that the microgravity environment will last for many years, but for scientific purposes, it is not as good as a sounding rocket can supply: mainly on account of the bumps and vibrations from life-support systems and people moving about, it is unlikely to be lower than 0.0001 g.
		The best microgravity environment that space scientists have ever created is on board the old Pioneer craft, which stunned the world with their pictures of Jupiter and Saturn in the 1970s.
	www.esrin.esa.it /export/esaCP/ESATRRVRXLC_Life_0.html (669 words)

	Marshall Space Flight Center - Science in Low Gravity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		This state of freefall is called low-gravity, or microgravity, because the effects of gravity have been greatly reduced.
		Current microgravity research studies includes the investigations of some of the most deadly diseases known to man and studies of the fundamental mysteries of the universe.
		The scientific disciplines of microgravity research are biotechnology, combustion science, fluid physics, fundamental physics, and materials science.
	www1.msfc.nasa.gov /NEWMSFC/slg.html (209 words)

	Microgravity Applications
		Microgravity has been proven to be of value in monitoring the depletion of underground acquifers, not only for water supplies but also for geothermal reservoirs.
		Microgravity is the only surface geophysical method that will provide the location of such karstic features regardless of their shape or fill provided a sufficient density contrast exists.
		Microgravity has advanced rapidly since the mid 1980’s and is now recognised as the prime method for establishing the presence of shafts, adits and workings.
	www.esci.keele.ac.uk /geophysics/Research/Gravity/applications.html (721 words)

	ISS Environment
		In addition to Microgravity and Standard modes, Reboost mode is necessary because the Station's large cross-section and low altitude causes its orbit to decay due to atmospheric drag at an average rate of 0.2 km/day (0.1 n mi/day).
		Inside an orbiting spacecraft a “microgravity” environment exists in which the acceleration of objects and persons relative to their surroundings is reduced to the level of micro g's (9.8 x 10-6 m s-2).
		The vibratory microgravity requirements are therefore defined using an RMS acceleration vs. frequency curve for the allowed contribution to the total system vibration by the vehicle alone, with a separate curve for the allowed contribution by the entire complement of payload systems.
	stationpayloads.jsc.nasa.gov /D-aboutiss/D6.html (1398 words)

	Microgravity Research During Aircraft Parabolic Flights: The 20 ESA Campaigns
		Microgravity is created in free-falling carriers when the sum of all forces acting on the carrier, other than gravity, is nil or strongly reduced.
		To allow the experimenters themselves to perform their own experiments in microgravity with the ability to intervene directly while the experiment is in progress during the low g periods and to change experiment parameters between the reduced gravity periods.
		Microgravity experimentation during parabolic flights evolved significantly, demonstrating the importance of that tool for microgravity research and attesting to the growth of the microgravity parabolic flight community.
	esapub.esrin.esa.it /bulletin/bullet82/plet82.htm (4517 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Assessment of Directions in Microgravity and Physical Sciences Research at NASA (2003)
		Microgravity is useful for the study of fundamental combustion processes on Earth because the most basic combustion phenomenon is the release of heat.
		For example, the flammability for a vertical thin cellulosic tissue increased under microgravity, and combustion was possible at 13 to 14 percent oxygen concentration instead of the 15.6 percent oxygen concentration required at normal gravity.
		Microgravity flames were found to produce significantly larger quantities of soot particles than Earth-based flames with the same operating conditions.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309086396/html/28.html (6260 words)

	What is Microgravity good for? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In fact, they use microgravity as a special tool for a better understanding of fundamental questions and for the solution of problems on Earth.
		But, as the short history of the development of semiconductors clearly illustrates, the answers to purely scientific questioning can quickly be taken up and applied to practical problems in the development of technical systems and, from time to time, in the discovery and introduction of new systems with a major industrial and economic impact.
		The absence of gravitational effects in a microgravity environment like on a space station means, for example, that temperature differences in a fluid do not produce convection, buoyancy or sedimentation.
	www.spaceflight.esa.int /file2.cfm?filename=mgprogsgoodmg (855 words)

