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Topic: Micrometeoroid

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	Micrometeorites K-12 Background Information for Lesson Plans & Science Fair Projects
		A Micrometeoroid (also micrometeorite, micrometeor) is a tiny meteoroid; a small particle of rock from space, usually weighing less than a gram, that poses a threat to space exploration.
		Micrometeoroids are very small, typically metallic, pieces of rock broken off from larger chunks of rock and debris.
		Micrometeoroids can also be easily found on earth in places where rainwater can concentrate them (such as a drain spout of roof gutters).
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/astronomy/micrometeorite.html (468 words)

	Micrometeoroid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Micrometeoroid (also micrometeorite, micrometeor) is a tiny meteoroid; a small particle of rock from space, usually weighing less than a gram, that poses a threat to space exploration.
		Micrometeoroids are typically small, typically metallic, pieces of rock broken off from larger chunks of rock and debris.
		Micrometeoroids can also be easily found on earth in places where rainwater can concentrate them (such as a drain spout of roof gutters).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Micrometeoroid (343 words)

	ch3
		The existence of micrometeoroids in space is indicated from studies of the zodiacal light.
		The zodiacal light is sunlight reflected from micrometeoroids orbiting the Sun near the ecliptic plane.
		A large micrometeoroid crater was found in the pure aluminum foil covering a detector stack that was deployed on the outside of the space station during the third manned Skylab mission and subsequently returned to the Earth.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-404/ch3.htm (4110 words)

	Micrometeoroid -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A Micrometeoroid (also micrometeorite, micrometeor) is a tiny ((astronomy) any of the small solid extraterrestrial bodies that hits the earth's atmosphere) meteoroid; a small particle of rock from space, usually weighing less than a (A metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram) gram, that poses a threat to space exploration.
		Micrometeoroids can also be easily found on earth in places where (Water falling in drops from vapor condensed in the atmosphere) rainwater can concentrate them (such as a drain spout of roof gutters).
		Since metallic dust occurs relatively rarely on earth from other sources, metallic micrometeoroids can typically be separated from (The 3rd planet from the sun; the planet on which we live) Earth dust via a strong ((physics) a device that attracts iron and produces a magnetic field) magnet.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/mi/micrometeoroid.htm (494 words)

	Anomalies during micrometeoroid shield testing.
		A series of deployment tests were conducted on the micrometeoroid shield during the course of two years prior to launch.
		All deployment tests were successful from the standpoint of deploying the micrometeoroid shield to a position which would have been acceptable for orbital operations.
		Three of twenty-four hinges that connect the micrometeoroid shield to the straps which run under the main tunnel yielded.
	www.astronautix.com /details/ano22304.htm (297 words)

	micrometeoroid - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		All of the Lunar Orbiters carried instruments to detect micrometeoroids (particles of dust in space), and a radiation detector.
		In 1998 astronomers at Cornell University concluded that material scattered from the...
		Satellites have to endure the effects of radiation and of continuous, damaging micrometeoroid hits, especially during long-term missions.
	encarta.msn.com /micrometeoroid.html (123 words)

	Anomalies during micrometeoroid shield testing. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A series of deployment tests were conducted on the micrometeoroid shield during the course of two years prior to launch.
		All deployment tests were successful from the standpoint of deploying the micrometeoroid shield to a position which would have been acceptable for orbital operations.
		Three of twenty-four hinges that connect the micrometeoroid shield to the straps which run under the main tunnel yielded.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/details/anosting.htm (273 words)

	The Space Suit Site - Historical - Apollo/Skylab
		The hazard of micrometeoroids that constantly pelt the lunar surface from deep space was met with an outer protective layer on the Apollo spacesuit.
		Jammed solar panels and the loss of a micrometeoroid shield during the launch of the Skylab orbital workshop necessitated several spacewalks for freeing the solar panels and for erecting a substitute shield.
		The Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment (ITMG) Is composed of an inner layer of rubber-coated nylon, alternate layers of aluminized material separated by a low-heat-conducting spacer fabric, and an outer layer of fire and abrasion resistant material.
	strangeblue.iwarp.com /spacesuits/apollo.html (1907 words)

