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Topic: Microvilli

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Intestine

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Small intestine

Epithelium

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Gastrointestinal tract

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	Microvilli
		The microvilli are tiny, hairlike structures on the surface of epithelial cells involved in absorption and secretion.
		The effect they have is to increase the surface area of the cell by a massive amount (in humans, by about 600-fold) and facilitate absorption and secretion.
		The primary component of microvilli is actin filaments, which are also found in microtubules.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Microvilli (182 words)

	microvilli Dr.Jastrow's EM-Atlas
		Microvilli (Terminologia anatomica: Mikrovilli) are small finger-like protrusions of the cell membrane that are not actively motile.
		Bundles of actin filaments embedded in cytoplasm are seen in the centres of microvilli.
		Lots of different proteins often connected to enzymes are located in the outer cell membrane of microvilli of the epithelial cells of the gut.
	www.uni-mainz.de /FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop/EM/EMMvilliE.html (208 words)

	The Individualist: Microvilli
		A microvillus (usually not occurring alone, so usually referred to as the plural microvilli) is a small (0.08 �m in diameter, 1 �m long) extension of the cell surface of absorptive and secretory epithelial cells, such as kidney and intestinal cells.
		Microvilli also occur in sensory cells of the inner ear (as stereocilia), in the cells of taste buds, and in olfactory receptor cells.
		Microvilli are also of importance on the cell surface of white blood cells, as they aid in the migration of white blood cells.
	www.dadamo.com /wiki/wiki.pl/Microvilli (864 words)

	microvilli - General Practice Notebook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A microvillus, plural microvilli, is a finger-shaped outpouching of the nuclear membrane into the extracellular space.
		Microvilli are most frequently found on the apical surface of cells.
		Hence, microvilli are particularly numerous on the luminal side of the small intestinal epithelium - the layer of microvilli is termed the brush border.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /cache/1986723899.htm (182 words)

	Microvilli - Medicow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Microvilli are characterized by a dense cytoskeleton core made of a bundle of actin and its associated proteins (26).
		The comparison of apical membrane of all groups showed that the microvilli were present in the all groups although the number of these structures had some changes but on the hyperstimulated and progesterone injected groups, the microvilli disappeared and other projections were seen without any glycocalyx on their surfaces.
		Microvilli were lengthening with the elevation of the fertilization envelope, thereby transforming themselves into the fixing processes.
	www.medicow.com /topics/Microvilli (1983 words)

	Cytoplasmic Organelles [Page 3/10] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Microvilli (M) are extensions of the cell surface.
		Microvilli are found in the lumina of neoplastic and benign glands.
		microvilli must be distinguished from filopodia thin, cell surface projections that are present in the intercellular spaces.
	zappa.ultrakohl.com /EmOrganelle/organ3.htm (82 words)

	Role of Two Dileucine-like Motifs in Insulin Receptor Anchoring to Microvilli -- Shackleton et al. 277 (46): 43631 -- ...
		In the absence of ligand, the insulin receptor is maintained on microvilli on the cell surface.
		After ligand binding, HIR leaves microvilli and redistributes in the plane of the plasma membrane (7, 16-18).
		The aim of the present study was to characterize the exact motif(s) required for anchoring of HIR to microvilli.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/277/46/43631 (4859 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Jejunal microvilli atrophy and reduced nutrient transport in rats with advanced liver ...
		The initial microvilli elongation reported in non ascitic cirrhosis develops into atrophy in rats with advanced cirrhosis and nutrient transports (monosaccharides and amino acids) are progressively reduced.
		The alterations of the electrondensity of microvilli are reported to be due to a rearrangement of cytoskeleton filaments [24].
		The elongation of microvilli could occur as a secondary adaptive hyperplasia to increase the absorptive surface, thus enhancing the maximum absorptive capacities of the jejunum and ileum, as it has been described after treatment with prednisolone [27].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-230X/4/12 (3388 words)

