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Topic: Microsporidia

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	Microsporidia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Microsporidia are parasites of animals, now considered to be extremely reduced fungi.
		Microsporidia are unusual in lacking mitochondria, and also lack motile structures such as flagella.
		Because they are unicellular, Microsporidia were traditionally treated as protozoa, and like other amitochondriate eukaryotes were considered to have diverged very early on.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Microsporidia (399 words)

	Maddox
		Microsporidia also may be transmitted from an infected female to her offspring either transovarially (inside the egg) or on the egg surface (transovum transmission).
		The microsporidia are a very diverse group of organisms and, with the exception of the direct effects of sunlight, which can quickly kill most microorganisms, different groups of microsporidia do not respond uniformly to most other types of environmental stress.
		Because microsporidia infect such a wide range of insects in many diverse habitats, it is likely that specific microsporidia have evolved characteristics that promote their survival in the habitat of their hosts.
	www.agctr.lsu.edu /s265/maddox.htm (3174 words)

	Leon White's Microsporidia Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Microsporidia (Phylum Microphora) are spore-forming intracellular parasites which infect a wide range of animal hosts, including mammals, birds, fish and arthropods.
		Microsporidia is considered to be zoonotic, and is transmitted to humans by ingestion or inhalation of spores.
		Until recently, the various genera of microsporidia were classified on the basis of the morphology of the nucleus and the structure of the spore, combined with features of the life cycle and host species.
	www.personal.leeds.ac.uk /~bgy2l2aw/lw_topic.htm (581 words)

	Pathogens: Insect Pathogens: Microsporidia
		Microsporidia can be either uninucleate or binucleate (diplokaryotic); some species have one or two or more nuclei in different life stages.
		Many or most microsporidia are relatively host specific, usually infecting one or a few closely related hosts in the field, although their physiological (laboratory) host range is broader (Solter and Maddox, 1998).
		Transmission of microsporidia can be horizontal by oral ingestion, vertical, or both, or by mechanical inoculation by a parasitoid.
	www.inhs.uiuc.edu /cee/biocontrol/pathogens/typesofpathogens/microsporidia.html (621 words)

	Cytology and taxonomy of the microsporidia
		Microsporidia are restricted to animal hosts, and all major groups of animals host microsporidia.
		Microsporidia lack hydrogenosomes and peroxisomes, the Golgi apparatus is not of a typical construction for an eukaryotic cell, and the RNA is of the prokaryotic type.
		When the history of microsporidia started in 1857 with the description of Nosema bombycis, the famous agent of the pepper-spot disease in the larvae of the silk moth, the microsporidia were interpreted as a group of fungi.
	www.biol.lu.se /cellorgbiol/microsporidia/proj_descr.html (1283 words)

	ELISA method for detecting microsporidia.
		Microsporidia are increasingly recognized as causing opportunistic infections in AIDS patients.
		Microsporidia are difficult to diagnose microscopically because the organisms are quite small.
		The purpose of this study was to develop an ELISA for detecting microsporidia in stool or urine specimens.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1995/dec/m95c1660.html (472 words)

	EID Vol 2 No 3: Application of Molecular Techniques to the Diagnosis of Microsporidial Infection
		Microsporidia are now recognized as important pathogens of AIDS patients; the ability of these parasites to cause disease in immunocompetent persons is still being elucidated.
		Microsporidia may disseminate to cause systemic infection (Table 1); these organisms have been observed in urine, bile, and duodinal aspirates, as well as in ocular, sinus, bronchial, renal, hepatic, and other tissue (5).
		Microsporidia have been isolated from a variety of specimen types and in a variety of cell lines (5).
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol2no3/fedorko.htm (4203 words)

	TAG: The OI Report - microsporidiosis
		Microsporidia are small protozoal parasites widely distributed in nature that cause disease in both animals and humans.
		Kotler and Orenstein replied that it was incorrect to conclude from the 17% of patients in their study without an identified pathogen that there is therefore "a mechanism of diarrhea in these patients unrelated to the presence of pathogens," since they did not test for all possible pathogens that could cause diarrhea.
		Species of Microsporidia have been tied to disseminated disease, cholangitis (inflammation of the bile ducts), keratoconjunctivitis (inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva), hepatitis, peritonitis (inflammation of the membrane lining the abdomen and internal organs), and infection of the lungs, kidney, liver, muscles, and the brain.
	www.aidsinfonyc.org /tag/comp/ois98/15.html (2537 words)

	Palaeos Eukarya: Microsporidia 000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Thus, the crown group of living Microsporidia is probably not much older than the Carboniferous, when insects first became common.
		The current consensus view is that Microsporidia are either the sister group of the Fungi or even a peculiar group within the Fungi.
		Microsporidia have the smallest known genomes of any eukaryote -- as little as 2.3 Mbp in one species of Encephalitozoon [D+01].
	www.palaeos.com /Eukarya/Units/Microsporidia/Microsporidia.000.html (2190 words)

