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Topic: Micronutrient

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	Preventing micronutrient malnutrition: A guide to food-based approaches - A manual for policy makers and programme ...
		Micronutrient malnutrition is a term commonly used to refer to vitamin and mineral nutritional deficiency diseases.
		The primary causes of most micronutrient malnutrition are inadequate intakes of micronutrient-rich foods and impaired absorption or utilization of nutrients in these foods due partly to infection and parasitic infestation, which also increase metabolic needs for many micronutrients.
		Measures to prevent and control micronutrient deficiencies, as part of an overall framework to improve nutritional wellbeing, were identified and adopted at the International Conference on Nutrition (ICN), which was jointly convened by FAO and WHO in Rome in December 1992.
	www.fao.org /docrep/X5244E/X5244e03.htm (2773 words)

	Sprinkles Global Health Initiative / Micronutrient Deficiencies - The Problem
		Micronutrient deficiencies are a form of malnutrition caused by deficiencies of vitamins and minerals (also known as micronutrients) from the diet that are essential for human health, growth and development.
		Micronutrient deficiencies are a significant cause of illness and premature death throughout the world.
		Micronutrient deficiencies also lead to impaired growth and cognitive development, birth defects, cretinism, and blindness, as well as decreased school and work performance and poor general health.
	sghi.org /micronutrient_def/index.html (270 words)

	Micronutrient Deficiencies of Trees \| Horticulture and Home Pest News
		Micronutrients are mineral elements that are essential for growth of plants, but they are only needed in very small quantities.
		Micronutrient deficiencies, most commonly iron or manganese, are not caused by a lack of these mineral elements in the soil.
		Micronutrient deficiency symptoms usually indicate the soil in that area is too alkaline for the plant.
	www.ipm.iastate.edu /ipm/hortnews/2006/8-23/deficiency.html (704 words)

	Micronutrient Disorders, HYG-1252-98
		Micronutrients (from the Greek Micro = small and nutrient = nutritive) are mineral elements needed by plants in small quantities.
		A micronutrient disorder may be a deficiency (when the micronutrient is in deficit) or a toxicity (when the micronutrient is in excess).
		Common sources of micronutrients are: the charger in the mix, the irrigation water, and fertilizers applied during the crop cycle.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/1000/1252.html (1186 words)

	HarvestPlus - Micronutrient Malnutrition
		Billions of people in developing countries suffer from micronutrient malnutrition, also known as "hidden hunger," that is caused by lack of sufficient micronutrients in the diet.
		Diets deficient in micronutrients are characterized by high intakes of staple food crops (such as maize, wheat and rice), but low consumption of foods rich in bioavailable micronutrients such as fruits, vegetables, and animal and fish products.
		Micronutrient deficiencies can impair cognitive development, lower resistance to disease in children and adults, and increases risks for both mothers and infants during childbirth.
	www.harvestplus.org /micronut.html (124 words)

	Outbreak of micronutrient deficiency disease: did we respond appropriately? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Assessment and diagnosis of multiple micronutrient deficiencies is a specialised field and requires the input from experts to arrive at a rapid assessment and response.
		Micronutrient deficiencies can be easily prevented by the provision of a balanced diet and yet outbreaks of deficiency diseases have regularly occurred in refugee populations dependent on food aid.
		Outbreaks of micronutrient deficiency disease in food aid dependent populations should be a thing of the past and not of the 21st century.
	www.ennonline.net /fex/12/fa15.html (2474 words)

	Micronutrient Fertilizer Sources
		An effective chelate is one in which the rate of substitution of the chelated micronutrient for other cations in the soil is quite low, thus maintaining the applied micronutrient in chelated form.
		Relative effectiveness for crops per unit of micronutrient as soil-applied chelates may be from two to five times greater than that of inorganic sources, while chelates costs per unit of micronutrient may be five to 100 times higher.
		Micronutrient concentrations vary from 2 to 25 percent, and more than one micronutrient may be included in a fritted product.
	www.agcentral.com /imcdemo/09Micronutrients/09-03.htm (578 words)

	Addressing Micronutrient Malnutrition
		Some micronutrients (particularly vitamins A and C and iodine) are heavily concentrated in a few foods, so just eating more food or more kinds of food is not necessarily going to give more of those micronutrients unless consumer demand has been directed to the right foods.
		The cost to society of micronutrient malnutrition far outweighs the cost of addressing it, so even though they may be inexpensive, it is defensible for the government to pay for such programmes for public health reasons.
		Micronutrients are so inexpensive that all food secure households should be able to afford the nutrients, whether they derive from natural food sources or synthetic vitamins and minerals.
	www.unsystem.org /scn/archives/scnnews09/ch2.htm (7644 words)