	NASA Quest > Space Team Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		These particles are called micrometeoroids and usually are smaller than a grain of sand, have a mass that is only a fraction of a gram, and travel at speeds ranging from a few to as many as 80 kilometers per second.
		In this simulation of micrometeoroid impact we are substituting an impactor with a large mass and low velocity for a micrometeoroid with a small mass and a high velocity.
		For example, a thick layer of steel would make an excellent micrometeoroid shield but would probably be too heavy and too inflexible to be of use in a Martian suit.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /space/teachers/suited/9c2impac.html (1055 words)

	Artificial Satellite - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Satellites need to maintain proper temperature in the face of direct rays from the Sun and in the cold flness of space.
		To prevent the direct rays of the Sun from causing hot spots, the satellite may spin or rotate to distribute the Sun’s heat more evenly.
		Solar panels gradually produce less and less power because of damage from radiation effects and from the impact of micrometeoroids.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761551926___6/Artificial_Satellite.html (642 words)

	METAL-OXIDE-SILICON CAPACITOR DETECTORS FOR MEASURING MICROMETEOROID AND SPACE DEBRIS FLUX
		In spite of the many successes, the meteoroid and debris environment is still not well known, especially with respect to the low-mass particles generally referred to as cosmic dust or micrometeoroids.
		The most basic and probably the most important measurement made concerning dust particles in space is a determination of the flux (the number of particles encountered per unit time by a spacecraft in a particular orbit).
		Micrometeoroid impact simulators located at Langley Research Center and Goddard Research Center were used to perform the impact tests on the detectors (these facilities are now closed).
	setas-www.larc.nasa.gov /LDEF/MET_DEB/IDE/REFERENC/CALIBMOS/CALIBMOS.HTM (6082 words)

	APOLLO MISSION CONTROL PHOTO PLUS
		In their preliminary inspection the crewmen noted that portions of the micrometeoroid shield had slid back underneath the OWS solar wing.
		The micrometeoroid shield can be seen to be missing and a parasol solar shield was later fitted in its place.
		Both the second solar panel and the micrometeoroid shield were torn away during a mishap in the original Skylab 1 lift-off and orbital insertion.
	www.apollomissionphotos.com /index_org_sky2.html (3412 words)

	Meteroids and Space Debris Effects & Analysis - TOS-EMA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The micrometeoroid and space debris environment are often considered together since they are fast moving pieces of matter.
		In evaluating space debris and micrometeoroid effects it is necessary to know what size and velocity of particle can penetrate a given shield design.
		This is the case for micrometeoroids too, because of the relative velocity of the spacecraft through the micrometeoroid environment.
	space-env.esa.int /Background/debris_analysis.html (550 words)

	Space Optics Manufacturing Technology Center - Analyze
		This may not be too critical, however, since even a 10-microrad FOV will require a detector array with 1 million resolution elements (for 10-nanorad telescope resolution).
		Furthermore, considerably less cross sectional area is exposed to the micrometeoroid flux compared to large, contiguous aperture systems.
		The probability of micrometeroid impact with the mirror surfaces is therefore reduced, allowing smaller light shields made from rigid material (micrometeoroid bumper).
	optics.nasa.gov /concept/aist.html (705 words)

	Skylab
		During launch, on May 14, 1975, the micrometeoroid shield accidentally deployed too soon, jamming one solar array wing and damaging the other so badly that both the wing and the shield were ripped away.
		Left with only one solar array wing and no micrometeoroid shield, which also served as a shade to keep the interior of the space station cool, Skylab could have been rendered useless.
		With the temperature inside Skylab at a scorching 52°C, the astronauts’ first priority was to set up a “parasol” shade as a makeshift replacement for the lost micrometeoroid shield.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/S/Skylab.html (1241 words)