	Microgravity Programme overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The Microgravity Facilities for Columbus Programme covers the development of the large multi-user facilities to be accommodated in the European Columbus laboratory on the International Space Station.
		In addition, microgravity research is supported by ESA through the development of multi-user facilities and the provision of flight opportunities for the early utilisation phase of the International Space Station.
		The Microgravity Application Promotion programme's objective is to develop pilot projects demonstrating the large potential of the International Space Station for application-oriented research under microgravity conditions, with a particular emphasis on industrial research.
	www.estec.esa.nl /spaceflight/mygpov.htm (502 words)

	Microgravity
		In a practical sense, microgravity can be achieved with a number of technologies, each depending upon the act of free fall.
		Although airplanes cannot achieve microgravity conditions of as high quality as those produced in drop towers and drop tubes (since engine vibrations and air buffeting transmit throughout the vehicle), they do offer an important advantage over drop facilities- experimenters can ride along with their experiments.
		To see how it is possible to establish microgravity conditions for long periods of time, it is first necessary to understand what keeps a spacecraft in orbit.
	www.colorado.edu /engineering/ASEN/asen5519/02microgravity.html (1489 words)

	Application of Microgravity for Technological Innovations
		One is the facility of the Japan Microgravity Center (JAMIC, Kamisunagawa, Hokkaido) obtained the microgravity circumstances of 10-5g for 10 sec.
		It is necessary for proceeding the microgravity research efficiently that we well understand the unique phenomena under microgravity such as no convection currents, non-contact and homogeneous dispersion.
		In this study the microgravity environment is adopted because of the future of non natural convection.
	www.aist.go.jp /HNIRI/chap1/chap1_e.html (795 words)

	Microgravity And Crop Improvement Experiment Set To Blast Off On Space Shuttle
		University scientists have a chance in April to build evidence that microgravity is fertile ground for crop improvement.
		Study: Microgravity May Enhance Gene Transfer In Plants (April 20, 1999) -- Transferring desirable genes into crops is a high-tech game of chance, with success rates running about one in 1,000.
		Why microgravity seems to improve this process is still up in the air, the researchers say.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2000/04/000410090452.htm (671 words)

	The Effect of Modeled Microgravity on Microbial Gene Expression (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Research with HARV grown cultures is continuing to verify the modeled microgravity induced gene regulation and determine gene regulators and physiological responses to LSMMG.
		The analysis of bacteria under microgravity has received considerably less attention because of the expense and difficulty of performing in-flight experiments onboard the shuttle or space station.
		Preliminary results indicate that transcriptional regulation is induced by modeled microgravity (i.e., randomized gravity vector) of the HARV and not the low-shear fluid effects present in the rotating bioreactor.
	www.isso.uh.edu /publications/A2003/fox_01.htm (1993 words)

	Microgravity Combustion Laboratory, UC Berkeley
		The objective of this project is to predict smoldering and the transition to flaming of foams, composite and cellulose materials in conditions expected in space based facilities.
		The objective of this experiment is to study the effects of oxidizer, flow rate, pressure, and orientation, on the ignition and propagation of smoldering combustion.
		The objective of the research is to experimentally and computationally study CO and soot processes in laminar, inverse diffusion flames, which is a special case of underventilated combustion.
	www.me.berkeley.edu /mcl (306 words)

	The Effect of Simulated Microgravity on Microbial Gene Expression (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		However, recent evidence that exposure to microgravity does in fact modify the virulence of Salmonella strains has dramatically demonstrated this is not the case.
		This bioreactor (clinostat) simulates microgravity by randomizing the gravitational vectors such that the gravitational vector integrated over time approaches zero.
		Although growth in the bioreactor has significant effects on gene expression, it remains to be proven that microgravity rather than fluid effects causes the observed changes.
	www.isso.uh.edu /publications/A9900/fox.htm (807 words)

	Why Microgravity?. Microgravity Combustion Laboratory, UC Berkeley
		Microgravity can also be attained on Earth and it refers to the condition of free-fall within a gravitational field in which the weight of an object is significantly reduced compared to its weight at rest on Earth (approaching weightlessness).
		The absence of gravity simplifies the study of the controlling mechanisms in combustion because of the absence of buoyancy.
		Microgravity (µg) produces a round, cooler candle flame with no soot.
	www.me.berkeley.edu /mcl/microg.html (274 words)