	Indian Journal of Medical Research: Detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi (Microsporidia) by polymerase chain reaction ...
		The present study was undertaken to detect microsporidia and confirm at species level (E. bieneusi) by PCR from stool samples of HIV positive patients.
		Microsporidia are protozoan parasites responsible for significant gastrointestinal disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
		Microsporidia of the genera, Enterocytozoon, Encephalitozoon, Nosema, Pleistophora, Trachipleistophora, Vittaforma and unclassified microsporidia were primarily detected in immunocompromised hosts with a broad variety of clinical presentations1,2.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3867/is_200504/ai_n13638696 (1328 words)

	Microsporidia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The microsporidia are obligate intracellular protozoa that parasitize many types of animals.
		Spores of microsporidia are ovoid and about 1.5 micrometers long with a thick wall.
		Microsporidia infect the enterocytes of the small intestine, but may d isseminate throughout the body via the peripheral circulation inside macrophages (1 and 5).
	www.austincc.edu /microbio/2993a/Microsporidia.html (491 words)

	Protozoal Infections: Micosporidiosis
		The disseminated species of microsporidia may be diagnosed by similar techniques in stool, urine, or nasal washings.
		Microsporidia infection in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus and unexplained cholangitis.
		Cholangiopathy associated with Microsporidia infection of the common bile duct mucosa in a patient with HIV infection.
	www.hivpositive.com /f-Oi/OppInfections/4-Protozoal/4-Pro-Micospor.html (670 words)

	Molecular Techniques for Detection, Species Differentiation, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Microsporidia -- Franzen and ...
		Microsporidia are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites that infect a broad range of vertebrates and invertebrates.
		All microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites and have no active stages outside their host cells.
		Microsporidia are released into the environment via stool, urine, and respiratory secretions.
	cmr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/12/2/243 (7212 words)

	Canadian pharmacy - Prescription Warehouse Medical ConditionsMicrosporidiosis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Microsporidia have not been studied very thoroughly as agents of disease, partly because they are quite small.
		The microsporidia spores are released from the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts of infected animals.
		The spores of certain types of microsporidia may be seen under the ordinary light microscope, but spores of other types can be difficult or impossible to identify.
	www.prescriptionwarehouse.com /terms/microsporidiosis.html (694 words)

	Inhibition of microsporidia growth in vitro.
		Microsporidia are parasites that cause opportunistic infections in persons with AIDS and organ transplant recipients.
		Although fumagillin is effective against microsporidiosis in honeybees, inhibits microsporidia in tissue culture, and is effective when used topically to treat ocular microsporidial infections, it is too toxic for systemic rise.
		The fumagillin analogue, TNP-470, previously was found to inhibit growth of the microsporidia by greater than 80% at non-toxic doses and the TCID50 values were calculated at 0.87 nM and 0.94 nM against Ei and Vc, respectively.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/2000/jul/a0070911.html (493 words)

	Metagenics,Bezwecken,Biotics Research,Ultraclear,Allergy Research Group,Jarrow,Heel,Metagenics
		Remember those three words and that technique the next time you catch a mosquito dining on your arm or leg, and youâll go a long way to protecting yourself from a potentially lethal parasitic micro-organism that may be in the mosquito, and is especially dangerous to those with weakened immune systems.
		The woman later died as a type of microsporidia called B. algerae, known to reside in the tissues of mosquitoes, systematically consumed muscle fibers in her body, leaving the muscles unable to contract and respond to mental commands.
		Until recent research by Cali and her co-authors proved otherwise, the conventional scientific wisdom was that B. algerae, a microsporidium found in some mosquitoes, could only invade cells on the surface of the human body because it couldnât survive in the higher temperatures of deep tissue.
	www.evitalhealth.com /index.cfm?fuseaction=Content.ArticlesContent&displayid=267 (787 words)

	[No title]
		Biologic Properties of Microsporidia Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that infect most invertebrates and all classes of vertebrates.
		Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences of the SSU-rRNA genes of microsporidia is often inconsistent with traditional classifications that are based on morphologic characteristics observed by TEM; this was demonstrated by the use of recent sequence data to determine the correct taxonomic placement of E. intestinalis (32,35).
		Deplazes P, Mathis A, Baumgartner R, Tanner I, Weber R. Immunologic and molecular characteristics of Encephalitozoon-like microsporidia isolated from humans and rabbits indicate that Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a zoonotic parasite.
	ftp.cdc.gov /pub/EID/vol2no3/ascii/fedorko.txt (4125 words)

	A Powerful DNA Extraction Method and PCR for Detection of Microsporidia in Clinical Stool Specimens -- Müller et ...
		Microsporidia are obligate intracellular, spore-forming protozoa which infect a broad range of vertebrates and invertebrates
		microsporidia are present in the general population (12).
		Species-specific identification of microsporidia in stool and intestinal biopsy specimens by the polymerase chain reaction.
	cdli.asm.org /cgi/content/full/6/2/243 (2663 words)