	Micrometeoroids and Space Debris - The Eureca Post-Flight Analysis
		During that payload de-integration, the 35 m² of thermal blankets that had covered the majority of Eureca's external surfaces were removed and put at the disposal of the micrometeoroid and debris investigation team for scanning.
		The other main exposed surfaces were the solar-array panels, the two scuff plates used for protection and housing Eureca in the Shuttle's payload bay, the two ESA logo plates, and the grapple fixture.
		It will also allow the micrometeoroid and space-debris fluxes to be computed in the future for user-specified spacecraft geometries and mission parameters.
	esapub.esrin.esa.it /bulletin/bullet80/ace80.htm (2611 words)

	Astronauts pack up to leave \| The News is NowPublic.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The scan, done with the same laser and camera system used to check for launch debris impacts earlier in the flight, is part of NASA's effort to assess the shuttle's condition before it attempts the dangerous and potentially deadly high-speed dive back through Earth's atmosphere for landing.
		This time, the shuttle crew will look for nicks from such things as dust-size micrometeoroids that circle the planet and may have collided with Discovery during flight.
		Scans for micrometeoroid impacts will continue after the shuttle undocks and if any damage is found Discovery could return to the outpost to seek shelter or make repairs.
	www.nowpublic.com /astronauts_pack_up_to_leave?comment (494 words)

	Vanguard (20in Magnetometer, X-Ray, Environment) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Vanguard 3 was launched by a Vanguard (mod) rocket from the Eastern Test Range into a geocentric orbit.
		The objectives of the flight were to measure the earth's magnetic field, the solar X-ray radiation and its effects on the earth's atmosphere, and the near-earth micrometeoroid environment.
		The magnetometer was housed in a glass fiber phenolic resin conical tube attached to the sphere.
	space.skyrocket.de /doc_sdat/vanguard-20in_mxe.htm (129 words)

	Pegasus Satellite was Lofted into Space in 1965
		Micrometeoroid detectors and sample protective shields were mounted on the satellite's wing-like solar cell arrays.
		The sensors successfully measured the frequency, size, direction and penetration of scores of micrometeoroid impacts.
		Scientists also were able to gather data regarding gyroscopic motion and orbital characteristics of rigid bodies in space, lifetimes of electronic components in the space environment, and thermal control systems and the degrading effects of space on thermal control coatings.
	history.msfc.nasa.gov /ess/pegasus.html (397 words)

	Amazon.com: micrometeoroid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Trajectory determinations and collection of micrometeoroids on the space station report of the Workshop on Micrometeorite Capture Experiments, a Lunar...
		Effect of micrometeoroid and space debris impacts on the space station Freedom solar array surfaces (SuDoc NAS 1.15:102287) by Henry K. Nahra (Unknown Binding)
		The effect of the near earth micrometeoroid environment on a highly reflective mirror surface (SuDoc NAS 1.15:101307) by Michael J. Mirtich (Unknown Binding)
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=micrometeoroid&tag=lexico&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (484 words)

	Soviet Craft - Zond (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The probe carried a descent craft and the same instruments as the Mars 1 flyby spacecraft: A magnetometer probe, television photographic equipment, a spectroreflectometer, radiation sensors (gas-discharge and scintillation counters), a spectrograph to study ozone absorption bands, and a micrometeoroid instrument.
		The spacecraft had six experimental low-thrust electrojet plasma ion engines that served as actuators of the attitude control system and could be used instead of the gas engines to maintain orientation.
		The spacecraft, which carried scientific probes - including cosmic-ray and micrometeoroid detectors, photography equipment, and a biological payload - was a precursor to manned spaceflight.
	filer.case.edu /~sjr16/advanced/20th_soviet_zond.html (1980 words)