	Space Medicine 1-2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In microgravity environment, the quantity and the distribution of body fluid alter, being free of the gravitational effect.
		The characteristic changes in muscles in microgravity are the rapid degradation of anti-gravity muscle and the transformation of slow-twitch muscle fibers into fast-twitch muscle fibers.
		One significant alteration in the hematologic and immunologic system in microgravity is the transformation of red blood cells, the main component of blood.
	jem.tksc.nasda.go.jp /med/index_e.html (1847 words)

	ASGSB 1998 - AUTOTROPIC STRAIGHTENING AFTER GRAVITROPIC CURVATURE OF LEPIDIUM ROOTS IN MICROGRAVITY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Roots in all 4 treatments underwent gravitropic curvature and subsequent straightening in microgravity, as a result of the loss of gravitropic curvature in older regions of the root and the coordinated alignment of new growth.
		These results indicate that both microgravity and clinostat rotation can be equivalent in stimulus withdrawal with respect to the induction of autotropic straightening.
		Cress roots are the only plant organ shown to undergo autotropic straightening in both microgravity and on a clinostat.
	baby.indstate.edu /asgsb/programs/1998/109.html (270 words)

	Microgravity Combustion Science Facilities
		Scientists - also called Principal Investigators or PIs - in the microgravity combustion science program have the opportunity to conduct experiments in facilities that provide both long and short periods of microgravity.
		Microgravity conditions are achieved during the several minutes when the experiment is in freefall prior to reentering Earth's atmosphere.
		The facility enables scientists to conduct their experiments in microgravity over a period of several months without having to return the entire laboratory to Earth each time an experiment is completed.
	exploration.grc.nasa.gov /combustion/facilities/fac_index.htm (473 words)

	W0280: CHARACTERIZATION OF SUPERSATURATED PROTEIN SOLUTIONS IN MICROGRAVITY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		We propose two reasons for the differences seen in microgravity grown crystals: 1) aggregation rates are lowered in microgravity 2) the reduced gravity environment acts as a mass filter.
		To test the first hypothesis we are using cross-linking with glutaraldehyde to study the prenucleation aggregation behavior of lysozyme in microgravity.
		The FPA is a generic system often referred to as a “microgravity test-tube.” For microgravity research, this experimental approach has many advantages over laser light scattering and AFM in that it is simple and inexpensive.
	www.hwi.buffalo.edu /ACA/ACA02/abstracts/text/W0280.html (237 words)

	Fluid Physics
		The Microgravity Research Program is part of the NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research (OBPR).
		The Microgravity Research Program is leading the nation in furthering the development of the space frontier by investigating the physical, chemical, and biological effects of the microgravity environment of space.
		Microgravity research is a natural extension of traditional Earth-based laboratory science, in which experiments performed benefit from the stable, long-duration microgravity environment.
	microgravity.grc.nasa.gov /6712/fptp.html (133 words)

	Microgravity Boiling
		Microgravity effects on critical heat flux levels is another very important area that must be addressed if boiling is to be used reliably as a heat removal mechanism, and is another area in which little quantitative information is available.
		By conducting tests in microgravity as well as lunar and martian gravity, it is possible to assess the effect of buoyancy on the overall boiling process and determine the relative magnitude of effects with regards to other “forces”; and phenomena such as Marangoni forces, liquid momentum forces, and microlayer evaporation.
		The objectives of the this work are to determine the boiling heat transfer mechanisms in microgravity at various bulk fluid subcoolings and pressures, and to compare these mechanisms to those at normal, martian, and lunar gravity levels.
	www.enme.umd.edu /~kimjh/Microgravity.html (1243 words)

	NASA - Space Research - A History of Microgravity News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		When Microgravity News subscribers go to their mailboxes late this year, they may be surprised to find a new publication.
		So it is fitting, as the Microgravity Research Program is asked to take on new goals and challenges under the guidance of the recently created OBPR Enterprise, that Microgravity News be asked to take on a new mission as well.
		By the mid-1990s, the division's outreach and education efforts were undergoing some changes, and management of microgravity outreach moved from NASA headquarters to Langley Research Center, which contracted Hampton University in Hampton, Virginia, to produce Microgravity News.
	spaceresearch.nasa.gov /general_info/ugnewshistory.html (953 words)

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