	project title
		Thus, the microvilli and pigment granules of the retina were regenerated toward the lens in the presence of light, and toward the capsule layer of regenerating eyes in the absence of light.
		The principle component of the villous layer of the retina is the microvilli that extend from the dome-shaped distal end of the receptor cells to the undersurface of the lens.
		Thus, the microvilli and pigment granules from animals kept in the absence of light regenerated toward the collagenous capsule layer of the eye instead of being orientated towards the lens as those in the presence of light (Fig.10).
	www.csulb.edu /~zedmason/emprojects/Lan/!LAN.HTM (2535 words)

	Neisseria gonorrhoeae Coordinately Uses Pili and Opa To Activate HEC-1-B Cell Microvilli, Which Causes Engulfment of ...
		Microvilli at the top of the micrograph appear to have pulled the cell surface up along the side of the colony, creating the appearance of a microcolony hanging from a pedestal of microvilli.
		Microvilli have elongated and are adhering along their full lengths to gonococci, causing a perturbation of the HEC-1-B cell surface.
		Microvilli have not elongated, and the HEC-1-B cell surface is not perturbed.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/67/7/3469 (5918 words)

	Role of Specialized Microvilli and the Fertilization Envelope in the Spatial Positioning of Blastomeres in Early ...
		Microvilli were identified embedded in the vitelline coat (VC) on the surface of the oocyte.
		Microvilli were lengthening with the elevation of the fertilization envelope, thereby transforming themselves into the fixing processes.
		The length of microvilli increased compared to that in D. A fixing process attached to the electron-dense innermost layer of the fertilization envelope (arrow).
	www.biolbull.org /cgi/content/full/202/3/213 (4287 words)

	Proteomic Characterization of Isolated Retinal Pigment Epithelium Microvilli -- Bonilha et al. 3 (11): 1119 -- ...
		on the free surface of epithelial microvilli (12, 16) with the
		Positive staining displayed a punctate pattern, characteristic of microvilli localization, when WGA beads were reacted with antibodies specific to proteins known to be present in the RPE apical microvilli but not with a known basolateral protein.
		Hofer, D., and Drenckhahn, D. (1993) Molecular heterogeneity of the actin filament cytoskeleton associated with microvilli of photoreceptors, Muller’s glial cells and pigment epithelial cells of the retina.
	mcponline.highwire.org /cgi/content/full/3/11/1119 (4694 words)

	Current Research: Leukocyte-endothelial adhesion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Rolling of microvilli-covered cells on surfaces was studied theoretically by Hammer and his co-workers under the assumption that microvilli are solid rods.
		The flow domain corresponds to a parallel-plate flow chamber: the cell is suspended in a low-viscosity liquid (extracellular fluid) between the fixed upper and lower plates.
		In the case of finite contact area, peripheral microvilli are responsible for membrane rupture.
	www.duke.edu /~damir/texts/current/cell/leukocyte_adhesion.html (868 words)

	Regulation of Oocyte Microvilli Development in the Baboon Fetal Ovary by Estrogen -- Zachos et al. 145 (2): 959 -- ...
		Representative photomicrographs of oocyte microvilli in primordial follicles of adult baboon ovary (A) and of fetal ovary at mid (B) and late (C) gestation in untreated baboons and at late gestation in animals treated with CGS 20267 (D) or CGS 20267 plus estradiol benzoate (E) as described in the footnote to Table 1
		Epon-embedded ovaries were sectioned (1 µm), and ultrathin preparations (90 nm) from three representative sections (cortex and medulla visible and encompassed by a contiguous capsule) per ovary were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and examined by transmission electron microscopy.
		oocyte microvilli in estrogen-suppressed fetal ovaries is not
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/145/2/959 (4144 words)