	Nasaexplores
		A meteoroid is usually a fragment of an asteroid consisting of rock and/or metal.
		It can be very large with a mass of several hundred metric tons, or it can be very small—a micrometeoroid, which is a particle smaller than a grain of sand.
		For example, a thick layer of steel would make an excellent micrometeoroid shield but would probably be too heavy and too inflexible to be of use in a space suit.
	www.nasaexplores.com /show_912_teacher_st.php?id=03010292343 (531 words)

	Lunar Orbiter 3
		It was also equipped to collect selenodetic, radiation intensity, and micrometeoroid impact data.
		Twenty 0.025-millimeter beryllium copper pressurized cell detectors were used to provide direct measurements in the near-lunar environment of the rate of penetration by micrometeoroids.
		One micrometeoroid hit was recorded during the photographic mission and four hits were recorded during the extended mission.
	www.solarviews.com /french/orbiter3.htm (623 words)

	SPACE.com -- NASA: Atlantis Shuttle's Radiator Struck by Object in September Flight
		Micrometeoroid Orbital Debris (MMOD) impact on Atlantis' (STS-115) right hand payload bay door radiator (0.1 inch diameter).
		An object struck Atlantis' aft starboard radiator, which sits on the tailmost section of the upper payload bay door in this image taken by ISS astronauts on Sept. 17, 2006, causing a small hole seen after the orbiter landed on Sept. 21.
		schematic of the damage, the unknown object — either a micrometeoroid or other piece of orbital debris — caused a small, one-tenth of an inch (2.5-millimeter) puncture in Atlantis’ aft starboard radiator and appeared to leave a 0.031-inch (0.7-millimeter) exit hole and a nearby crack.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/061005_sts115_atlantis_damage.html (1049 words)

	Orbital Debris Measurements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		NASA has a long history of conducting space-based in-situ experiments on micrometeoroids and orbital debris, including instruments on the Explorer and Pegasus satellites in the early 1960's.
		On average, two Shuttle windows are replaced per mission due to damages caused by micrometeoroid and orbital debris impacts.
		The analysis results are part of the database NASA scientists use to define the sub-millimeter micrometeoroid and orbital debris environment.
	sn-callisto.jsc.nasa.gov /MEASURE/surfaceexam.html (248 words)

	Astron. Astrophys. 341, 296-303 (1999)
		-meteoroids has also been identified in the data of the micrometeoroid detector onboard Helios 1 at solar distances between 0.31 and 0.98 AU in the ecliptic (Grün et al., 1980).
		Dust particles in unbound orbits can be produced in the case of mutual collisions of micrometeoroids and larger meteoroids, as well as from the sublimation of dust particles near the Sun (cf.
		Mukai (1996) has shown that absorbing particles may be forced into orbits of higher eccentricity when their size is reduced by sublimation and radiation pressure force increases.
	aa.springer.de /papers/9341001/2300296/sc1.htm (495 words)

	LM News Reference: Crew Personal Equipment
		A personal radiation dosimeter (active) is attached to the integrated thermal micrometeoroid garment for continuous accumulative radiation readout.
		The PLSS supplies pressurized oxygen to the PGA, cleans and cools the expired gas, circulates cool liquid in the LOG through the liquid transport loop, transmits astronaut biomedical data, and functions as a duel VHF transceiver for communication.
		It has three control valves, and, on a separate remote control unit, two control switches, a volume control, and a five- position switch for the dual VHF transceiver.
	www.apollosaturn.com /Lmnr/cpe.htm (4379 words)

	Spacesuit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The first layer of the spacesuit is the the thermal micrometeoroid garment (TMG).
		It was designed to be a barrier against the vacuum and extreme hots and colds of space, and against bombardment of micrometeoroids.
		First, is the outside layer which is made of tightly woven plastic fibers which are made to be tear and puncture resistant.
	www.northstar.k12.ak.us /schools/ryn/spacerace/machines/spacesuit.html (295 words)

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