	Carotino - munching away at micronutrient deficiencies
		This survey revealed a high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies to the extent that the deficiencies of iron, iodine and vitamin A could be considered a public health problem.
		Biscuits were distributed daily during the school week during the first two hours of the school day and the micronutrient status of the pupils measured before and after one year on the biscuit programme.
		A major advantage of using a biscuit as a carrier for micronutrients is that a biscuit is regarded as a snack rather than a meal and is therefore unlikely to replace meals given to the child at home.
	www.scienceinafrica.co.za /2001/may/carotino.htm (873 words)

	Micronutrient Supplementation Increases CD4 Count in HIV-Infected Individuals on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
		The micronutrient supplement tested was well tolerated and may hold promise as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of HIV.
		Neuropathy scores improved in both groups, with the micronutrient group improving their overall neuropathy symptoms by 42% compared with a 33% improvement in the placebo arm.
		Only 2 adverse events were reported during the study, both in the micronutrient arm and both were judged unrelated to the study treatment.
	www.natap.org /2006/HIV/091106_02.htm (2102 words)

	Micronutrient Supplementation Increases Genital Tract Shedding of HIV in Women (Site not responding. Last check: )
		To test the hypothesis that micronutrient supplementation decreases genital HIV-1 shedding, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 6 weeks of multivitamin plus selenium supplementation vs. placebo was conducted among 400 HIV-1-seropositive, non pregnant, antiretroviral-naive women in Mombasa, Kenya.
		Micronutrient supplementation resulted in higher CD4 (+23 cells/[mu]L, P = 0.03) and CD8 (+74 cells/[mu]L, P = 0.005) counts compared with placebo but did not alter the plasma viral load.
		Women receiving micronutrients had nearly 3-fold higher likelihood of detection of HIV-1-infected cells and a significantly higher quantity of HIV-1 RNA in vaginal secretions compared with placebo recipients.
	www.hivandhepatitis.com /recent/alternative/021105a.html (468 words)

	Micronutrient Fertilizers (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The most important, the lasting solution of EDTA fully chelated micronutrients means they remain mobile in the soil and available to plant under widest range of pH and soil conditions which makes them the micro source that can be relied on for supply all crops and methods of application.
		Solubility of ferric from these other micronutrients is only because of the action of polyphosphates which is soon lost once the fertilizer is applied to the field.
		The dosage of EDTA Fully Chelated Micronutrients are fixed with respect to the nature of the soil and the deficiency of the particular metal ion in the soil.
	www.satyajitchemicals.com /micronut.htm (493 words)

	Addressing micronutrient malnutrition
		The first genetic study of a micronutrient efficiency factor appears to be the classical work of Weiss (1943) on iron efficiency in soybeans, in which he showed that efficiency was due to a single, major, dominant gene controlling the reducing power of the root membrane surface.
		Thus, two suites of genes may be important to loading micronutrients into seeds: those involved in uptake from soil, known as micronutrient efficiency traits (Graham, 1984), and those involved in transport within the plant and to the seed, nutrient transport and loading traits.
		Micronutrients can occur in various chemical forms of differing proportions in plant foods and their amounts vary depending on numerous factors including the growth environment, plant species, genotype and cultural methods used to grow the plant.
	www.css.cornell.edu /FoodSystems/AdvAgron4.html (20030 words)

	Enriching Lives: Overcoming Vitamin and Mineral Malnutrition in Developing Countries (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The 1990 Summit for Children endorsed three micronutrient goals for the end of the decade: the virtual elimination of iodine and vitamin A deficiencies and the reduction of iron deficiency anemia in women by one-third.
		Micronutrients are so inexpensive that, regardless of the form, they should ultimately be affordable by the intended beneficiaries.
		Micronutrient interventions are among the most cost-effective investments in the health sector.
	www.worldbank.org /html/extdr/hnp/nutrition/enrich.htm (1547 words)

	Micronutrient Summary
		Common micronutrients are iron, copper, zinc, boron, molybdenum, manganese, and chlorine.
		Additional micronutrients may be added to the list as scientists are better able to detect minute quantities and plant requirements.
		Micronutrients are essential elements only needed by life in small quantities.
	www.bookrags.com /Micronutrient (574 words)

	Micronutrient Management for Vegetable Crops Grown in Florida in the BMP Era
		It has been common in Florida vegetable production to routinely apply a micronutrient package since these nutrients are inexpensive and their application is viewed as insurance for high yields.
		Micronutrients are essential elements that are required in small (micro) amounts by plants.
		Indiscriminate application of micronutrients may reduce plant growth and restrict yields because of toxicity.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /HS158 (731 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Micronutrient malnutrition and wasting in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis with and ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		We hypothesized that micronutrient malnutrition is associated with wasting and higher plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis.
		Malnutrition and wasting are associated with tuberculosis, and co-infection with HIV and tuberculosis may potentially exacerbate the wasting that occurs in tuberculosis or HIV infection alone [2-5].
		Micronutrient deficiencies have been described in individuals with tuberculosis [6-17] and in those with HIV infection [17-23].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2334/4/61 (3187 words)