	Confirmation of the Human-Pathogenic Microsporidia Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, and ...
		and groundwater, for the presence of human-pathogenic microsporidia.
		Finally, the detection of microsporidia in groundwater is of the greatest interest and significance.
		Microsporidia are a ubiquitous group of protozoan pathogens, many of which infect humans.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/64/9/3332 (3074 words)

	Palaeos Eukarya: Microsporidia References (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		(Microsporidia: Tuzetiidae) in Skeletal Muscle of Litopenaeus setiferus and Farfantepenaeus aztecus (Crustacea: Decapoda) and New Data on Perezia nelsoni (Microsporidia: Pereziidae) in L.
		Hirt, RP, JM Logsdon Jr., B Healy, MW Dorey, WF Doolittle, and TM Embley (1999), Microsporidia are related to Fungi: evidence from the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and other proteins.
		Keeling, PJ, MA Luker, and JD Palmer (2000), Evidence from beta-tubulin phylogeny that Microsporidia evolved from within the Fungi.
	www.palaeos.com /Eukarya/Units/Microsporidia/Microsporidia.Refs.html (446 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MICROSPORIDIA; REASONS TO PONDER THAT MICROSPORIDIA ARE HIGHLY ...
		The microsporidia are a large group of strictly obligate, intracellular parasites that infect most animal groups (from Protists to Man) but are not known to infect plants or fungi (Becnel and Andreadis, 1999; Vavra and Larsson, 1999).
		The Golgi apparatus of microsporidia are said to be of a special type mainly consisting of a vesicular meshwork without stacked cisternae.
		In microsporidia, spindle fiber attachment is to a spindle plaque located on the nuclear envelope with small associated polar bodies often connected to the spindle plaque by filaments.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=136435 (632 words)

	Microsporidia
		Microsporidia are a very dangerous group of parasites and are the sole cause of many degenerative diseases in hundreds of species, including and especially most insects.
		Microsporidia are eukaryotic microbes, yet they are at a deficiency of many fundamental eukaryotic features.
		Instead of cellular respiration, Microsporidia produce most of their enzymes through the Embden-Meyerhof pathway.
	www.sidwell.edu /us/science/vlb6/labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/Microsporidia (249 words)

	First Detection and Genotyping of Human-Associated Microsporidia in Pigeons from Urban Parks -- Haro et al. 71 (6): ...
		Immunologic and molecular characteristics of Encephalitozoon-like microsporidia isolated from humans and rabbits indicate that Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a zoonotic parasite.
		Epidemiology and zoonotic aspects of microsporidia of mammals and birds.
		Microsporidia detection in stools from pets and animals from the zoo in Portugal: a preliminary study.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/71/6/3153 (3681 words)

	Simplicity and Complexity of Microsporidian Genomes -- Keeling and Slamovits 3 (6): 1363 -- Eukaryotic Cell
		Values are 1 minus the proportions of shared adjacent genes for each pair of species, which are 0.13, 0.09, and 0, respectively (data are from reference 51).
		New diplokaryotic microsporidia (phylum Microsporidia) from freshwater bryozoans (Bryozoa, Phylactolaemata).
		Microsporidia, amitochondrial protists, possess a 70-kDa heat shock protein gene of mitochondrial evolutionary origin.
	ec.asm.org /cgi/content/full/3/6/1363 (4587 words)

	Histopathology of Microsporidia Infection in Indian Major Carp, Labeo Rohita (Hamilton)
		Microsporidia, a group of myxozoan parasites, is known to have a number of endoparasitic species potentially pathogenic for the culturable carps.
		The earliest histological changes due to the microsporidian infection were found in the renal tubularepithelium where the parasite started developing intracellularly as red stained masses under H and E stain which increased in size gradually and contained the microsporidian spores under various stages of development.
		The intracellular developmental stages of microsporidia caused displacement of the nuclei of the host cells gradually rendering their cytoplasm to a thin layer around the parasites.
	www.fao.org /docrep/field/003/AC206E/AC206E00.htm (1692 words)

	Spraguea lophii Genome Survey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Microsporidia are unicellular, spore forming protists that infect an unusually broad range of eukaryotes including arthropods, molluscs, and vertebrates.
		Despite their prevalence and significant health and economic impact, very little is known regarding Microsporidia biology, in part because of inability to culture many strains in vitro.
		Molecular phylogenetic examinations of the Microsporidia have conflicting results, with some molecules placing them among the basal, amitochondrial eukyaryotes and others placing them in closer relation to the Fungi.
	jbpc.mbl.edu /Spraguea-HTML (1287 words)

	Detection by an Immunofluorescence Test of Encephalitozoon intestinalis Spores in Routinely Formalin-Fixed Stool ...
		Microsporidia are ancient, spore-forming, mitochondrion-lacking protozoa that are known to infect patients with AIDS (8,
		in stool smears and with spores of culture-grown microsporidia
		Detection of microsporidia by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/37/7/2317 (3052 words)

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