	Cadherin Cad99C is required for normal microvilli morphology in Drosophila follicle cells -- Schlichting et al. 119 ...
		Microvilli are extensions of the apical plasma membrane that
		Cad99C-labeled microvilli that are parallel and close to the oocyte surface are marked by an asterisk.
		Cad99C is present on follicle cell microvilli and, through its extracellular cadherin repeats, could establish molecular links to the extracellular matrix, to Cad99C or to a different heterophilic binding partner on a neighboring microvillus, or to a protein located on the oocyte surface.
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/119/6/1184 (6798 words)

	RedOrbit - Science - A Two-Photon FRAP Analysis of the Cytoskeleton Dynamics in the Microvilli of Intestinal Cells
		Two major proteins of the cytoskeleton of the microvilli, actin and myosin 1a (Myo1a; formerly named brush border myosin I), are mobile in the brush-border of Caco- 2 cells, an enterocyte-like cellular model.
		Similar to unstable protrusions the shape and length of microvilli may depend on key parameters that control the dynamics of actin and proteins that tether the actin bundle to the plasma membrane.
		The typical recovery time of our proteins in microvilli is on the order of seconds, so this type of strategy (with typically 1000 repetitions) would require that the microvilli themselves do not move significantly relative to the size of the focal volume over several minutes.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display/?id=130595 (7779 words)

	Dynamic Contact Forces on Leukocyte Microvilli and Their Penetration of the Endothelial Glycocalyx -- Zhao et al. 80 ...
		The gap width is characterized by the length of the microvilli
		Interference from the contact interaction of short microvilli with the EC glycocalyx, which will occur at penetration depth indicated by the horizontal dashed lines, are not included in the computation.
		is approximately equal to the average height of all the microvilli.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/80/3/1124 (8809 words)

	Microvilli structures on B lymphocytes: inducible functional domains? -- Greicius et al. 16 (2): 353 -- International ...
		Expression of adhesion and co-stimulatory molecules on the microvilli of B lymphocytes.
		The percentage of microvilli surface was similar in all groups (53 ± 3.9% of the total surface).
		Microvilli and smooth surface areas were measured in 20 cells (approximate mid-sections) per group.
	intimm.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/16/2/353 (5953 words)

	Epithelia Study Guide
		Microvilli are filled with actin filaments that bind to a web of thin filaments below the microvilli.
		Stereocilia look like thin irregularly distributed microvilli, however, because of their length, they were initially mistaken for cilia.
		They are non-motile and used mainly to increase surface area for fluid absorption in the epididymus.
	cellbio.utmb.edu /microanatomy/epithelia/epith_lec.htm (1779 words)

	Proteomic Characterization of Isolated Retinal Pigment Epithelium Microvilli -- Bonilha et al. 3 (11): 1119 -- ...
		on the free surface of epithelial microvilli (12, 16) with the
		Positive staining displayed a punctate pattern, characteristic of microvilli localization, when WGA beads were reacted with antibodies specific to proteins known to be present in the RPE apical microvilli but not with a known basolateral protein.
		Hofer, D., and Drenckhahn, D. (1993) Molecular heterogeneity of the actin filament cytoskeleton associated with microvilli of photoreceptors, Muller’s glial cells and pigment epithelial cells of the retina.
	www.mcponline.org /cgi/content/full/3/11/1119 (4713 words)

	An Electron microscopic view of membranes
		Typically microvilli are found in absorptive cells, whenever there is a need for an increase in surface area.
		Note that the microvilli are lined with the Unit membrane.
		The longer projections are cilia and the shorter projections are microvilli.
	cellbio.utmb.edu /cellbio/membran3.htm (898 words)

	Images with Microvilli
		Choroid plexus; microvilli that are NOT organized into a tight ()
		Choroid plexus; numerous irregularly oriented microvilli at the ()
		GI tract, microvilli, actin filaments, coated pits (TEM).
	www.med.uiuc.edu /histo/medium/atlas/objects/357.htm (37 words)