	Micronutrient Supplementation Associated with Increased CD4 Count in Patients on HAART
		Immunological parameters were the primary end-point; secondary end-points were metabolic and clinical effects and the severity of distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (a form of peripheral neuropathy).
		In their discussion, the authors noted that this was the first study of micronutrient supplementation to show a significant immunological benefit in patients taking a stable HAART regimen; in a prior study, CD4 count improvements were reported among patients taking micronutrient supplements who were not on HAART.
		It is not yet known how micronutrient supplementation may increase CD4 count, and the authors also stated that it is not possible to determine which single micronutrient or combinations thereof might be responsible for the observed immune reconstitution.
	www.hivandhepatitis.com /recent/2006/ad1/090806_c.html (679 words)

	Micronutrient - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Micronutrients are essential elements needed for life in small quantities.
		Vitamins are organic chemicals that a given living organism requires in trace quantities for good health, but which the organism cannot synthesize, and therefore must obtain from its diet.
		Micronutrient malnutrition is practically unknown in developed countries owing to inexpensive interventions such as food fortification, supplementation, and dietary diversification,
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Micromineral (576 words)

	Micronutrient Management (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Boron (B), chlorine (Cl), copper(Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn) are referred to as the micronutrients because they are needed by the plant in much smaller quantities than the macro's.
		Although many pre-mixed growing medium have a "micronutrient charge", most are only designed to last for 2 - 3 irrigations.
		This means that some additional micronutrient source must be supplied to meet the nutritional needs of the plant.
	hortipm.tamu.edu /ipmguide/nutrient/micros.html (521 words)

	The Problem of Micronutrient Malnutrition
		Another two billion people throughout the socioeconomic spectrum, in both urban and rural settings, are marginally deficient in micronutrients and unable to achieve their mental and physical potential as parents, workers and citizens.
		Correcting deficiencies in micronutrient deficient populations can improve the population-wide IQ by 10-15 IQ points, reduce maternal deaths by one third, decrease infant and childhood mortality by 40%, increase in strength and work capacity by 40%, eliminate nutritional blindness and endemic cretinism, and dramatically reduce birth defects, stillbirths and congenital deafness.
		It is known that when micronutrients are lacking in the diets of children their school performance is greatly diminished.
	www.sph.emory.edu /PAMM/problem.htm (729 words)

	MVI Newsflash: MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES AMONG OLDER PERSONS
		Although we often consider overt micronutrient deficiency to be rare in developed countries, deficiencies of certain vitamins/minerals are actually fairly common among older persons.
		Growing numbers of both institutionalized and homebound elderly are at particularly high risk for micronutrient deficiencies.
		Although it is expected that energy needs would be less in the elderly, it has been previously suggested that micronutrient needs would be unchanged.
	www.imakenews.com /mvius/e_article000140746.cfm (1467 words)

	Plant Nutrients
		Micronutrients are those elements essential for plant growth which are needed in only very small (micro) quantities.
		The micronutrients are boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), chloride (Cl), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn).
		Micronutrients tend to be less available in soils with high pH.
	www.ncagr.com /cyber/kidswrld/plant/nutrient.htm (1118 words)

	THE MICRONUTRIENT FORUM
		The “life stage” approach to micronutrient interventions has the potential benefits of: i) targeting appropriate nutrients to individuals at nutritionally-vulnerable periods of their life; ii) complementing normal dietary practices; and iii) fitting into an integrated health care, nutrition delivery and education system.
		It is essential for control of micronutrient malnutrition; those who are in a position to take action must be convinced that control of micronutrient malnutrition has merit.
		Technical assistance and training is provided to determine location and extent of micronutrient deficiency, at national and sub-national levels; to assist countries in development of institutional capacity for sustainable programmes, and to determine appropriate intervention strategies, evaluation of their effectiveness, and documenting lessons learned.
	www.unsystem.org /scn/archives/scnnews09/ch6.htm (12121 words)

	Micronutrient Forum - Home
		The Micronutrient Forum was established in 2006 in response to the growing interest in the role of several micronutrients and their interactions.
		The MN Forum is convening a meeting to examine the evidence on implementation and impact of large-scale micronutrient programs in high-mortality countries and develop guidance on effectively delivering these programs to accelerate achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.
		A2Z -the USAID Micronutrient and Child Blindness Project serves as the Secretariat for the Micronutrient Forum.
	www.micronutrientforum.org (291 words)

	Nutrition: Hidden Hunger Micronutrient Malnutrition
		The result is a devastating public health problem: about 1 billion people, almost all in developing countries, are suffering the effects of these dietary deficiencies, and another billion are at risk of falling prey to them.
		The 1990 Summit for Children endorsed three micronutrient goals: the virtual elimination of deficiencies of iodine and vitamin A and the reduction by one third of iron deficiency anemia in women.
		Because the micronutrient content of foods is a hidden property, consumers do not automatically demand micronutrient-rich foods with increased income.
	www.worldbank.org /html/extdr/hnp/hddflash/hcnote/hrn015.html (949 words)

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