	Probing the surface of white blood cells to enhance immune system medicine
		Higgs and his lab focused much of their work on lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and disease.
		The study represents the first quantitative characterization of lymphocyte microvilli and, in addition to characterizing their length and density, the research indicates that microvilli are dynamic structures that rapidly alternate between states of assembly and disassembly.
		This means that if researchers were able to biochemically dissect mechanisms by which microvilli assemble and segregate, they would be able to use this knowledge to develop immunosuppressive or anti-metastatic agents, enhancing the treatment of cancer and other diseases.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-08/dms-pts083004.php (709 words)

	Cells studied for immune function
		The researchers, led by Henry N. Higgs, Assistant Professor of Biochemistry, used scanning electron microscopy to analyze the finger-like projections known as microvilli that coat white blood cells.
		Higgs and his team found no differences in the length or density of microvilli on the lymphocytes, despite expressing little to none of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) whose deficiency leads to the syndrome.
		Higgs and other Dartmouth medical researchers are exploring this promising tool through funding from a $12 million Centers of Biomedical Research and Excellence (COBRE) grant the National Institutes of Health awarded to DMS in 2003.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~vox/0405/0927/cells.html (493 words)

	Rac1 Mediates Collapse of Microvilli on Chemokine-Activated T Lymphocytes -- Nijhara et al. 173 (8): 4985 -- The ...
		of microvilli by pre-exposure of PBT to corresponding C-terminal
		Single-blind scoring determined that the frequency of cells with attenuated microvilli (with ruffle or lamellipod) in the Rac1-CA population decreased from 28 to 8% following 5 min of calyculin A treatment (a 72% reduction).
		Cells with attenuated microvilli and/or ruffles were not observed in GFP-transfected cells.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/173/8/4985 (5264 words)

	IvyRose Holistic : Histology & The Cell : Microvilli (Microvillus)
		"Microvilli" is the pural form; "Microvillus" is the singular form.
		Microvilli are hairlike projections on the outer-surface of cells.
		In some cases (certain areas within the organism), microvilli form dense coverings known as "brush borders" on the free surfaces of cells.
	www.ivy-rose.co.uk /References/glossary_entry139.htm (171 words)

	Role of microvillar cell surfaces in the regulation of glucose uptake and organization of energy metabolism -- Lange ...
		Microvilli contain a considerable portion of the total surface membrane of the cell.
		glycocalyx region of microvilli on the surface membranes of microvilli.
		of insulin receptors on microvilli of lymphocytes (30), hepatocytes
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/282/1/C1 (8736 words)

	Espins Are Multifunctional Actin Cytoskeletal Regulatory Proteins in the Microvilli of Chemosensory and Mechanosensory ...
		Espin antibody labeling (green) is concentrated in the spiky microvilli of Merkel cells (asterisks), which are located in the basal layer of the stratified squamous epithelium.
		of the dendritic microvilli of VNO sensory neurons (Fig.
		In contrast, the microvilli of the SCCs (Fig.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/24/23/5445 (8173 words)

	Lymphocyte microvilli are dynamic, actin-dependent structures that do not require Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein ...
		Lymphocyte microvilli are dynamic, actin-dependent structures that do not require Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) for their morphology -- Majstoravich et al.
		ruffles, and sometimes microvilli are embedded in the ruffles.
		Filament polarity and membrane attachment in the microvilli of intestinal epithelial cells.
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/104/5/1396 (4121 words)

	Dartmouth Medicine Magazine :: Discoveries
		Microvilli are believed to be important in guiding lymphocytes out of the rapidly moving blood stream into locations in the body where they are needed—a process called extravasation.
		The emerging picture is that tissue inflammation triggers the migration of molecular receptors from the interior membrane of the endothelial cells that line blood vessels to the cells' surface.
		And many cancer cells share aspects of the extravasation process, accounting for their ability to metastasize, meaning the malignancy of some cancers could be reduced by destroying their microvilli.
	dartmed.dartmouth.edu /winter04/html/disc_microvilli.php (849 words)

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